The Hernansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance characterized by oculocutaneous albinism and bleeding diathesis, and rarely lung involvement. We report three cases diagnosed with HPS from the same family of 12 siblings, with six albinos, of whom four and the father had pulmonary fibrosis. We believe these are interesting cases to report, especially for the lack of cases registered in Spain.

In this brief study, we presented a case with a rarely seen adverse effect after fenoterol inhalation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of fenoterol-induced paradoxical bronchospasm. It is crucial that clinicians are aware of this unexpected adverse event to provide prompt monitoring of patients to improve outcomes.

Here, we describe pathological findings detected through post-mortem percutaneous needle biopsy of a patient with late-onset severe pneumonia from coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

We present the case of a 54-year-old male with newly diagnosed advanced HIV who presented with clinical, biochemical, and radiological features that were consistent with both pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). He subsequently tested positive for both diseases; however, the contribution of each disease to his progressive respiratory failure is unclear.

In this report, we present a rare case of a Japanese woman with anorexia nervosa who developed pulmonary aspergillosis, and describe the clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of pulmonary aspergillosis in the patient. We also made comparisons with previous reports.

We report a case of an endobronchial polypoid metastasis after resection of small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

We report a case of non-small cell lung cancer with a long-term response associated with multiple immune-related adverse events caused by pembrolizumab, such as retinal vasculitis, hypophysitis, and thyroiditis.

Congenital bronchobiliary fistula (CBBF) is a rare, anomalous fistula that occurs between the respiratory and biliary systems, with unknown aetiology. Here, we present the epidemiology and clinical features of a CBBF case in a two-day-old baby girl that was initially diagnosed as non-resolving pneumonia. Computed tomography (CT) and fistulography under the guidance of bronchoscopy were used to obtain the correct diagnosis. Surgical excision of the fistulous tract was performed, with complete recovery.

The present case report included two cases of pneumothorax after endobronchial valve treatment of persistent air leak (PAL) complicating pneumothorax. The occurrence of this adverse event (the first case showed new ipsilateral pneumothorax and the second case showed new contralateral pneumothorax) shed light to the underlying mechanism of this complication and has not been reported before in the treatment of PAL.

We report two cases of immunocompromised patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related cytokine release syndrome requiring mechanical ventilation who were treated with multimodality treatment consisting of tocilizumab, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and haemoperfusion. Within 48 h, both patients showed clinical improvement with PaO₂:FiO₂ ratio and haemodynamic stability. Both survived to discharge. There were no adverse events following these therapies.

Here, we report the first documented case of multiple infected lung bullae associated with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in a 29-year-old man.

Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA), which is a relatively rare lung adenocarcinoma, is difficult to diagnose by computed tomography. No reports of radial endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) findings in IMA have been published. This article presents a case of IMA with a characteristic shadow, snowball-like appearance on radial EBUS in a 67-year-old Japanese man.

Durvalumab can cause serious dermatomyositis. Early diagnosis and aggressive therapy are crucial to prevent severe dermatomyositis, which is potentially treatable. Continuous monitoring for muscular symptoms, creatine phosphokinase level, and skin rash in patients administered with durvalumab is vital.

Airway involvement is an important predictive factor for relapsing polychondritis (RP). RP often develops into severe tracheobronchial stenosis with malacia. Although tracheal tears rarely occur, we report a tracheal tear post intubation, which healed without surgery.

Alveolar haemorrhage due to pheochromocytoma should be considered as a diagnosis for interstitial shadows with extreme hypertension.

Fistula formation is an uncommon but serious therapeutic complication of pyothorax-associated lymphoma (PAL) because it decreases the quality of life in patients. Further, a collapsed lung may predispose to pneumonia. In PAL, the lesions might invade the skin and optimal irradiation dose, region, and timing should be carefully determined.

Laryngo-tracheo-bronchial disease in childhood granulomatosis with polyangiitis may acutely present with endobronchial small vessel vasculitis without airway stenosis. Treatment should not be delayed in the presence of haemoptysis as it may indicate acute pulmonary capillaritis which can lead to fatal respiratory failure from diffuse alveolar haemorrhage.

Chest digital dynamic radiography (DDR) is a novel method for evaluating pulmonary perfusion and ventilation. It could depict ventilation–perfusion mismatch in a pulmonary artery sarcoma with severe stenosis in the right pulmonary artery. This report is the first demonstration of ventilation–perfusion mismatch in a malignant neoplasm using DDR.

Here, we present the case of a 45-year-old man with Williams syndrome with suspected right pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, wherein A10b forming the loop appeared to run near A6 and flow into the upper pulmonary vein. Angiography findings revealed that the loop was an abnormal anastomosis from A6c to A10b. Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis is present in 40% of the patients with Williams syndrome. In this case, basal pulmonary artery was narrowed. This abnormal anastomosis might have been a bypass from A6c to A10b that formed as a compensation for poor blood flow in the basal lung.

Here, we report an extremely rare case of a 47-year-old African American female with complete lung collapse associated with sarcoidosis. Although lymphoma should be ruled out when patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy develop lung collapse, sarcoidosis should be considered in the differential, especially when associated with fibrosing mediastinitis.

Tuberculous bronchopleural fistula is a rare complication of pulmonary tuberculosis with presentation ranging from patients who are asymptomatic with incidental findings on imaging to those who present with acute tension pneumothorax.