Fertilizers

1.	Introduction
2.	Plant Nutrition and Soil Science
2.1.	Plant Nutrients
2.1.1.	Definition and Classification
2.1.2.	Function of Plant Nutrients
2.2.	Soil Science
2.2.1.	Soil Classes, Soil Types, and Parent Material
2.2.2.	Nutrient Retention in Soils
2.2.3.	Soil pH, Buffer Power, and Liming
2.2.4.	Soil Water - Plant Relationships
2.2.5.	Organic Matter of Soils and Nitrogen Turnover
2.3.	Nutrient Availability
2.3.1.	Factors and Processes
2.3.2.	Determination of Available Plant Nutrients in Soils
2.4.	Physiology of Plant Nutrition
2.4.1.	Nutrient Uptake and Long-Distance Transport in Plants
2.4.2.	Effect of Nutrition on Growth, Yield, and Quality
2.5.	Nutrient Balance
2.5.1.	Gains and Losses of Plant Nutrients
2.5.2.	Alternative Plant Nutrition
3.	Standard Fertilizers
3.1.	Solid Fertilizers
3.1.1.	Straight Fertilizers
3.1.2.	Multinutrient Fertilizers
3.1.3.	Lime Fertilizers
3.1.4.	Magnesium Fertilizers
3.2.	Liquid Fertilizers
3.2.1.	Nitrogen Liquids
3.2.2.	Multinutrient Liquids
3.2.2.1.	NP Liquids
3.2.2.2.	NPK liquids
3.2.2.3.	UAS Liquids
3.2.3.	Suspensions
4.	Special Fertilizers
4.1.	Water-Soluble Nutrient Salts
4.2.	Foliar Fertilizers
4.2.1.	Production
4.2.2.	Application
4.2.3.	Combination with Agricultural Pesticides
4.3.	Micronutrients
4.3.1.	Micronutrient Forms
4.3.2.	Production
4.3.3.	Commercial Fertilizers
4.3.4.	Use
4.4.	Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers
4.4.1.	Introduction
4.4.2.	Urea - Aldehyde Slow-Release Fertilizers
4.4.2.1.	Urea - Formaldehyde Condensation Products
4.4.2.2.	Other Urea - Aldehyde Condensation Products
4.4.2.3.	Further Processing of Urea - Aldehyde Condensates
4.4.3.	Other Organic Chemicals
4.4.4.	Inorganic Compounds
4.4.5.	Coated and Encapsulated Controlled-Release Fertilizers
4.4.5.1.	Sulfur-Coated Controlled-Release Fertilizers
4.4.5.2.	Sulfur-Coated, Polymer-Encapsulated Controlled-Release Fertilizers
4.4.5.3.	Polymer-Encapsulated Controlled-Release Fertilizers
4.4.6.	Anti-Float Materials
4.4.7.	Controlled-Release Fertilizers on Carriers
4.4.8.	Supergranules
4.4.9.	Legislation
4.5.	Nitrification and Urease Inhibitors
4.5.1.	Introduction
4.5.2.	Types of Nitrification and Urease Inhibitors
4.5.3.	Pyridines
4.5.3.1.	Nitrapyrin
4.5.3.2.	Other pyridines
4.5.4.	Dicyandiamide
4.5.5.	Pyrazoles
4.5.5.1.	1-Carbamoyl-3-methylpyrazole
4.5.5.2.	Outlook
4.5.6.	Neem/Neem-Coated Urea
4.5.7.	Urease Inhibitors
4.5.8.	Environmental Aspects
4.5.9.	Legal Requirements
4.6.	Organic Fertilizers (Secondary Raw Material Fertilizers)
4.6.1.	Fertilizers Based on Peat or Materials of Similar Stability
4.6.2.	Fertilizers Based on Waste Materials of Animal Origin
4.6.3.	Fertilizers Based on Wastes of Plant Origin
4.6.4.	Fertilizers Based on Municipal Waste
4.7.	Manure
4.7.1.	Composition
4.7.2.	Manure Nutrient Efficiency
4.7.3.	Environmental Aspects
5.	Fertilizer Granulation
5.1.	Introduction
5.2.	Granulator Feedstocks
5.3.	Granulation Equipment
5.3.1.	Pug Mill
5.3.2.	Drum Granulator
5.3.3.	Pan Granulator
5.3.4.	The Granulator - Mixer
5.3.5.	Roll Presses
5.4.	Costs of Agglomeration
5.5.	Bulk Blending
5.6.	Quality Inspection
5.7.	Fertilizer Conditioning
5.8.	Environmental Aspects
6.	Analysis
6.1.	Sampling and Sample Preparation
6.2.	Determination of Nitrogen
6.3.	Determination of Phosphate
6.4.	Determination of Potassium
6.5.	Analysis of Calcium, Magnesium, and Trace Elements
7.	Synthetic Soil Conditioners
7.1.	Foams
7.1.1.	Closed-Cell Expandable Polystyrene Foam
7.1.2.	Primarily Open-Cell Urea - Formaldehyde Resin Foams
7.2.	Colloidal Silicates
7.3.	Polymer Dispersions and Polymer Emulsions
7.4.	Tensides
8.	Storage, Transportation, and Application
8.1.	General Storage Requirements
8.2.	Application
9.	Environmental Aspects of Fertilizer Application
9.1.	Nitrogen
9.1.1.	Ground Water
9.1.2.	Surface Waters
9.1.3.	Atmosphere
9.1.4.	Biosphere
9.1.5.	Pedosphere (Soil)
9.1.6.	Countermeasures
9.2.	Phosphorus
9.2.1.	Eutrophication
9.2.2.	Heavy Metals Buildup
10.	Legal Aspects
11.	Economic Aspects
11.1.	Economics of Fertilization
11.1.1.	Input - Output Relationships: The Yield Function
11.1.2.	Factors Controlling the Optimal Nitrogen Fertilization Level
11.1.3.	Factors Influencing the Optimal Nitrogen Fertilization Level
11.1.4.	Environmental Aspects of Fertilization
11.2.	World Consumption, Production, and Trade
11.3.	Future Outlook
11.3.1.	Food Situation
11.3.2.	Development of Fertilizer Consumption

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