We assessed the phenotype and function of Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells in the context of antiretroviral therapy (ART) treated HIV-1 infection. Despite exhibiting elevated expression of immune checkpoint molecules in comparison to uninfected controls, both γδ T cell subsets remained capable of robust anti-HIV effector functions in ART-treated people living with HIV.

In COVID-19 patients, neurological symptoms and complications are increasingly recognised, but their underlying causes remain poorly understood. This study found that SARS-CoV-2-associated T cells were present in various brain regions of patients who had fatal COVID-19 pneumonia, with the olfactory bulb, medulla and cerebellum showing the most specific patterns. These T cells primarily consisted of CD8⁺ T cells and were localised around blood vessels. Further research is required to fully understand the connection between T-cell infiltration in the brain and its impact on patients' cognitive and mental health in the long term.

In this study, using spatial digital profiling transcriptomic approaches, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy disrupts optimal placental function by altering the genomic architecture of trophoblasts and villous core stromal cells.

In this study, we found that tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are anti-tumor element of tumor immune microenvironment in patients with resected gastric neuroendocrine neoplasm (GNEN). High infiltration of TLSs is an independent and favourable prognosis predictor for GNENs. Our findings indicate that nomograms including TLS density can predict prognosis of GNEN patients more precisely.

Seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause severe medical and financial complications annually despite vaccines being available. As such, there is a need for updated vaccines that provide long-lasting protection to global populations. In this review, we summarise licenced influenza vaccines and those currently in clinical trials, highlighting their key advantages and limitations. Furthermore, we discuss activating CD8⁺ T cells for future influenza vaccinations, highlighting the current gaps in knowledge for rational vaccine design.

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a major complication associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In this study, we used whole blood transcriptomics to reveal neutrophils and G-CSF as major regulators of CPB-induced systemic inflammation. Our results suggest that short-term targeting of G-CSF could provide a novel therapeutic strategy to limit neutrophil-mediated inflammation and tissue damage in SIRS induced by CPB.

The clinical efficacy of γδ T-cell immunotherapies is limited by issues with the pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic profiles of commonly used agonists, an inability of administered T cells to infiltrate into solid tumours and limited knowledge of γδ T-cell checkpoint inhibition. This article reviews the current state of γδ T-cell immunotherapy and offers viable strategies to enhance the clinical efficacy of this promising cancer treatment.

We report the clinical and immune features of 7 individuals from the same kindred with a novel genetic variant in RAC2 (c.62T > G, p.I21S). We provide evidence that this is a dominant activating (DA) variant causing notable morphological and functional abnormalities similar to other reported DA mutations. This novel variant expands the phenotypic spectrum of RAC2 DA lesions, emphasising the need to tailor clinical management according to patients' disease phenotype and severity.