Fertilizers, 2. Types

1.	Standard Fertilizers
1.1.	Solid Fertilizers
1.1.1.	Straight Fertilizers
1.1.2.	Multinutrient Fertilizers
1.1.3.	Lime Fertilizers
1.1.4.	Magnesium Fertilizers
1.2.	Liquid Fertilizers
1.2.1.	Nitrogen Liquids
1.2.2.	Multinutrient Liquids
1.2.2.1.	NP Liquids
1.2.2.2.	NPK Liquids
1.2.2.3.	UAS Liquids
1.2.3.	Suspensions
2.	Special Fertilizers
2.1.	Water-Soluble Nutrient Salts
2.2.	Foliar Fertilizers
2.2.1.	Production
2.2.2.	Application
2.2.3.	Combination with Agricultural Pesticides
2.3.	Micronutrients
2.3.1.	Micronutrient Forms
2.3.2.	Production
2.3.3.	Commercial Fertilizers
2.3.4.	Use
2.4.	Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers
2.4.1.	Introduction
2.4.2.	Urea–Aldehyde Slow-Release Fertilizers
2.4.2.1.	Urea–Formaldehyde Condensation Products
2.4.2.2.	Other Urea–Aldehyde Condensation Products
2.4.2.3.	Further Processing of Urea–Aldehyde Condensates
2.4.3.	Other Organic Chemicals
2.4.4.	Inorganic Compounds
2.4.5.	Coated and Encapsulated Controlled-Release Fertilizers
2.4.5.1.	Sulfur-Coated Controlled-Release Fertilizers
2.4.5.2.	Sulfur-Coated, Polymer-Encapsulated Controlled-Release Fertilizers
2.4.5.3.	Polymer-Encapsulated Controlled-Release Fertilizers
2.4.6.	Anti-Float Materials
2.4.7.	Controlled-Release Fertilizers on Carriers
2.4.8.	Supergranules
2.4.9.	Legislation
2.5.	Nitrification and Urease Inhibitors
2.5.1.	Introduction
2.5.2.	Types of Nitrification and Urease Inhibitors
2.5.3.	Pyridines
2.5.3.1.	Nitrapyrin
2.5.3.2.	Other Pyridines
2.5.4.	Dicyandiamide
2.5.5.	Pyrazoles
2.5.5.1.	1-Carbamoyl-3-methylpyrazole
2.5.5.2.	Outlook
2.5.6.	Neem/Neem-Coated Urea
2.5.7.	Urease Inhibitors
2.5.8.	Environmental Aspects
2.5.9.	Legal Requirements
2.6.	Organic Fertilizers (Secondary Raw Material Fertilizers)
2.6.1.	Fertilizers Based on Peat or Materials of Similar Stability
2.6.2.	Fertilizers Based on Waste Materials of Animal Origin
2.6.3.	Fertilizers Based on Wastes of Plant Origin
2.6.4.	Fertilizers Based on Municipal Waste
2.7.	Manure
2.7.1.	Composition
2.7.2.	Manure Nutrient Efficiency
2.7.3.	Environmental Aspects

General References

Specific References

3 L. Diehl, K.F. Kummer, and H. Oertel (1986) Nitrophosphates with Variable Water Solubility: Preparation and Properties, paper read before the Fertiliser Society of London.
Google Scholar
4 [AQ2] J. Norden Physical compatibility tests of fluid fertilizer-pesticide mixture. Raiffeisen, (1979) 50–55.
Google Scholar
5 F.P. Achorn, W.C. Scott, and J.A. Willbanks: Fertilizer Solutions, 14 (1970) 40.
Google Scholar
6 T.P. Hignett and P. Travis (eds) Fertilizer Manual, Development and Transfer of Technology, Series no. 113, UNIDO, United Nations, New York (1980).
Google Scholar
7 V. Buhlmann, Vereinigte Landwesenkaufleute, 3 (1980) 20. 22, 24.
Google Scholar
8 F.A. Stanley and G.E. Smith: Effect of soil moisture and depth of application on retention of anhydrous ammonia. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 20 (1956) pp 557–61.
10.2136/sssaj1956.03615995002000040026x
Google Scholar
9 J.M. Shutske Using anhydrous ammonia safely on the farm. Minnesota Department of Agriculture, St Paul, Minnesota 2005.
Google Scholar
10 T.P. Hignett: Chemical Technology, 2 (1972) (10), 627–637.
Google Scholar
11 D.M. Sloan and R.W. Veales: Composition of ammonium nitrate-urea-water fertilizer solutions by physical measurements! Journal of AOAC International, 60 (1977) (4), 876–880.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
12 R. Kümmel: Formulation of clear-liquid multiple nutrient fertilizers. Chemische Technik (Leipzig, Germany), 25 (1973) 732.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
13 T.P. Hignett, (ed.) Fertilizer Manual, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht–Boston–Lancaster 1985, p. 129.
Google Scholar
14 Anon: Urea-ammonium nitrate solutions. Nitrogen, 69 (1971), 30–31.
Google Scholar
15 Production of urea and urea ammonium nitrate, Booklet 5, Best available techniques for pollution prevention and control in the european fertilizer industry, European Fertilizer Manufacturers Association, Brussels, Belgium (2000).
Google Scholar
16 L. Hasenberg and H. Puschmann Polyvinyl esters and their copolymers, in Corrosion Handbook, Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim, 2011 C9:NA.
Google Scholar
17 Dynamit Nobel AG Handbuch der chemischen Beständigkeit, Dynamit Nobel AG, Troisdorf, 1982, p. 60.
Google Scholar
18 W. Beackmann and D. Funk: 3R, Rohre Rohrleitungsbau Rohrleitungstransport, 17 (1978) 443.
Google Scholar
19 L.G. Croysdale, W.E. Samuels, and J.A. Wagner: Urea–ammonium nitrate: are they safe? Chemical Engineering Progress, 61 (1965) (1), 72–77;
Web of Science® Google Scholar
J.F. Anderson: Explosions and safety in handling urea–ammonium nitrate solutions. Safety in Air and Ammonia Plants, 9 (1967) 70–71;
Google Scholar
Dolah et al. Explosion Hazards of Ammonium Nitrate under Fire Exposure, Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations no. 6773 (1966).
Google Scholar
Th.M. Groothiuzen, Danger Aspects of Liquid Ammonium Nitrate. Part I. Detonation Properties, report no. M3038–1 (1979).
Google Scholar
Th.M. Groothuizen, Thermische stabiliteit van een ureum-ammonium-nitraatoplossing bij 60°C, report no. 484/485/70, Opdracht NSM-NV no. 9139 (1970).
Google Scholar
20 J.M. Potts, (ed.) Fluid Fertilizers, Bulletin Y 185, Tennessee Valley Industry, Muscle thoals, Alabama 1984.
Google Scholar
21 A.L. Huhti and P.A. Gartaganis: The composition of the strong phosphoric acids. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 34 (1956) 785–797
10.1139/v56-102
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
22 R.P. Rilo: Preparation of ammonium polyphosphates and liquid fertilizers by the ammoniation of wet-process phosphoric acids. Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii (Leningrad) USSR, 50 (1977) (8), 1676–1682
Google Scholar
Journal of Applied Chemistry of the USSR, 50 (1977) 1610.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
23 W.P. Moore: Liquid fertilizers have long storage life. Chemical & Engineering News, 49 (1971) (44), 37.
10.1021/cen-v049n044.p037
Google Scholar
24 R.D. Young: Advances in fertilizer technology that will have significant impact. Agricultural Chemicals, 26 (1971) 12–16, 29–31.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
25 E.U. Huffman, New Developments in Fertilizer Technology, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala 1974.
Google Scholar
26 A. Alon, Recent Developments in Phosphoric Acid Manufacture, ISMA Technical Conference, Edinburgh, 14th to 16th Sept. 1965, Chap. V (1965).
Google Scholar
27 M.S. Casper, Liquid Fertilizers, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, N.J. 1973.
Google Scholar
28 A.V. Slack, Fertilizer Developments and Trends, Noyes Development Corp., Park Ridge, N.J. 1968, p. 344.
Google Scholar
29 R.S. Meline, C.H. Davis, and R.G. Lee: Alternatives in production of ammonium polyphosphate materials for use in fluid fertilizer formulations. Farm Chemicals, 133 (1970) (11), 26, 28, 30.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
30 National Fertilizer Solutions Association: Fluid Fertilizer Manual, Peoria, IL (1985).
Google Scholar
31 Ugine Kuhlmann, DE-OS 2 100 413 (1971).
Google Scholar
32 G.V. Kostyukhova, N.N. Malakhova, V.M. Lembrikoc, and L.M. Soleveva: Liquid complex fertilizers made from a basic solution of ammonium polyphosphates, urea-ammonium nitrate solution, and potassium chloride. Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii (Leningrad), 51 (1978) (1), 3–6;
Google Scholar
Journal of Applied Chemistry of the USSR, 51 (1978) 1.
Google Scholar
33 J. Silverberg: (1972) Assoc. Am. Fert. Control Off., Off. Publ., no. 21 168.
Google Scholar
34 F.T. Nielsson (ed) Manual of Fertilizer Processing, Fertilizer Science and Technology Series, vol. 5, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York 1987.
Google Scholar
35 M.F. Abd El-Hameed, Experimentation on the Use of Urea–Ammonium Sulphate (UAS) Liquid Fertilizer in Kuwait. Preprint J. F. Techn. Conf. (1984).
Google Scholar
36 Nitrogen, (1985) (153), 20–31.
Google Scholar
37 Anon Phosphoric acid sludge: an inert phosphatic material? Phosphorus Potassium, (1985) (135), 26.
Google Scholar
38 Anon Suspension fertilizers without polyphosphates. Phosphorus Potassium, (1977) (89), 31.
Google Scholar
39 J.A. Wilbanks: Suspensions and Slurries. Agricultural Chemicals, 22 (1967) 37.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
40 New Developments in Fertilizer Technology, 9th Demonstration, Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala 1972, pp. 53–55.
Google Scholar
41 H.E. Mills: Fertilizer Solutions, 6 (1962) (6), 38.
Google Scholar
42 A.V. Slag: Farm Chemicals, 128 (1965) (5), 24.
Google Scholar
43 W.R. Grace, (1964) NL-A 6 414 487.
Google Scholar
44 M.N. Nabiev, and A.F. Glagoleva, Liquid compound fertilizers by decomposition of phosphates with nitric acid. Uzb. Khim. Zh., (1960) (4), 3–8.
Google Scholar
45 BASF, DE-AS 1 592 567 (1965).
Google Scholar
46 W.C. Scott, J.A. Wilbanks, and L.C. Faulkner: Fluid fertilizer. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting - Fertilizer Industry Round Table, 25 (1975) 87.
Google Scholar
47 U. Kafkadi, and J. Tarchitsky, Fertigation- A Tool for Efficient Fertilizer and Water Management, International Fertilizer Industry Association and, International Potash Institute, Paris, France, 2011.
Google Scholar
48 V. Fernandez, T. Sotiropoulos, and P. Brown, Foliar Fertilization–Scientific Principles and Field Practices, International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA), Paris, France 2013.
Google Scholar
49 R. Vetanovetz and J.C. Peterson: Fertilizer use efficiency: Modern trends in foliar fertilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 10 (1987) (9-10), 1889–1895.
10.1080/01904168709363732
Web of Science® Google Scholar
50 N.K. Fageria, M.P. Barbosa, A. Moreira, and C.M. Guimaraes: Foliar fertilization of crop plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 32 (2009) 1044–1064.
10.1080/01904160902872826
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
51 S.R. Noack, T.M. McBeath, and M.J. McLaughlin: Potential for foliar phosphorus fertilisation of dryland cereal crops: a review. Crop & Pasture Science, 62 (2011) 659–669.
10.1071/CP10080_ER
Google Scholar
52 R.P. Schreiner: Foliar sprays containing phosphorus (P) have minimal impact on ‘Pinot Noir’ growth and P status, mycorrhizal colonization, and fruit quality. Hortscience, 45 (2010) 815–821.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
53 M.G. Lindhauer: Solute concentrations in well-watered and water stressed sunflower plants differing in potassium nutrition. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 10 (1987) (9-16), 1965–1973.
10.1080/01904168709363742
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
54 G.E. Lester, J.L. Jifon, and D.J. Makus: Impact of potassium nutrition on postharvest fruit quality: Melon (Cucumis melo L.) case study. Plant and Soil, 335 (2010) 117–131.
10.1007/s11104-009-0227-3
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
55 H. Restrepo-Diaz, M. Benlloch, C. Navarro, and R. Fernandez-Escobar: Potassium fertilization of rainfed olive orchards. Scientia Horticulturae, 116 (2008) 399–403.
10.1016/j.scienta.2008.03.001
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
56 S. Will, T. Eichert, V. Fernandez, J. Moehring, T. Mueller, and V. Roemheld: Absorption and mobility of foliar- applied boron in soybean as affected by plant boron status and application as a polyol complex. Plant and Soil, 344 (2011) 283–293.
10.1007/s11104-011-0746-6
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
57 A.M.S. Nyomora, P.H. Brown, and B. Krueger: Rate and time of boron application increase almond productivity and tissue boron concentration. Hortscience, 34 (1999) 242–245.
10.21273/HORTSCI.34.2.242
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
58 V.T. Fernandez, T. Eichert, V. Del Rio, G. Lopez-Casado, J.A. Heredia-Guerrero, A. Abadia, A. Heredia, and J. Abadia: Leaf structural changes associated with iron defiency chlorosis in field grown pear and beach: Physiological implications. Plant and Soil, 311 (2008) 161–172.
10.1007/s11104-008-9667-4
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
59 K. Moran, Micronutrient product types and their develoipment, International Fertilizer Society, Proceedings No 545, Fertilizer Society, York, UK.
Google Scholar
60 C. Dordas: Role of nutrients in controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 28 (2009) 33–46.
10.1051/agro:2007051
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
61 I.E. Papadakis, E. Protopapadakis, I.N. Therios, and V. Tsirakoglou: Foliar treatment of Mn deficient Washington Navel orange trees with two Mn sources. Scientia Horticulturae, 106 (2005) 70–75.
10.1016/j.scienta.2005.02.015
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
62 B.S. Haslett, R.J. Reid, and Z. Rengel: Zinc mobility in wheat: Uptake and distribution of zinc applied to leaves or roots. Annals of Botany, 87 (2001) 379–389.
10.1006/anbo.2000.1349
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
63 Q.L. Zhang and P.H. Brown: Distribution and transport of foliar applied zinc in pistachio. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 124 (1999) 433–436.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
64 S.H. Wittwer and F.G. Teubner: Foliar absorption of mineral nutrients. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 10 (1959) 13–32.
10.1146/annurev.pp.10.060159.000305
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
65 W. Franke: Planta, 55 (1960) 533–541;
10.1007/BF01884864
Web of Science® Google Scholar
Planta, 61 (1964) 1–16;
10.1007/BF01895387
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenkrankheiten (Pflanzenpathologie) und Pflanzenschutz, Sonderheft, 8 (1977).
Google Scholar
66 H.-P. Pissarek, A. Finck: Untersuchungen zur anatomisch-mikroskopischen Diagnose des latenten Kaliummangels. Landwirtschaftliche Forschung, 27 (1972) 241–248.
Google Scholar
67 G. Jürgens and H. Ramstetter: Nährstoffaufnahme über das Blatt für mehr Qualität. Deutsche Weinbau (Mainz) 35 (1980) (19), 715–717.
Google Scholar
68 A. Buchner, and H. Sturm, Gezielter düngen, DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt 1985, pp. 148–155.
Google Scholar
69 C. Hotz and K.H. Brown: Assessment of the risk of zinc deficiency in populations and options for its control. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 25 (2004) 94–204.
Google Scholar
70 B.J. Alloway, Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition, 2nd edn, International Fertilizer Industry Association; International, Zinc Association, Paris, France; Brussels, Belgium 2008.
Google Scholar
71 R.D. Graham, Micronutrient deficiencies in crops and their global significance, in Micronutrient Deficiencies in Global Crop Production (ed. B.J. Alloway), Springer, 2008, pp. 41–61.
10.1007/978-1-4020-6860-7_2
Google Scholar
72 T.W. Bruulsema, P. Heffer, R.M. Welch, I. Cakmak, and K. Moran, Fertilizing Crops to Improve Human Health: A Scientific Review, International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris, France 2012.
Google Scholar
73 M. Sillanpaa Micronutrient assessment at the country level: a global study, in FAO Soils Bulletin 63, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome 1990.
Google Scholar
74 M. Sillanpaa, Micronutrients and the nutrient status of soils: a global study, in FAO Soils Bulletin 48, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome 1982.
Google Scholar
75 C.D. Hunt: Dietary boron: an overview of the evidence for its role in immune function. Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine, 16 (2003) 291–306.
10.1002/jtra.10041
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
76 G.H. Lyons, J.C.R. Stangoulis, and R.D. Graham: Exploiting micronutrient interaction to optimize biofortification programs: the case for inclusion of selenium and iodine in the HarvestPlus program. Nutrition Reviews, 62 (2003) 247–252.
10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00047.x
Web of Science® Google Scholar
77 R.D. Graham, R.M. Welch, and H.E. Bouis, Addressing micronutrient malnutrition through enhancing the nutritional quality of staple foods: Principles, perspectives and knowledge gaps, in Advances in Agronomy, Academic Press, 2001, pp. 77–142.
Google Scholar
78 I. Cakmak: Enrichment of grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant and Soil, 302 (2008) 1–17.
10.1007/s11104-007-9466-3
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
79 W. Bergmann and A. Hennig: Chemische Technik (Leipzig, Germany), 25 (1973) 391 ff.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
80 G.L. Berg Farm Chemicals Handbook '86, Meister Publishing Co., Willoughby, Ohio 1986.
Google Scholar
81 BASF DE 2 313 921 (1973) (J. Jung, B. Leutner, H. Sturm);
Google Scholar
C.A. Whitcomb: (1980) EP-EP 0 023 364. prior;
Google Scholar
US 61 842 (1979).
Google Scholar
82 BASF EP-EP 0 053 246 (1981) (B. Leutner et al.);
Google Scholar
DE 3 044 903 (1980). prior.
Google Scholar
EP-A-A 0 173 089 = DE-OS 3 427 980 (1984) (A. Jungbauer, B. Leutner, G.F. Jürgens).
Google Scholar
83 G. Jürgens: Spurennährstoffe in die ähre. Bauernblatt für Schleswig-Holstein, 33 (1979) (129), 24.
Google Scholar
84 G. Jürgens: Chemie und Technik in der Landwirtschaft, (1983) (4), 128–129.
Google Scholar
85 A. Amberger, Pflanzenernährung, 4th edn, UTB 846, Eugen Ulmer Stuttgart 1996.
Google Scholar
86 A. Finck, Fertilizers and their efficient use, in IFA (1992): World Fertilizer Use Manual (eds D.J. Halliday, M.E. Trenkel, and W. Wichmann), International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris 1992.
Google Scholar
87 Association of American Plant Food Control Officials (AAPFCO) (ed.) Official Publication No. 48, Association of American Plant Food Control Officials, Inc., West Lafayette IN 1995.
Google Scholar
88 Association of American Plant Food Control Officials (AAPFCO) Official Publication No. 50. Association of American Plant Food Control Officials, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA (1997).
Google Scholar
89 M.E. Trenkel, Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers in Agriculture, (FAO) IFA, Paris 1997.
Google Scholar
90 M.E. Trenkel, Slow- and Controlled Release Fertilizers- An option for enhancing Nutrient Use Efficiency in Agriculture, International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris, France 2010.
Google Scholar
91 IFA (ed.) World Fertilizer Consumption, International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris 1996.
Google Scholar
92 H. Petersen: Synthesis of cyclic ureas by ureidoalkylation. Synthesis, 5 (1973) 243–244, 262, 264.
10.1055/s-1973-22190
Google Scholar
93 R. Powell, Controlled Release Fertilizer, Noyes Development Corp., Park Ridge 1968.
Google Scholar
94 J. Araten, New Fertilizer Materials, Noyes Development Corp., Park Ridge, N. J. 1968.
Google Scholar
95 A.V. Slack, Fertilizer Development and Trends, Noyes Development Corp., Park Ridge, N. J. 1968 p. 153–156.
Google Scholar
96 H. Petersen, Grundzüge der Aminoplastchemie, in Kunststoff-Jahrbuch, 10th edn, Wilhelm Parnsegau Verlag, Berlin 1968, pp. 30–107.
Google Scholar
97 R.J. Church, Chemistry and processing of urea and ureaform, in Fertilizer Nitrogen Its Chemistry and Technology (ed. V. Sauchelli), Reinhold Publ., New York 1964.
Google Scholar
98 H.M. Goertz, Controlled Release Technology. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 7 Controlled Release Technology (Agricultural), (1993) pp. 251–274.
Google Scholar
99 BASF (ed.) Die Landwirtschaftliche Versuchsstation Limburgerhof 1914–1964. 50 Jahre landwirtschaftliche Forschung in der BASF, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Limburgerhof 1965.
Google Scholar
100 R. Hähndel: (1986) Langsamwirkende Stickstoffdünger–ihre Eigenschaften und Vorteile. BASF-Mitteilungen für den Landbau, 4/1986.
Google Scholar
101 DuPont US-US 2 766 283.(1951) (E.T. Darden) = DE 1 002 765, 1952.
Google Scholar
102 DuPont CA 550 618 (1954) (H.M. Kvalnes, E.T. Darden), US prior., 1953/1954.
Google Scholar
103 Allied Chemical US 2 644 806 (1950) (M.A. Kise),
Google Scholar
US 2 845 401, 1955 (C.E. Waters).
Google Scholar
104 J.M. O'Donnell, (1956) US 2 916 371.
Google Scholar
105 Hercules Powder US 3 227 543 (1965) (J.M. O'Donnell).
Google Scholar
106 Borden Co. US 2 810 710. (1955) (D.R. Long).
Google Scholar
107 Fisons GB 789 075 (1954) (A.L. Whynes).
Google Scholar
108 O. M. Scott & Sons US 3 076 700 (1957) (V.A. Renner);
Google Scholar
DE-OS 1 592 751, 1963 (V.A. Renner, R.H. Czurak).
Google Scholar
109 H. Schneider and L. Veegens: Practical experience with ureaform slow release nitrogen fertilizer during the past 20 years and outlook for the future. Proc. Fert. Soc., 180 (1979) 4–39.
Google Scholar
110 Aglukon company broschure Nutralene, Nitroform, AZOLON—Biologically Controlled Nitrogen Release, Aglukon Spezialdünger GmbH, Düsseldorf 1993.
Google Scholar
111 J. Jung and J. Dressel: Isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) as a weakly soluble nitrogen fertilizer. Landwirtschaftliche Forschung, Sonderheft, 26 (1971) (1), 131–137.
Google Scholar
112 Mitsubishi DE 1 146 080 (1961) (M. Hamamoto, J. Sakaki).
Google Scholar
Mitsubishi, US 3 322 528, 1961 (M. Hamamoto).
Google Scholar
113 Mitsubishi DE 1 543 201 (1965) (S. Kamo, N. Yanai, N. Osako), JA prior (1964);
Google Scholar
GB 1 099 643, 1965, JA prior (1964).
Google Scholar
Hoechst, DE 1 303 018, 1963 (H. Schäfer, P. Krause);
Google Scholar
DE 1 244 207, 1962 (U. Schwenk, F. Kalk, H. Schäfer).
Google Scholar
BASF, DE-OS 1 618 128, 1967 (G. Rössler);
Google Scholar
DE 2 355 212, 1973 (O. Grabowsky et al.).
Google Scholar
114 BASF DE 1 081 482 (1959) (J. Jung et al.).
Google Scholar
115 J. Jung: Slow-release nitrogen compounds, especially crotonylideneurea. Z. Pflanzenernaehr. Dueng. Bodenkd., 94 (1961) 39–47;
10.1002/jpln.19610940106
CAS Google Scholar
J. Jung, and C. Pfaff, Die Landwirtschaftliche Versuchsstation Limburgerhof 1914 bis 1964, BASF, Ludwigshafen 1964.
Google Scholar
116 A.J. Patel and G.C. Sharma: Nitrogen release characteristics of controlled-release fertilizers during a month soil incubation. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 102 (1977) (3), 364–367.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
117 Unpublished results of the BASF Ammonia Laboratory (1962).
Google Scholar
118 BASF DE 1 176 39 (1963) (H. Kindler et al.);
Google Scholar
DE 1 244 207, 1962 (H. Brandeis, H. Petersen, A. Fikentscher).
Google Scholar
119 Chisso Corp JP 492 348 (1967).
Google Scholar
DE-OS 1 670 385, 1966 (K. Fukatsu et al.);
Google Scholar
US 3 488 351, 1966. (K. Fukatsu et al.).
Google Scholar
120 T. Ushioda: Development and commercial scale of CDU (slow acting fertilizer) technology. Japan Chemical Quarterly, 5 (1969) (4), 27–32.
Google Scholar
121 E. Rother, “Depotdünger,”, and “Arbeiten zur Entwicklung eines Herstellverfahrens für Mehrnährstoffdünger mit Langzeitstickstoff,” 1985, both internal BASF reports 1975.
Google Scholar
122 C.J. Pratt, and R. Noyes, Ureaform in Nitrogen Fertilizer Chemical Process, Noyes Development Corp., Pearl River, N. Y. 1965, pp. 232–234.
Google Scholar
123 BASF Produktinformation für Erwerbsgartenbau, Landschaftsbau und Landwirtschaft, COMPO GmbH, Münster 1995.
Google Scholar
124 R.L. Parfitt: Anion adsorption by soils and soil materials. Advances in Agronomy, 30 (1978) 1–50.
10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60702-6
CAS Google Scholar
125 Chem. Ing. Tech., 46 (1974) A 100;
Google Scholar
Chem. Age (London), 108 (1975) (2852), 17–18.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
126 Hoechst DE-OS 2 308 941 (1973).
Google Scholar
127 W. Riemenschneider, A New Simple Process for Manufacturing Oxamide, in Prod. Tech. Plant Nutr. Effic. Br. Sulphur Corp. Int. Conf. Fert., 2nd (1978–1979), (1978) pp. 1–17.
Google Scholar
128 European Chemical News, 24 (1973) (604), 24 (1973) no. 609;
Google Scholar
T. Okada: J. Ammonium Industry, 1 (1975) (2), 28;
Google Scholar
Nitrogen, (1979) (117), 43.
Google Scholar
129 T. Fujita, (1996) personal communication.
Google Scholar
130 Tennessee Valley Authority (1965) US 3 295 950 (G.M. Bloin, D.W. Rindt);
Google Scholar
US 3 342 577 (1966) (G.M. Bloin, D.W. Rindt);
Google Scholar
US 3 903 333 (1972) (A.R. Shirley, R.S. Meline);
Google Scholar
O. M. Scott & Sons (1976) US 4 042 366 (K.E. Fersch, W.E. Stearus).
Google Scholar
131 BASF DE-OS 1 467 377 (1982) (J. Jung et al.).
Google Scholar
132 G.L. Bridger, et al.: Metal ammonium phosphates as fertilizers. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 10 (1962) 181–188.
10.1021/jf60121a006
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
133 M.L. Salutzky and R.P. Steiger: J. Agric. Food Chem., 12 (1962) 486–491.
10.1021/jf60136a003
Web of Science® Google Scholar
134 Mitsui Toatsu Chem., JP-Kokai (1980); 067 089/82
Google Scholar
Nugata Sulphuric Acid Co (1966) JP 7 035 210 (Prior).
Google Scholar
Chem. Abstr, 75 (1971) (34), 643.
Google Scholar
135 Wintershall AG DE-OS 1 792 725 (1963) (W. Jahn-Held);
Google Scholar
DE 1 252 210 (1962) (W. Jahn-Held);
Google Scholar
DE 1 265 726 (1964) (W. Jahn-Held);
Google Scholar
DE 1 592 810 (1963) (W. Jahn-Held);
Google Scholar
DE 1 592 811 (1963) (W. Jahn-Held);
Google Scholar
F. Müller, (1969) DE 1 924 284.
Google Scholar
Kali & Salz (1982) DE 3 204 238.
Google Scholar
DE 3 216 973 (1982);
Google Scholar
Knapsack DE 1 260 450 (1966) (W. Kern, J. Cremer, H. Harnisch).
Google Scholar
136 Monsanto (1968) GB 1 226 256.
Google Scholar
137 BFG Glass Group (1978) BE 878 884.
Google Scholar
138 J. Jung: The supply of nutrients from granulated fertilizers coated with plastic. Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenernaehrung und Bodenkunde, 91 (1960) 122–130,
10.1002/jpln.19600910204
CAS Google Scholar
Archer Daniels Midland, US 3 223 518, 1961 (L.J. Hansen),
Google Scholar
DE 1 254 162, 1960 (L.J. Hansen).
Google Scholar
139 M.J. Brown, R.E. Luebs, and P.F. Pratt: Effect of temperature and coating thickness on the release of urea from resin-coated granules. Agronomy Journal, 58 (1966) (2), 175–178;
10.2134/agronj1966.00021962005800020017x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
J.J. Oertli and O.R. Lunt: Controlled release of fertilizer minerals by incapsulating membranes. I. Factors influencing the rate of release. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 26 (1962) (6), 579–587.
10.2136/sssaj1962.03615995002600060019x
Google Scholar
140 Aglukon company brochure Plantacote—The System of Crop-Specific Plant Nutrition, Aglukon Spezialdünger GmbH, Düsseldorf 1992.
Google Scholar
141 T. Fujita: Invention of fertilizer coating technology using polyolefin resin and manufacturing of polyolefin coated urea. Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 67 (1996) 3.
Google Scholar
142 T. Fujita and S. Shoji Kinds and Properties of Meister Fertilizers in, Meister Controlled Release Fertilizer: Properties and Utilization (ed S. Shoji), Konno Printing Company Ltd., Sendai, Japan, 1999, pp. 13–34.
Google Scholar
143 T. Fujita, Technical Development, Properties and Availability of Polyolefin Coated Fertilizers, Proceedings Dahlia Greidinger Memorial International Workshop on Controlled/Slow Release Fertilizers, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 7–12 March 1993 (1993).
Google Scholar
144 Chisso Corp CA 1 295 849 (1992) (T. Fujita, S. Yoshida, K. Yamahira).
Google Scholar
145 Chisso Corp CA 1 295 848 (1992) (T. Fujita, Y. Yamashita, S. Yoshida, K. Yamahira).
Google Scholar
146 T. Fujita, S. Maeda, M. Shibata, and C. Takahashi, Research & development of coated fertilizer, Proceedings Fertilizer, Present and Future, Japan. Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Tokyo, (1989) pp. 78–100.
Google Scholar
147 T. Fujita, S. Maeda, M. Shibata, and C. Takahashi, Research & development of coated fertilizers, Japanese Society of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, Proceedings of the Symposium on Fertilizer, Present and Future, Sept. 25–26, Tokyo (1989).
Google Scholar
148 H.M. Goertz, (1993) Technology Developments in Coated Fertilizers, Proceedings Dahlia Greidinger Memorial International Workshop on Controlled/Slow Release Fertilizers, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 7–12 March 1993.
Google Scholar
149 S.P. Landels, Controlled-Release Fertilizers: Supply and Demand Trends in U.S. Nonfarm Markets, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 1994.
Google Scholar
150 W.P. Moore, (1993) Reacted Layer Technology for Controlled Release Fertilizers, Proceedings Dahlia Greidinger Memorial International Workshop on Controlled/Slow Release Fertilizers, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 7–12 March 1993.
Google Scholar
151 S. Shoji, and A.T. Gandeza, Controlled Release Fertilizers with Polyolefin Resin Coating, Kanno Printing Co. Ltd., Sendai 1992.
Google Scholar
152 The O.M. Scott & Sons Co. US 5 089 041 (1992) (H.E. Thompson, R.A. Kelch).
Google Scholar
153 D.W. Rindt, G.M. Bloin, and J.G. Getsinger: Sulfur coating on nitrogen fertilizer to reduce dissolution rate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 16 (1968) (5), 773–778.
10.1021/jf60159a015
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
154 Ag Chem & Commercial Fertilizer, 28 (1973) (2), 14–15;
Web of Science® Google Scholar
Chemical Engineering (N. Y.), 81 (Dec. 23 (1974)) 32–33;
Google Scholar
Sulphur Institute Journal, 10 (1974) (3/4), 7.
Google Scholar
155 S.F. Allen, et al.: Crops and Soils, 21 (1968) (3),
Google Scholar
Agron. J., 63 (1971) 529.
10.2134/agronj1971.00021962006300040004x
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
156 D.W. Rindt, G.M. Bloin, and O.E. Moore: Sulfur-coated fertilizers for controlled release. Pilot-plant production. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 19 (1971) (5), 801–808.
10.1021/jf60177a039
Web of Science® Google Scholar
157 K.D. Shah, (1996) Safety of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilisers, Proceedings 384, International Fertiliser Society, York, UK.
Google Scholar
158 H. Kiiski, (2008) Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers: Analysis and Appraisal of Classification Categories, Proceedings 627, International Fertiliser Society, York, UK.
Google Scholar
159 Sh.T. El Sheltawi, Recent trends in the production of sulfur-coated urea. Review, Proc. Arab Reg. Conf. Sulphur: Its Usages Arab World. Kuwait Inst. Sci. Res., Safat, Kuwait (1982).
Google Scholar
160 S. Raban, and A. Shaviv, Controlled release characteristics of coated urea fertilizers, Proceedings International Symposium on Controlled Release and Bioactive Materials, Controlled Release Society, Inc. (1995).
Google Scholar
161 A. Shaviv, Improvement of fertilizer efficiency–Product Processing, Positioning and Application Methods, Proceedings 469, International Fertiliser Society, York, UK (2001).
Google Scholar
162 A. Shaviv, Controlled Release Fertilizers, IFA International Workshop on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers, International Fertilizer Industry Association Paris, France (2005).
Google Scholar
163 J. Detrick, Answers to Frequently Asked Technical Questions About Polyon Coated Fertilizer Technology, Pursell Industries, Inc., Sylacauga, Alabama, USA 1992.
Google Scholar
164 J. Detrick, RLC Membrane Encapsulated Fertilizer Technology Can Deliver High Yield Value Benefits for Agriculture, Proceedings Great Plains Soil Fertility Conference, Denver, Colorado (1990).
Google Scholar
165 RLC L.L.C. Technologies, US 5 599 374 (1997) (J.H. Detrick).
Google Scholar
166 M. Kolybaba, L.G. Tabil, S. Panigrahi, W.J. Crerar, T. Powell, and B. Wang, (2003) Biodegradable Polymers: Past, Present and Future, CSAE/ASAE Annual Intersectional Meeting, Fargo, North Dakota, Oct. 2003.
Google Scholar
167 M. Sakai, M. Saeki, A. Sakamoto, and S. Kanazawa: Biodegradability of photodegradable coating materials used for coated fertilizers in agricultural soils. Journal Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 49 (2003) 647–650.
10.1080/00380768.2003.10410055
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
168 A. Sakamoto, H. Hanawa, and M. Tachibana: Method for mineralization control of acetaldehyde condensation urea by additives. Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 78 (2007) 303–307.
Google Scholar
169 T. Fujita, and S. Shoji, Kinds and properties of Meister fertilizers, in Meister Controlled Release Fertilizer–Properties and Utilization (ed. S. Shoji), Konno Printing Company Ltd., Sendai, Japan 1999, pp. 13–34.
Google Scholar
170 S. Shoji, and A.T. Gandeza, Controlled Release Fertilizers with Polyolefin Resin Coating, Kanno Printing Co. Ltd., Sendai, Japan 1992.
Google Scholar
171 R.D. Hauck, Slow-release and bioinhibitor-amended nitrogen fertilizers, in Fertilizer Technology and Use, 3rd edn (ed O.P. Engelstad), Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI., 1992, pp. 293–322.
Google Scholar
172 R.D. Hauck: (1993) Controlled Availability Fertilizers: Technical vs Public Perspectives, Proceedings: Dahlia Greidinger Memorial International Workshop on Controlled/Slow Release Fertilizers, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Google Scholar
173 Archer Daniels Midland DE-AS 1 242 573 (1964) (Le Roy B. Sahtin), US prior., (1963).
Google Scholar
Archer Daniels Midland, US 3 264 088, 1965 (L.J. Hansen).
Google Scholar
Sierra Chemical Europe, EP-A 184 869, 1985; NL prior., 1984 (J.M.H. Lembie).
Google Scholar
174 Chisso Asahi Fertilizer Co (1972) JP 634 150 650 860, 1972, DE-AS 2 461 668, 1974 (T. Fujita et al.), JP prior., 1973; US 4 019 890, 1974 (T. Fujita et al.), JP prior., 1973.
Google Scholar
175 Chisso Asahi Fertilizer Co DE 2 834 513 (1978) (T. Fujita et al.), JP prior., 1978.
Google Scholar
176 L.L. RLC C Technologies, US 5 599 374 (1997) (J.H. Detrick);
Google Scholar
US 5 547 486 (1996) (J.H. Detrick, F.T. Carney, Jr.
Google Scholar
US 5 374 292, 1993 (J.H. Detrick, F.T. Carney, Jr.
Google Scholar
US 4 969 947, 1990 (W.P. Moore);
Google Scholar
US 4 804 403, 1989 (W.P. Moore);
Google Scholar
US 4 711 659, 1987 (W.P. Moore).
Google Scholar
177 Pursell Inc. company brochure POLYON Polymer Coatings and the RLC Process, Pursell Industries, Inc., Sylacauga, Alabama 1995.
Google Scholar
178 H.J. Detrick, PURSELL Technologies Inc., personal communication (1997).
Google Scholar
179 Bayer DE-AS 2 240 047 (1972).
Google Scholar
DE-OS 3 020 422 (1980);
Google Scholar
EP 46 896 (1981);
Google Scholar
EP-A 95 624 (1983) (H. Heller, D. Schäpel).
Google Scholar
180 Bayer EP 90 992 (1983) DE 3 212 537, 1982 (H. Brunn et al.).
Google Scholar
181 T. Geethadevi, N. Srinivas, S.N. Swamygowda, and R.B. Kenchaiah: Nitrogen loss studies in wetland rice using modified urea materials. Oryza, 28 (1991) (4), 485–487.
Google Scholar
182 G.R. Gour, S.S. Tomar, G.S. Rathi, and G.S. Tomar: Studies on the relative efficiency of slow release nitrogenous fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors in lowland rice. Journal of Agricultural Research, 5 (1990) 1.
Google Scholar
183 R.A. Raju, K.A. Reddy, and M.M. Husain: Urease-inhibitors and coated urea fertilizers. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 59 (1989) 12.
Google Scholar
184 B. Crawford, Florida Commercial Fertilizer Law. Rules and Regulations, State of Florida, Department of Agriculture and Consumer, Services, Tallahassee FL 1995.
Google Scholar
185 Bundesminister für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten: Verordnung zur Ånderung düngemittelrechtlicher Vorschriften (1995) BGBl. I.
Google Scholar
186 G. Kluge and G. Embert Das Düngemittelrecht mit fachlichen Erläuterungen, Hiltrup, Bonn 1996.
Google Scholar
187 T. Fujita, (1997) personal communication.
Google Scholar
188 A. Amberger, Pflanzenernährung, 4th edn, Taschenbücher 846 Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, p. 156, 157.
Google Scholar
189 K. Mengel, Ernährung und Stoffwechsel der Pflanze, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1968, p. 287, 289.
Google Scholar
190 Bundesrat, Drucksache 239/96 Stellungnahme der Bundesregierung zu der Entschließung des Bundesrates zur Verordnung zur Ånderung düngemittelrechtlicher Vorschriften, Bundesanzeiger Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Bonn (1996).
Google Scholar
191 A. Amberger, (1993) Potential of the Nitrification Inhibitor Dicandiamide to Control Nitrogen Management and Environmental Pollution, Proceedings, Dahlia Greidinger Memorial International Workshop on Controlled/Slow Release Fertilizers, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Haifa, March 7–12 1993.
Google Scholar
192 B. Scheffer: Application of nitrogen fertilizers with nitrification inhibitors in water drainage areas. GWF, Gas Wasserfach: Wasser/Abwasser, 135 (1994) 15–19.
CAS Google Scholar
193 B. Scheffer, (1991) Nitratgehalte im Dränwasser bei Einsatz stabilisierter Stickstoffdünger, Stabilisierte Stickstoffdünger—ein Beitrag zur Verminderung des Nitratproblems, Proccedings: 15./16. Oktober 1991, Würzburg, Publisher; BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Limburgerhof/SKW Trostberg AG, 1991, pp. 83–94.
Google Scholar
194 P. Schweiger, (1991) Wege zur Minimierung des Nitratproblems, Proceedings: Stabilisierte Stickstoffdünger—ein Beitrag zur Verminderung des Nitratproblems. Fachtagung: 15./16. Oktober 1991, Würzburg. Publisher; BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Limburgerhof/SKW Trostberg AG, pp. 59–69.
Google Scholar
195 W. Zerulla, (1991) N_min—Gehalte im Boden nach der Düngung bzw. nach der Ernte, Proceedings: Stabilisierte Stickstoffdünger—ein Beitrag zur Verminderung des Nitratproblems. Fachtagung: 15./16. Oktober 1991, Würzburg. Publisher; BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Limburgerhof/SKW Trostberg AG, pp. 111–119.
Google Scholar
196 H. Sturm, A. Buchner, and W. Zerulla, Gezielter düngen. Integriert, wirtschaftlich, umweltgerecht, VerlagsUnion Agrar, DLG-Verlags-GmbH, Frankfurt a.M 1994, pp. 90–95.
Google Scholar
197 K.F. Bronson and A.R. Mosier: Suppression of methane oxidation in aerobic soil by nitrogen fertilizers, nitrification inhibitors, and urease inhibitors. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 17 (1994) (4), 263–280.
10.1007/BF00383979
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
198 K.F. Bronson, and A.R. Mosier, Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and nitrification inhibitors on methane and nitrous oxide in irrigated corn, in Biochemistry of Global Change. Radiatively Active Trace Gases, Chapman & Hall, New York–London 1993.
Google Scholar
199 K.F. Bronson, A.R. Mosier, and S.R. Bishnoi: Nitrous oxide emissions in irrigated corn as affected by nitrification inhibitors. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 56 (1992) (1), 161–165.
10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600010025x
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
200 H.-J. Klasse, Versuchsergebnisse zur Wirkung stabilisierter Stickstoffdünger auf die Nitratverlagerung bzw. -auswaschung. N_min—Gehalte im Boden nach der Düngung bzw. nach der Ernte, Proceedings: Stabilisierte Stickstoffdünger—ein Beitrag zur Verminderung des Nitratproblems. Fachtagung: 15./16. Oktober 1991, Würzburg. Publisher; BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Limburgerhof/SKW Trostberg AG, (1991) pp. 103–110.
Google Scholar
201 M. Koshino, The Environmental Protection Framework Concerning Fertilizer Use in Japan, National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Department of Farm Chemicals, Tsukuba 1993.
Google Scholar
202 C.A. Grant, S. Jia, K.R. Brown, and L.D. Baily: Volatile losses of NH₃ surface-applied urea and urea ammonium nitrate with and without the urease inhibitors NBPT or ammonium thiosulfate. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 76 (1996) 3.
10.4141/cjss96-050
Google Scholar
203 C.J. Watson, et al.: Soil properties and the ability of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT) to reduce ammonia volatilization from surface-applied urea. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 26 (1994) (9), 1165–1171.
10.1016/0038-0717(94)90139-2
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
204 C.A. Grant, R. Ferguson, R. Lamond, A. Schlegel, and W. Thomas, Use of Urease Inhibitors in the Great Plains, Proceedings Great Plains Soil Fertility Conference, Denver, Co. (1996)
Google Scholar
205 M.E. Trenkel, Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers in Agriculture, (FAO) IFA, Paris 1997, p. 12.
Google Scholar
206 J.A. Delgado and A.R. Mosier: Mitigation alternatives to decrease nitrous oxides emissions and urea–nitrogen loss and their effect on methane flux. Journal of Environmental Quality, 25 (1996) 5.
10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500050025x
Google Scholar
207 A. Amberger, Mobilization of rock phosphates in soil, 2nd African Soil Science Society Conference, Cairo (1991).
Google Scholar
208 F. Bayrakli and S. Gezgin: Controlling ammonia volatilization from urea surface applied to sugar beet on a calcareous soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 27 (1996) (9), 10.
Google Scholar
209 Z.P. Wang, O. Cleemput, and L. Baert: Movement of urea and its hydrolysis products as influenced by moisture content and urease inhibitors. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 22 (1994) 1/2.
Google Scholar
210 Z.P. Wang, O. Cleemput, P. Demeyer, and L. Baert: Effect of urease on urea hydrolysis and ammonia volatilization. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 11 (1991) (1), 43–47.
10.1007/BF00335833
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
211 Z.P. Wang, L.T. Li, O. Cleemput, and L. Baert: Effect of urease inhibitors on denitrification in soil. Soil Use and Management, 7 (1991) (4), 230–233.
10.1111/j.1475-2743.1991.tb00879.x
Web of Science® Google Scholar
212 B. Zacherl and A. Amberger: Effect of the nitrification inhibitors dicyandiamide, nitrapyrin and thiourea on Nitrosomonas europea. Fertilizer Research, 22 (1990) 37–44.
10.1007/BF01054805
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
213 J.K.R. Gasser: Nitrification inhibitors—their occurence, production and effects of their use on crop yields and composition. Soils and Fertilizers, 33 (1970) 547–554.
Google Scholar
214 K. Sommer: Nitrificides. I. Mode of action, importance, and procedures for selection of nitrificide chemicals, II. U. S. and Japanese ammonia-nitrificides, Landw. Forschung Sond., 27 (1972) (2), 64–82.
Google Scholar
215 US 3 135 594 (1964) (Cleve A. I. Goring), Serial No. 653, 065 1957 expired in 1981; continuation-in-part of copending application.
Google Scholar
216 US 3 424 754 (1969) (William H. Taplin III.) expired in 1986;
Google Scholar
US 3 420 833 (1969) (William H. Taplin), expired in 1983.
Google Scholar
217 DowElanco, Quick Guide to Nitrogen Management, DowElanco, Champaign, IL.
Google Scholar
218 DowElanco (ed.) References on N-Serve^®Nitrogen Stabilizer—Bibliography, DowElanco, Champaign, IL 1989.
Google Scholar
219 J. Huffman, (1997) DowElanco, personal communication.
Google Scholar
220 W. Zerulla, (1996) BASF Aktiengesellschaft, personal communication.
Google Scholar
221 G.Y. Hammam: Effect of nitrification inhibitor (nitrapyrin) and nitrogen level on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Annals of Agricultural Science, 33 (1995) 2.
Google Scholar
222 G.J. Schwab, and L.W. Murdock, (2010) Enhanced-Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizer for Corn and Wheat Production, IFA International Conference on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers, Miami, International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris, France.
Google Scholar
223 US 3 135 594 (1964) (Cl.A.I. Goring).
Google Scholar
224 US 5 106 984 (1992) (M.E. Halpern, J.A. Orvik, J. Dietsche);
Google Scholar
EP 0 306 547 B1 (1992) (M.E. Halpern, J. Dietsche, J.A. Orvik, B.J. Barron).
Google Scholar
225 FR 1 232 366 (1960) (L. Soubies, R. Gadet).
Google Scholar
226 S. Hallinger, “ Untersuchungen zur biologischen Metabolisierung von Dicyandiamid, Technische Universität München,” Isnstitut für Bodenkunde, Pflanzenernährung und Phytopathologie, Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenernährung, Dissertation (1992).
Google Scholar
227 M. Hauser and K. Haselwandter: Degradation of dicyandiamide by soil bacteria. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 22 (1990) 113–114.
10.1016/0038-0717(90)90069-C
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
228 K. Vilsmeier: Fate of ammonium-N in pot studies as affected by DCD addition. Fertilizer Research, 29 (1991) (3), 187–189.
10.1007/BF01048958
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
229 K. Vilsmeier: Turnover of ¹⁵N-ammonium sulfate with dicyandiamide under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Fertilizer Research, 29 (1991) 191–196.
10.1007/BF01048959
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
230 R. Roll, (1991) Zur Toxikologie von Dicyandiamid, Proceedings: Stabilisierte Stickstoffdünger—ein Beitrag zur Verminderung des Nitratproblems. Fachtagung: 15./16. Oktober 1991, Würzburg. BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Limburgerhof/SKW Trostberg AG, pp. 77–82.
Google Scholar
231 A. Amberger: Research on dicyandiamide as a nitrification inhibitor and future outlook. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 20 (1989) 1933–1955.
10.1080/00103628909368195
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
232 A. Amberger, (1991) Dicyandiamide als Nitrifikationshemmstoff. (German) (Dicyandiamide as nitrification inhibitor), Proceedings: Stabilisierte Stickstoffdünger–ein Beitrag zur Verminderung des Nitratproblems, Fachtagung: 15./16. Oktober 1991, Würzburg, Germany.
Google Scholar
233 S.S. Rajbanshi, (1993) Einfluß unterschiedlicher ökologischer Bedingungen auf die Mineralisationskinetik und Persistenz des Nitrifikationshemmstoffes Dicyandiamid in Böden, Dissertation–Research Thesis–Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen/Germany.
Google Scholar
234 S.S. Rajbanshi, G. Benckiser, and J.C.G. Ottow: Effects of concentration, incubation temperature and repeated applications on degradation kinetics of dicyandiamide (DCD). Biology and Fertility of Soils, 13 (1992) 61–64.
10.1007/BF00337336
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
235 US 4 764 200 (1988) (O. Meiss, R. E. Nitzschmann);
Google Scholar
DE-DE 4 128 828 A1 (1993) (K. Engelhardt, H. Dittmar, S. Luther).
Google Scholar
236 US 4 994 100 (1991) (A. R. Sutton, Ch. W. Weston, R. L. Balser).
Google Scholar
237 US 5 352 265 (1994) (Ch. W. Weston, L. A. Peacock, W. L. Thornsberry, A. L. Sutton, Jr.).
Google Scholar
238 DD 222 471 (1985) (H. J. Herbrich et al.).
Google Scholar
239 DD 247 894 (1987) (K. Gunther et al.).
Google Scholar
240 The British Sulphur Corporation, Guide to Fertilizer Process and Constructors, 6th edn, The British Sulphur Corporation, London, 1979, pp. 138–139.
Google Scholar
241 US 4 975 107 (1990) (K. E. Arndt et al.);
Google Scholar
US 4 969 946 (1990) (K. E. Arndt et al.);
Google Scholar
US 4 545 803 (1985) (K. E. Arndt et al.).
Google Scholar
242 DE-DE 4 446 194 (1996) (J. Dressel et al.);
Google Scholar
DE-DE 4 137 011 (1993) (R. Kästner et al.);
Google Scholar
DE-DE 3 820 739 (1990) (U. Baus et al.);
Google Scholar
DE-DE 3 820 738 (1990) (U. Baus et al.);
Google Scholar
DE-DE 3 409 317 (1985) (H. Bohm et al.).
Google Scholar
243 DE-DE 4 405 393 (1995) (M. Grabarse et al.);
Google Scholar
DE-DE 4 405 392 (1995) (M. Grabarse et al.);
Google Scholar
DE-DE 4 237 688 (1994) (I. Berg et al.);
Google Scholar
DE-DE 4 237 687 (1994) (M. Grabarse et al.);
Google Scholar
DE-DE 4 219 661 (1994) (M. Grabarse et al.);
Google Scholar
DE-DE 4 218 580 (1993) (H. J. Hartbrich et al.);
Google Scholar
DE-DE 4 211 808 (1993) (H. Böhland et al.);
Google Scholar
DE-DE 4 018 395 (1991) (M. Grabarse et al.);
Google Scholar
DD 273 829 (1990) (H. J. Hartbrich et al.);
Google Scholar
DD 279 470 (1990) (H. J. Halbenz et al.).
Google Scholar
244 DD 260 486 (1989) (H. Carlson et al.).
Google Scholar
245 RU-RU 2 046 116 (1996) (L. A. Gorelik et al.).
Google Scholar
246 SU-SU 1 680 683 (1992) (O. V. Kuznetsova et al.).
Google Scholar
247 US 4 523 940 (1985) (K. E. Arndt et al.);
Google Scholar
US 4 522 642 (1985) (K. E. Arndt et al.).
Google Scholar
248 DE-DE 4 128 828 A1 (1993) (H. Dittmar et al.).
Google Scholar
249 WO 98/05607 (1998) (Th Barth et al.).
Google Scholar
250 W. Zerulla, Th. Barth, J. Dressel, K. Erhardt, K. Locquenghien, G. Pasda, M. Rädle, and A.H. Wissemeier: 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)–a new nitrification inhibitor for agriculture and horticulture. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 34 (2001) 79–84.
10.1007/s003740100380
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
251 M. Andreae, Entec (DMPP) ein neuer ammonium-stabilisator: ökotoxilogische bewertung, in Düngen mit einer neuen Technologie 45-49, BASF 1999.
Google Scholar
252 R. Roll, (1999) Zur Toxikologie von DMPP, In: BASF AG (ed) Düngen mit einer neuen Technologie. Innovation in der Düngung Entec. Proceedings of a Scientific Colloquium 1999, BSAF Agricultural Center Limburgerhof. Scientific, pp. 39–44.
Google Scholar
253 U. Fettweis, W. Mittelstaedt, Ch. Schimansky, and F. Führ, ENTEC (DMPP) ein neuer Ammonium-Stabilisator: Verhalten im Boden, Sickerwasser und in der Pflanze, in Düngen mit einer neuen Technologie 29-37, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Agrarzentrum Limburgerhof 1999.
Google Scholar
254 U. Fettweis, W. Mittelstaedt, F. Führ, and C. Schimansky, Lysimeter- studien zum Verlagerungsverhalten des 14C-markierten DMPP und dessen Einfluß auf die Dynamik des 15N-markierten Düngerstickstoffs, in VDLUFA Kongressband, VDLUFA-Verlag, Darmstadt 1999, pp. 457–460.
Google Scholar
255 U. Fettweis, W. Mittelstaedt, C. Schimansky, and F. Führ: Lysimeter experiments on the translocation of the carbon-14-labelled nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) in a gleyic cambosol. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 34 (2001) 126–130.
10.1007/s003740100385
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
256 R. Gutser, Optimierte Einsatzstrategie fuür NH4+ stabilisierte Dünger & Erträge, N-Verluste, Langzeiteffekte, Düngen mit einer neuen Technologie 45-49, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Agrarzentrum Limburgerhof 1999.
Google Scholar
257 W. Linzmeier, R. Gutser, and U. Schmidhalter: Nitrous oxide emission from soil and from a nitrogen-15-labelled fertilizer with the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP). Biology and Fertility of Soils, 34 (2001) 103–108.
10.1007/s003740100383
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
258 W. Linzmeier, R. Gutser, and U. Schmidhalter, The new nitrification inhibitor DMPP (Entec) allows increased N-efficiency with simplified fertilizer strategies, in Plant Nutrition: Food Security and Sustainability of Agro-Ecosystems (ed W.J. Horst), Springer, 2001, vol. 92, pp. 760–761.
10.1007/0-306-47624-X_369
Google Scholar
259 M.N. Budhar, C. Ramaswami, and A.A. Kareem: Relative efficiency of coated N fertilizers in lowland rice. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 36 (1991) (1), 124–125.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
260 S.N. Jena, S.S. Mishra, J.M.L. Gulati, M.M. Mishra, and B.K. Mishra: Effect of coated nitrogen fertilizers under rainfed lowland rice ecosystem. Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, India. Environment and Ecology, 11 (1993) (4), 991–992.
Google Scholar
261 A. Kumar and R.B. Thakur: Evaluation of coated urea fertilizer for nitrogen efficiency in rainfed lowland rice (Oryza sativa). Indian Journal of Agronomy, 38 (1993) (3), 471–473.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
262 G. Singh and O.P. Singh: Effect of slow release urea materials on rice and succeeding wheat. N.D. University of Agriculture & Technology, Centre Ghaghraghat, Uttar Pradesh, India. Annals of Agricultural Research, 15 (1994) (3), 260–263.
Google Scholar
263 K. Laijawala, (2010) Neem as a Nitrification Inhibitor, IFA International Conference on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers, Miami. International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris, France.
Google Scholar
264 J.H. Quastel: The action of polyhydric phenols on urease; the influence of thiol compounds. Biochemical Journal, 27 (1933) 1116–1122.
10.1042/bj0271116
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
265 J.P. Conrad: The nature of the catalyst causing the hydrolysis of urea in soils. Soil Science, 50 (1940) 119–134.
10.1097/00010694-194008000-00005
CAS Google Scholar
266 J.M. Bremner and L.A. Douglas: Inhibition of urease activity in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 3 (1971) 297–307.
10.1016/0038-0717(71)90039-3
CAS Google Scholar
267 J.M. Bremner and L.A. Douglas: Effects of some urease inhibitors on urease hydrolysis in soils. Soil Science Society America Proceedings, 37 (1973) 225–226.
10.2136/sssaj1973.03615995003700020020x
Web of Science® Google Scholar
268 J.M. Bremner and M.J. Krogmeier: Effects of urease inhinbitors on germination of seeds in soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 21 (1990) 3–4.
10.1080/00103629009368233
Web of Science® Google Scholar
269 X. Xu, L. Zhou, Van O. Cleemput, and Z. Wang: Fate of urea-15N in a soil-wheat system as influenced by urease inhibitor hydroquinone and nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide. Plant and Soil, 220 (2000) 1–2.
10.1023/A:1004715827085
Web of Science® Google Scholar
270 X. Xu, P. Boeckx, Van O. Cleemput, and I. Kazuyuki: Mineral nitrogen in a rhizosphere soil in standing water during rice (Oriza sativa L.) growth: effect of hydroquinone and dicyandiamide. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 109 (2005) 107–117.
10.1016/j.agee.2005.02.010
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
271 Y.M. Khanif, and A. Husin, (1992) Improvement of fertilizer N recovery of rice by dicyandiamide and hydroquinone, Proceedings: International Symposium on Paddy Soils Nanjing, PR China. Academia Sinica, Beijing.
Google Scholar
272 S. Kincheloe, (1997) The manufacture, agronomics and marketing of Agrotain, IFA Agro-Economics Committee Conference: ‘Plant Nutrition in 2000’, Tours, June.
Google Scholar
273 S. Kincheloe, and A.R. Sutton, (1996) The Manufacture, Agronomics and Marketing of agrotain, Book of Abstracts, 212th ACS National Meeting, American Chemical Society, D.C. Washington,
Google Scholar
274 F.J. Dentener and P.C. Crutzen: A three-dimensional model of the global ammonia cycle. Atmospheric Chemistry, 19 (1994) 331–369.
10.1007/BF00694492
CAS ADS Web of Science® Google Scholar
275 W.H. Schlesinger and A.E. Hartley: A global budget for NH₃. Biogeochem., 15 (1992) 191–211.
10.1007/BF00002936
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
276 A. Finck, Dünger und Düngung, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim–New York 1979, p. 52, 59.
Google Scholar
277 US 4 530 714 (1985) (J. F. Kolc, M. D. Swerdloff, M. M. Rogic, L. L. Hendrickson, M. Puy).
Google Scholar
278 C. Schuster, H. Wozniak, and H.J. Niclas: Erhöhung von N-Entzug und Dünger- N-Ausnutzung bei Harnstoff-Düngung mit einem neuen Ureaseinhibitor. Pflanzenbauwissenschaften, 11 (2007) (Sonderheft), S. 22-XXX, Eugen Ulmer KG.
Google Scholar
279 L.M. Nunnely, and F.T. Carney, (1981) Melt Granulation of Urea by the Falling-Curtain Process, ACS National Meeting, 182th.
Google Scholar
280 US 5 352 265 (1994) (C. W. Weston et al.);
Google Scholar
US 5 364 438 (1994) (C. W. Weston et al.).
Google Scholar
281 US 5 698 003 (1997) (B. A. Omilinsky et al.).
Google Scholar
282 Ch.F. Wilkinson, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT, Agrotain^®): A Summary of its Chemistry, Toxicology, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Fate, IMC-Agrico Company, Mundelein, IL 1996, p. 6.
Google Scholar
283 C.J. Watson, P. Poland, and M.D.B. Allen: The efficacy of repeated applications of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide for improving the efficiency of urea fertiliser utilisations on temperate grassland. Grass and Forage Science, 53 (1998) 137–145.
10.1046/j.1365-2494.1998.5320137.x
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
284 B.H. Byrnes, K. Vilsmeier, E. Austin, A. Amberger: Degradation of the Urease Inhibitor Phenyl Phosphorodiamidate in Solutions and Floodwaters. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 37 (1989) (2), 473–477.
10.1021/jf00086a044
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
285 C.J. Watson and H. Miller: Short-term effects of urea amended with the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide on perennial ryegrass. Plant and Soil, 184 (1996) 33–45.
10.1007/BF00029272
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
286 IMC Agrico (ed.): Material Safety Data Sheet, AGROTAIN^® Urease Inhibitor, IMC-Agrico Company, Mundelein, IL 1995.
Google Scholar
287 Ministére de L'Environment de la République Français (1994) Bonne pratiques d'épandage et de stockage des fertlisants. Journal Officiel de La Republique Française, Jan. 5.
Google Scholar
288 Bundesminister für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten: Verordnung zur Ånderung düngemitelrechtlicher Vorschriften, Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 1995, Teil I., Bonn (1995).
Google Scholar
289 G. Kluge, and G. Embert, Das Düngemittelrecht mit fachlichen Erläuterungen 1992, Landwirtschaftsverlag GmbH, Münster–Hiltrup 1992.
Google Scholar
290 KrW/AbfG: Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz, Gesetz zur Vermeidung, Verwertung und Beseitigung von Abfällen, BGBl. I (1994) p. 2705.
Google Scholar
291 G. Kluge, and G. Embert, Das Düngemittelrecht mit fachlichen Erläterungen, (inkl. 1. Supplement 1997), Landwirtschaftsverlag GmbH, Münster–Hiltrup 1996.
Google Scholar
292 R. Gutser: VDLUFA Schriftenreihe, 44 (1996) 29–43.
Google Scholar
293 AbfKlärV: Klärschlammverordnung, BGBl. I (1992).
Google Scholar
294 K. Severin: VDLUFA Schriftenreihe, 44 (1996) 85–101.
Google Scholar
295 R. Gutser, K. Teicher, and P. Fischer: Acta Horticulturae, 150 (1984) 175–184.
10.17660/ActaHortic.1984.150.19
Google Scholar
296 A. Fink, Dünger und Düngung, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany 1992, pp. 164–174.
Google Scholar
297 E. Knickmann, Handelshumusdüngemittel, in Handbuch der Pflanzenernährung und Düngung (ed. K. Scharrer Linser) Springer-Verlag, Wien 1968, pp. 1400–1431.
Google Scholar
298 H. Zarges (ed), Abfallstoffe als Dünger: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen, VDLUFA-Schriftenreihe, Ausgabe 21, Verband Deutscher Landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs- und Forschungsanstalten, Speyer 1987.
Google Scholar
299 C. Braun: (1996), Sekundürrohstoffe im Stoffkreislauf der Landwirtschaft. 108. VDLUFA-Kongress in Trier, 16. bis 23. September 1996; Kurzfassungen der Vorträge Verband Deutscher Landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs- und Forschungsanstalten, Speyer.
Google Scholar
300 R. Gutser: Branntweinwirtschaft, 138 (1998) 2–6.
Google Scholar
301 U. Bayer, (1987) Diss. Techn. Univ. München.
Google Scholar
302 T. Tucher,v. (1990) Diss. Techn. Univ. München.
Google Scholar
303 Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz- und Reaktorsicherheit: Entwicklung der Schwermetallgehalte von Klärschlämmen in der BRD von 1974–1994, Informationsblatt (1996).
Google Scholar
304 A. Gronauer, N. Claassen, P. Ebertseder, T. Fischer, R. Gutser, R. Helm, L. Popp, H. Schoen Bioabfallkompostierung, Verfahren und Verwertung. Schriftenreihe Heft 139, Bayerisches Landesamt für Umweltschutz, Munich 1997.
Google Scholar
305 M. Bertoldi, P. Sequi, B. Lemmes, and T. Papi, (1996) The Science of Composting, European Comm. Int. Symp., Udine 1995, Blackie Academic & Professional, an imprint of Chapman–Hall.
Google Scholar
306 P. Fischer and M. Jauch: VDLUFA Schriftenreihe, 33 (1991) 751–756.
Google Scholar
307 J. Köhnlein and H. Vetter: Die Stalldüngerrotte bei steigender Stroheinstreu,. Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenernaehrung und Bodenkunde, 63 (1953) (108), 119–141.
10.1002/jpln.19530630203
Google Scholar
308 G.J. Kohlenbrander, and L.C.N. Lande Cremer, Stahlmest en Gier, H. Veenman & Zonen, Wageningen 1967.
Google Scholar
309 H. Koriath, und Kollektiv Güllewirtschaft, Gülledüngung, VEB Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin 1975.
Google Scholar
310 K. Rauhe, Wirtschaftseigene Düngemittel, in Handbuch der Pflanzenernährung und Düngung, vol. 2, Springerverlag, Wien-New York 1968, pp. 907–943.
Google Scholar
311 D. Strauch, W. Baader, and C. Tietjen, Abfälle aus der Tierhaltung, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1977.
Google Scholar
312 H. Vetter, and G. Steffens, Wirtschaftseigene Düngung, DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt 1986.
Google Scholar
313 Ruhr-Stickstoff AG (ed) Faustzahlen für die Landwirtschaft, 10th edn, Landwirschaftsverlag, Münster-Hiltrup 1983.
Google Scholar
314 A. Amberger: Gülle–ein schlechtgenutzter Dünger. DLG-Mitteilungen, 2 (1982) 78–80.
Google Scholar
315 J.C. Brogan, (ed.) Nitrogen Losses and Surface Run-off from Landspreading of Manures, Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Den Hague-Boston-London 1981.
Google Scholar
316 K. Früchtenicht, and H. Vetter, Phosphatzufuhr und Phosphatwirkung aus organischer Düngung, in Phosphatdüngung aus heutiger Sicht, Arbeitskreis Phosphat der deutschen Düngerindustrie, Hamburg 1983.
Google Scholar
317 J.K.R. Gasser, Effluents from Livestock, Applied Science Publishers, London 1980.
Google Scholar
318 T.W.G. Hucker, and G. Catroux, Phosphorus in Sewage Sludge and Animal Waste Slurriers, Reichel, Dordrecht 1981.
Google Scholar
319 G. Schechtner Nährstoffwirkung und Sonderwirkungen der Gülle auf dem Grünland, in Bericht über die 7. Arbeitstagung “Fragen der Güllerei”, Bundesversuchsanstalt für alpenländische Landwirtschaft, Raumberg-Gumpenstein 1981, pp. 135–196.
Google Scholar
320 J.H. Voorburg, Utilization of Manure by Land Spreading, Janssen Services, London 1977.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
321 L. Diekmann, Schadgase aus Flüssigmist. Rationalisierungskuratorium für Landwirtschaft, Rendsburg 1983.
Google Scholar
322 P. Förster: Einfluß hoher güllegaben und üblicher mineraldünger auf die stoffbelastung (NO₃, NH₄, P und SO₄) im boden und grundwasser in sandböden nordwestdeutschlands. Zeitschrift fuer Acker- und Pflanzenbau, 137 (1973) 270–286.
Google Scholar
323 W.R. Kelly, Animal and Human Health Hazards Associated with the Utilization of Animal Effluents, Commission of the European Community, Luxembourg 1978.
Google Scholar
324 H. Kuntze: Düngung und gewässergüte. Landwirtschaftliche Forschung, Sonderheft, 35 (1979) 14–24.
Google Scholar

Citing Literature

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

Browse other articles of this reference work:

Fertilizers, 2. Types

View previous versions

Fertilizers, 2. Types

Fertilizers

Fertilizers

Abstract

General References

Specific References

Further Reading

Citing Literature

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

Fertilizers, 2. Types

View previous versions

Fertilizers, 2. Types

Fertilizers

Fertilizers

Abstract

General References

Specific References

Further Reading

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information