Chemical and Biochemical Sensors, 1. Fundamentals
Nicolae Barsan,
Günter Gauglitz,
Alexandru Oprea,
Edwin Ostertag,
Günther Proll,
Karsten Rebner,
Klaus Schierbaum,
Frank Schleifenbaum,
Udo Weimar,
Nicolae Barsan
Eberhard-Karls University, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Tübingen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorGünter Gauglitz
Eberhard-Karls University, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Tübingen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorAlexandru Oprea
Eberhard-Karls University, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Tübingen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorEdwin Ostertag
Reutlingen University, Process Analysis and Technology, Reutlingen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorGünther Proll
Eberhard-Karls University, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Tübingen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorKarsten Rebner
Reutlingen University, Process Analysis and Technology, Reutlingen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorKlaus Schierbaum
Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorFrank Schleifenbaum
Eberhard-Karls University, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Tübingen, Germany
Berthold Technologies GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Wildbad, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorUdo Weimar
Eberhard-Karls University, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Tübingen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorNicolae Barsan,
Günter Gauglitz,
Alexandru Oprea,
Edwin Ostertag,
Günther Proll,
Karsten Rebner,
Klaus Schierbaum,
Frank Schleifenbaum,
Udo Weimar,
Nicolae Barsan
Eberhard-Karls University, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Tübingen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorGünter Gauglitz
Eberhard-Karls University, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Tübingen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorAlexandru Oprea
Eberhard-Karls University, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Tübingen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorEdwin Ostertag
Reutlingen University, Process Analysis and Technology, Reutlingen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorGünther Proll
Eberhard-Karls University, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Tübingen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorKarsten Rebner
Reutlingen University, Process Analysis and Technology, Reutlingen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorKlaus Schierbaum
Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorFrank Schleifenbaum
Eberhard-Karls University, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Tübingen, Germany
Berthold Technologies GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Wildbad, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorUdo Weimar
Eberhard-Karls University, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Tübingen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The article contains sections titled:
| 1. | Introduction |
| 2. | Detection Principles |
| 2.1. | Electrochemical Sensors |
| 2.1.1. | Electrochemical Sensor Components and Processes |
| 2.1.2. | Potentiometric Sensors |
| 2.1.2.1. | Basic Functionality and Principle Structure |
| 2.1.2.2. | Ion-Selective Electrodes |
| 2.1.2.3. | Potentiometric Sensors for Neutral Analytes |
| 2.1.2.4. | Solid State Potentiometric Sensors |
| 2.1.2.5. | Application Related Aspects |
| 2.1.3. | Amperometric and Voltammetric Sensors |
| 2.1.3.1. | Voltammetric Sensors |
| 2.1.3.2. | Amperometric Sensors |
| 2.2. | Conductometric and Impedimetric Sensors |
| 2.3. | Chemically-Sensitized Field Effect Transistors |
| 2.4. | Thermal Conductivity and Calorimetric Sensors |
| 2.5. | Mass-Sensitive Devices |
| 2.5.1. | Introduction |
| 2.5.2. | Bulk Shear Mode Microbalances |
| 2.5.3. | Surface Acoustic Waves (SAW) |
| 2.5.3.1. | Rayleigh Surface Acoustic Wave Devices |
| 2.5.3.2. | Shear Horizontal Acoustic Plate Mode |
| 2.5.3.3. | Flexural Plate Mode |
| 2.5.4. | Cantilevers |
| 2.5.5. | Gravimetric Sensor Readout |
| 2.5.6. | Sensor Manufacture |
| 2.6. | Optical Detection |
| 2.6.1. | Optical Principles |
| 2.6.2. | Fiber-Optical |
| 2.6.3. | Coupling Techniques |
| 2.6.4. | Refractometry |
| 2.6.5. | Reflectometry |
| 2.6.6. | Fluorescence and Bioluminescence |
| 2.6.6.1. | Principle of Luminescent Measurements |
| 2.6.6.2. | Types of Sensors |
| 2.6.6.3. | Functional Fluorescent Sensing |
| 2.6.6.4. | FRET-based Fluorescence Sensors |
| 3. | Recognition Structures |
| 3.1. | Polymers and Nanomaterials |
| 3.1.1. | Functionalized Polymers |
| 3.1.2. | Molecularly Imprinted Polymers |
| 3.1.3. | Carbon Nanotubes |
| 3.1.4. | Graphene |
| 3.2. | Biomolecules |
| 3.2.1. | Antibodies |
| 3.2.2. | Peptides |
| 3.2.3. | Receptors |
| 3.2.4. | Cells and Membranes |
| 3.2.5. | Nucleic Acids |
| 3.2.6. | Aptamers, Affimers, Affibodies and Scaffolds |
| 3.2.7. | Enzymes |
| 4. | Data Handling |
| 4.1. | Data Acquisition |
| 4.2. | Analytical Parameters |
| 4.2.1. | Fundamentals |
| 4.2.2. | Calibration |
| 4.2.3. | Quality Assurance and Validation |
| 4.3. | Chemometrics |
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