EMS Virtual Issue

Welcome to the EMS Virtual Issue!

Compiled by David C. Cone, MD

The papers below are key articles from Academic Emergency Medicine, covering topics such as disaster, trauma, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, refusal-of-care, and many others.

Air Medical Services Airway
Cardiology Commentary
Correspondence Disaster
Dispatch Diversion
Education Geriatrics
Interfacility International
Mass Gatherings Medical Oversight
Research Methods Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest
Pain Pediatrics
Refusal-of-Care Respiratory
Response Time Special Contribution
Spine Stroke
Trauma Miscellaneous



Air Medical Services

Pilot Instrument Proficiency: Flight of Fancy or Emergency Medical Services Concern?

Role of Pilot Instrument Proficiency in the Safety of Helicopter Emergency Medical Services

Cost–Effectiveness of Helicopter Transport of Stroke Patients for Thrombolysis

Training of Residents for Their Role as Flight Physicians: A Survey of Emergency Medicine Training Programs

A Prospective Study of the Impact of Multiple Patient Transports on Care Provided during Aeromedical Transport

Epidemiology of Adverse Events in Air Medical Transport

Association of Direct Helicopter Versus Ground Transport and In-hospital Mortality in Trauma Patients: A Propensity Score Analysis

Ground Emergency Medical Services Requests for Helicopter Transfer of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Decrease Medical Contact to Balloon Times in Rural and Suburban Settings

Patient and Trauma Center Characteristics Associated With Helicopter Emergency Medical Services Transport for Patients With Minor Injuries in the United


Airway

In-vitro Comparison of Bag-Valve-Mask and the Manually Triggered Oxygen-powered Breathing Device

Inadvertent Esophageal Intubation in the Field: Reliance on a Fool's “Gold Standard”

Out-of-hospital Experience with the Syringe Esophageal Detector Device

Does Your Emergency Medical Services System Need a Device to Confirm Endotracheal Intubation?

Colorimetric End–tidal CO2Detector for Verification of Endotracheal Tube Placement in Out–of–hospital Cardiac Arrest

Out-of-hospital Rapid-sequence Induction for Intubation of the Pediatric Patient

Multivariate Predictors of Failed Prehospital Endotracheal Intubation

Unrecognized Misplacement of Endotracheal Tubes in a Mixed Urban to Rural Emergency Medical Services Setting

Emergency Physician–Verified Out-of-hospital Intubation: Miss Rates by Paramedics

An Evaluation of Out-of-hospital Advanced Airway Management in an Urban Setting

Human Patient Simulation Is Effective for Teaching Paramedic Students Endotracheal Intubation

Out-of-hospital Endotracheal Intubation—It's Time to Stop Pretending That Problems Don't Exist

How Many Attempts Are Required to Accomplish Out-of-hospital Endotracheal Intubation?

Prehospital Standardization of Medical Airway Management: Incidence and Risk Factors of Difficult Airway

Limited Opportunities for Paramedic Student Endotracheal Intubation Training in the Operating Room

Illumination of Bulb-on-blade Laryngoscopes in the Out-of-hospital Setting

Paramedic Self-efficacy and Skill Retention in Pediatric Airway Management

Variation in the Type, Rate, and Selection of Patients for Out-of-hospital Airway Procedures Among Injured Children and Adults

The Association Between Prehospital Endotracheal Intubation Attempts and Survival to Hospital Discharge Among Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients

Advanced Airway Management Does Not Improve Outcome of Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest

Out-of-hospital Endotracheal Intubation: Are Observational Data Useful?

Paramedic Laryngoscopy in the Simulated Difficult Airway: Comparison of the Venner A.P. Advance and GlideScope Ranger Video Laryngoscopes

Can Untrained Laypersons Use a Defibrillator with Dispatcher Assistance?


Cardiology

Prevalence of Aspirin Use among Patient Calling 9-1-1 for Chest Pain

Prevalence, Therapeutic Response, and Outcome of Ventricular Tachycardia in the Out-of-hospital Setting: A Comparison of Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia, Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia, and Torsades de Pointes

A Comparison of Two Automated External Defibrillator Algorithms

Emergency Department Gridlock and Out-of-hospital Delays for Cardiac Patients

Clinical Variables Associated with Mortality in Out-of-hospital Patients with Hemodynamically Significant Bradycardia

Prehospital 12-lead Electrocardiography Impact on Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment Times and Mortality: A Systematic Review

A Community Intervention by Firefighters to Increase 911 Calls and Aspirin Use for Chest Pain

A Bayesian Sensitivity Analysis of Out-of-hospital 12-lead Electrocardiograms: Implications for Regionalization of Cardiac Care

A Comparison of Door-to-balloon Times and False-positive Activations between Emergency Department and Out-of-hospital Activation of the Coronary Catheterization Team

Influence of Sex on the Out-of-hospital Management of Chest Pain

Use of Prehospital 12-Lead Electrocardiography and Treatment Times Among ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients With Atypical Symptoms

Electrocardiographic Telemetry: Determining Its Value in Emergency Medical Services

On-line Telemetry: Prospective Assessment of Accuracy in an All-volunteer Emergency Medical Service System

To Treat or Not to Treat (Out-of-hospital) Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia, That Is the Question

Treatment of Out-of-hospital Supraventricular Tachycardia: Adenosine vs Verapamil

Ground Emergency Medical Services Requests for Helicopter Transfer of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Decrease Medical Contact to Balloon Times in Rural and Suburban Settings


Commentary

Toward a new view of emergency medical services

Unscheduled Access to Health Care: Reengineering the 911 System

Ambulance Transports: What Are the Alternatives?

Out-of-hospital Spinal Immobilization: Is It Really Necessary?

Subcutaneous Naloxone: A Less Rude Awakening?

Rethinking Gatekeeping: A Closer Look at Its Application to Emergency Medical Services

Asking the Right Questions– Physician-assisted Suicide and Emergency Medical Systems

Electrocardiographic Telemetry: Determining Its Value in Emergency Medical Services

To Treat or Not to Treat (Out-of-hospital) Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia, That Is the Question

Treatment of Out-of-hospital Supraventricular Tachycardia: Adenosine vs Verapamil

The Problem of Ambulance Misuse: Whose Problem Is It, Anyway?

Appropriate Emergency Medical Services Transport

The Researcher's Toolbox

Outcomes Research and Emergency Medical Services: The Time Has Come

Emergency Medical Services Advanced Life Support Response Times: Lots of Heat, Little Light

Tracers in Emergency Medical Services Research

If You’ve Seen One EMS System, You’ve Seen One EMS System…

More Science for the New Subspecialty

New Tools for Estimating the EMS Transport Interval: Implications for Policy and Patient Care

Inadvertent Esophageal Intubation in the Field: Reliance on a Fool's “Gold Standard”

Defibrillation and Public Expectation

Utstein: Proactively Improving the Quality of Cardiac Arrest Research

Pilot Instrument Proficiency: Flight of Fancy or Emergency Medical Services Concern?

A Cardiac Arrest is a Cardiac Arrest is a Cardiac Arrest

Methodology and Truth

Does Your Emergency Medical Services System Need a Device to Confirm Endotracheal Intubation?

Witnessed Collapse and Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: What Is Really Going On?

Quo Vadis: “Scoop and Run,”“Stay and Treat,” or “Treat and Street”?

Trauma Triage: Where Do We Go from Here?

Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest and the Utstein Style: Meeting the Customer's Needs?

Emergency Preparedness: The World Trade Center and Singapore Airline Disasters

Whither the Fourth Link?

Twenty Years of Emergency Medical Services for Children—A Cause for Celebration and a Call for Action

Mass-casualty Triage Systems: A Hint of Science

Trauma Systems and Emergency Preparedness: The Hand Bone's Connected to the Arm Bone…

Out-of-hospital Endotracheal Intubation—It's Time to Stop Pretending That Problems Don't Exist

Out-of-hospital Endotracheal Intubation: Are Observational Data Useful?

The Timing of Therapeutic Hypothermia Initiation


Correspondence

Refusal of Care


Disaster

The Tokyo Subway Sarin Attack: Disaster Management, Part 1: Community Emergency Response

Disaster Medicine: Advances in Local Catastrophic Disaster Response

National Disaster Plans Crucial: Local Practitioner Readiness Essential!

Disaster Medicine: Current Assessment and Blueprint for the Future

Disaster Nomenclature–A Functional Impact Approach: The PICE System

Emergency Medical Preparedness and Response to a Singapore Airliner Crash

Recollections of September 11, 2001

Emergency Preparedness: The World Trade Center and Singapore Airline Disasters

The Day That the START Triage System Came to a STOP: Observations from the World Trade Center Disaster

Site Management of Health Issues in the 2001 World Trade Center Disaster

Strategies of Disaster Response in the Health Care System for Tropical Cyclones: Experience Following Typhoon Nari in Taipei City

Emergency Medical Services Utilization during an Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the Incidence of SARS-associated Coronavirus Infection among Emergency Medical Technicians

Loss of Paramedic Availability in an Urban Emergency Medical Services System during a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak

Information Technology and Emergency Medical Care during Disasters

A Multiphase Disaster Training Exercise for Emergency Medicine Residents: Opportunity Knocks

Mass-casualty Triage Systems: A Hint of Science

Precise Formulation and Evidence-based Application of Resource-constrained Triage

Trauma Systems and Emergency Preparedness: The Hand Bone's Connected to the Arm Bone…

Population-based Triage Management in Response to Surge-capacity Requirements during a Large-scale Bioevent Disaster

The Measurement of Daily Surge and Its Relevance to Disaster Preparedness

The Creation of Emergency Health Care Standards for Catastrophic Events

Characteristics of Medical Surge Capacity Demand for Sudden-impact Disasters

Using Immersive Simulation for Training First Responders for Mass Casualty Incidents

Disaster Preparedness of Nationally Certified Emergency Medical Services Professionals

The Evacuation of Cairns Hospitals Due to Severe Tropical Cyclone Yasi

I-35W Bridge Collapse and Response


Dispatch

Do Emergency Medical Services Dispatch Nature and Severity Codes Agree with Paramedic Field Findings?

Comparison of the Medical Priority Dispatch System to an Out-of-hospital Patient Acuity Score

Dispatcher Assistance and Automated External Defibrillator Performance Among Elders

The Accuracy of Predicting Cardiac Arrest by Emergency Medical Services Dispatchers: The Calling Party Effect

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Dispatch-assisted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Instructions

Why Bystanders Decline Telephone Cardiac Resuscitation Advice


Diversion

Impact of Ambulance Diversion Policies in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas of Central Maryland

Description and Evaluation of a Pilot Physician-directed Emergency Medical Services Diversion Control Program

Development of an Emergency Department Work Score to Predict Ambulance Diversion

The Effects of Ambulance Diversion: A Comprehensive Review

The Financial Impact of Ambulance Diversions and Patient Elopements

The Financial Impact of Ambulance Diversion on Inpatient Hospital Revenues and Profits

Variations in Crowding and Ambulance Diversion in Nine Emergency Departments

Ambulance Diversion as a Proxy for Emergency Department Crowding: The Effect on Pediatric Mortality in a Metropolitan Area


Education

Model Curriculum in Emergency Medical Services for Emergency Medicine Residency Programs

The Addition of On-scene Emergency Medical Services Observation to a Required Senior Emergency Medicine Clerkship

SAEM Emergency Medical Services Fellowship Guidelines

Unique Curriculum for Emergency Medicine Residents as Medical Directors for Rural Out-of-hospital Agencies

Effectiveness of an Adult-learning, Self-directed Model Compared with Traditional Lecture-based Teaching Methods in Out-of-hospital Training

Training Retention of Level C Personal Protective Equipment Use by Emergency Medical Services Personnel

Estimating the Probability of Passing the National Paramedic Certification Examination

The Association Between Emergency Medical Technician-Basic (EMT-B) Exam Score, Length of EMT-B Certification, and Success on the National Paramedic

Emergency Medical Services Education in Emergency Medicine Residency Programs: A National Survey

A Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess Decay in Acquired Knowledge among Paramedics Completing a Pediatric Resuscitation Course

Training of Residents for Their Role as Flight Physicians: A Survey of Emergency Medicine Training Programs

Human Patient Simulation Is Effective for Teaching Paramedic Students Endotracheal Intubation

Limited Opportunities for Paramedic Student Endotracheal Intubation Training in the Operating Room

Using Immersive Simulation for Training First Responders for Mass Casualty Incidents


Geriatrics

Predictors of Emergency Medical Services Utilization by Elders

The Epidemiology of Emergency Medical Services Use by Older Adults: An Analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey

Provision of Out-of-hospital Analgesia to Older Fallers With Suspected Fractures: Above Par, but Opportunities for Improvement Exist

Does Advanced Age Matter in Outcomes after Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest in Community-dwelling Adults ?

Potential Impact of a Targeted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Program for Older Adults on Survival from Private-residence Cardiac Arrest

Cardiocerebral Resuscitation Is Associated With Improved Survival and Neurologic Outcome from Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest in Elders


Interfacility

Unexpected Events during the Intrahospital Transport of Critically Ill Patients

Inter-hospital Communications and Transport: Turning One-way Funnels Into Two-way Networks

Prehospital Care and New Models of Regionalization

Matching Capacity to Demand: A Regional Dashboard Reduces Ambulance Avoidance and Improves Accessibility of Receiving Hospitals

The Evacuation of Cairns Hospitals Due to Severe Tropical Cyclone Yasi


International

Emergency Medical Services in China

Planning Recommendations for International Emergency Medicine and Out-of-hospital Care System Development

Effect of Military Conflicts on the Formation of Emergency Medical Services Systems Worldwide

Prehospital Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Establishing Research Tenets


Mass Gatherings

Concert Medicine: Spectrum of Medical Problems Encountered at 405 Major Concerts


Medical Oversight

Physician Medical Direction and Advanced Life Support in the United States

On-line Telemetry: Prospective Assessment of Accuracy in an All-volunteer Emergency Medical Service System

Unique Curriculum for Emergency Medicine Residents as Medical Directors for Rural Out-of-hospital Agencies

Online Medical Control and Initial Refusal of Care: Does It Help to Talk with the Patient?

Adequacy of Online Medical Command Communication and Emergency Medical Services Documentation of Informed Refusals


Research Methods

Quantile Regression: A Statistical Tool for Out-of-hospital Research

National EMS Research Agenda: Proceedings of the Implementation Symposium

Responses to Written Notification during Out-of-hospital Care Trials Using Waiver of Informed Consent

Validation of Probabilistic Linkage to Match De-identified Ambulance Records to a State Trauma Registry

The Validity of Using Multiple Imputation for Missing Out-of-hospital Data in a State Trauma Registry

Knowledge Translation in the Emergency Medical Services: A Research Agenda for Advancing Prehospital Care

A Qualitative Assessment of Factors That Influence Emergency Medical Services Partnerships in Prehospital Research

An Economic Toolkit for Identifying the Cost of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Systems: Detailed Methodology of the EMS Cost Analysis Project (EMSCAP)

Electronic Versus Manual Data Processing: Evaluating the Use of Electronic Health Records in Out-of-hospital Clinical Research

Comparing Methodologies for Evaluating Emergency Medical Services Ground Transport Access to Time-critical Emergency Services: A Case Study Using Trauma

Prehospital Research in Sub-Saharan Africa: Establishing Research Tenets

Creating an Infrastructure for Comparative Effectiveness Research in Emergency Medical Services

Linking Large Administrative Databases: A Method for Conducting Emergency Medical Services Cohort Studies Using Existing Data

The Researcher's Toolbox

Outcomes Research and Emergency Medical Services: The Time Has Come

Defining the Outcome Measures for Out-of-hospital Trials in Acute Pulmonary Edema

Tracers in Emergency Medical Services Research

Risk Adjustment Measures and Outcome Measures for Prehospital Trauma Research: Recommendations from the Emergency Medical Services Outcomes Project

Evaluation of the Impact of Implementing the Emergency Medical Services Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Arizona: The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) Study Methodology


Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest

Defibrillation and Public Expectation

Utstein: Proactively Improving the Quality of Cardiac Arrest Research

Who Gets Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Witnessed Arrest?

Population Density, Automated External Defibrillator Use, and Survival in Rural Cardiac Arrest

Termination of Nontraumatic Cardiac Arrest Resuscitative Efforts in the Field: A National Survey

Linking Large Administrative Databases: A Method for Conducting Emergency Medical Services Cohort Studies Using Existing Data

Automated External Defibrillators: Skill Maintenance Using Computer-assisted Learning

A Cardiac Arrest is a Cardiac Arrest is a Cardiac Arrest

Methodology and Truth

Methodology-dependent Variation in Documentation of Outcome Predictors in Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest

Association of Drug Therapy with Survival in Cardiac Arrest: Limited Role of Advanced Cardiac Life Support Drugs

Witnessed Collapse and Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: What Is Really Going On?

Bystander vs EMS First–responder CPR: Initial Rhythm and Outcome in Witnessed Nonmonitored Out–of–hospital Cardiac Arrest

Association of Out-of-hospital Criteria with Need for Hospital Admission

Spontaneous Agonal Respiration in a Swine Model of Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest

What is the Quality of Life for Survivors of Cardiac Arrest?

Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest and the Utstein Style: Meeting the Customer's Needs?

Now That We Have the Utstein Style, Are We Using It?

Does Advanced Age Matter in Outcomes after Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest in Community-dwelling Adults?

Limited Response to Cardiac Arrest by Police Equipped with Automated External Defibrillators: Lack of Survival Benefit in Suburban and Rural Indiana—The Police as Responder Automated Defibrillation Evaluation (PARADE)

Surrogate Consent by Family Members for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Research

Dispatcher Assistance and Automated External Defibrillator Performance Among Elders

Derivation of a Termination-of-resuscitation Guideline for Emergency Medical Technicians Using Automated External Defibrillators

Whither the Fourth Link?

Attitudes of Law Enforcement Officers Regarding Automated External Defibrillators

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravenous Aminophylline for Atropine-resistant Out-of-hospital Asystolic Cardiac Arrest

Evaluating Paramedic Comfort with Field Pronouncement: Development and Validation of an Outcome Measure

The Accuracy of Predicting Cardiac Arrest by Emergency Medical Services Dispatchers: The Calling Party Effect

Out-of-hospital Care of Critical Drug Overdoses Involving Cardiac Arrest

Basic Cardiac Life Support Providers Checking the Carotid Pulse: Performance, Degree of Conviction, and Influencing Factors

Potential Impact of a Targeted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Program for Older Adults on Survival from Private-residence Cardiac Arrest

Termination of Resuscitative Efforts for Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrests

Identification of Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Clusters Using a Geographic Information System

Implementation of Community-based Public Access Defibrillation in the PAD Trial

Socioeconomic Status and Survival from Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest

How Well are Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Automated External Defibrillator Skills Retained over Time? Results from the Public Access Defibrillation

CPR Training and CPR Performance: Do CPR-trained Bystanders Perform CPR?

What Are the Etiology and Epidemiology of Out-of-hospital Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Ontario, Canada?

Automated External Defibrillator Program Does Not Impair Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Initiation in the Public Access Defibrillation Trial

Can Untrained Laypersons Use a Defibrillator with Dispatcher Assistance?

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Dispatch-assisted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Instructions

Independent Evaluation of an Out-of-hospital Termination of Resuscitation (TOR) Clinical Decision Rule

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptomology Associated with Witnessing Unsuccessful Out-of-hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Paramedic and Emergency Medical Technicians Views on Opportunities and Challenges When Forgoing and Halting Resuscitation in the Field

Use of an Automated Device for External Chest Compressions by First-aid Workers Unfamiliar With the Device: A Step Toward Public Access?

Cardiocerebral Resuscitation Is Associated With Improved Survival and Neurologic Outcome from Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest in Elders

Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest in Denver, Colorado: Epidemiology and Outcomes

Procainamide and Survival in Ventricular Fibrillation Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest

Why Bystanders Decline Telephone Cardiac Resuscitation Advice

Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study (PAROS): Rationale, Methodology, and Implementation

Identifying High-risk Geographic Areas for Cardiac Arrest Using Three Methods for Cluster Analysis

Association Between Timing of Epinephrine Administration and Intact Neurologic Survival Following Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest in Japan

No Benefit to Prehospital Initiation of Therapeutic Hypothermia in Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The Timing of Therapeutic Hypothermia Initiation

The HANDDS Program: A Systematic Approach for Addressing Disparities in the Provision of Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

All HANDDS on Deck to Translate Research Findings Into Improved Outcomes

Colorimetric End–tidal CO2Detector for Verification of Endotracheal Tube Placement in Out–of–hospital Cardiac Arrest

Family Response to Out–of–hospital Death

The Association Between Prehospital Endotracheal Intubation Attempts and Survival to Hospital Discharge Among Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients

Advanced Airway Management Does Not Improve Outcome of Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest


Pain

Out-of-hospital Auricular Acupressure in Elder Patients with Hip Fracture: A Randomized Double-Blinded Trial


Pediatrics

Medically Unnecessary Pediatric Ambulance Transports: A Medical Taxi Service?

Disturbing Trends in the Epidemiology of Pediatric Emergency Medical Services Use

Repeat Ambulance Use by Pediatric Patients

Use of Out-of-hospital Interventions for the Pediatric Patient in an Urban Emergency Medical Services System

Care and Outcome of Out-of-hospital Deliveries

A Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess Decay in Acquired Knowledge among Paramedics Completing a Pediatric Resuscitation Course

Should Pediatric Emergency Care Be Decentralized ?: An Out-of-hospital Destination Model for Critically III Children

Mental Health Aspects of Emergency Medical Services for Children

Circadian Pattern of Ambulance Use for Children in a Japanese City

Twenty Years of Emergency Medical Services for Children—A Cause for Celebration and a Call for Action

Prospective Validation of an Out-of-hospital Decision Rule to Identify Seriously Injured Children Involved in Motor Vehicle Crashes

Child and Provider Restraints in Ambulances: Knowledge, Opinions, and Behaviors of Emergency Medical Services Providers

Revisiting the Emergency Medicine Services for Children Research Agenda: Priorities for Multicenter Research in Pediatric Emergency Care

Ambulance Diversion as a Proxy for Emergency Department Crowding: The Effect on Pediatric Mortality in a Metropolitan Area

Pediatric Out-of-hospital Emergency Medical Services Utilization in Kansas City, Missouri

Root Causes of Errors in a Simulated Prehospital Pediatric Emergency

Developing a Diagnosis-based Severity Classification System for Use in Emergency Medical Services for Children

Paramedic Judgment of the Need for Trauma Team Activation for Pediatric Patients

Out-of-hospital Rapid-sequence Induction for Intubation of the Pediatric Patient

What Are the Etiology and Epidemiology of Out-of-hospital Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Ontario, Canada?

Paramedic Self-efficacy and Skill Retention in Pediatric Airway Management


Refusal-of-Care

Patient Refusal of Care in the Out-of-hospital Setting

Refusal of Out-of-hospital Medical Care: Effect of Medical-control Physician Assertiveness on Transport Rate

The Short-term Outcome of Hypoglycemic Diabetic Patients Who Refuse Ambulance Transport after Out-of-hospital Therapy

Do Patients Refusing Transport Remember Descriptions of Risks after Initial Advanced Life Support Assessment?

Impact of Interventions for Patients Refusing Emergency Medical Services Transport

Out-of-hospital Treatment of Hypoglycemia: Refusal of Transport and Patient Outcomes

Short-term Outcome of Seizure Patients Who Refuse Transport after Out-of-hospital Evaluation

Online Medical Control and Initial Refusal of Care: Does It Help to Talk with the Patient?

The Golden Hour: Scientific Fact or Medical "Urban Legend"?

Transport Refusal by Hypoglycemic Patients after On-scene Intravenous Dextrose

Assessment for Deaths in Out-of-hospital Heroin Overdose Patients Treated with Naloxone Who Refuse Transport

Adequacy of Online Medical Command Communication and Emergency Medical Services Documentation of Informed Refusals

Refusal of Care


Respiratory

Terbutaline vs Albuterol for Out-of-hospital Respiratory Distress: Randomized, Double-blind Trial

Out-of-hospital Ventilation: Bag-Valve Device vs Transport Ventilator

Defining the Outcome Measures for Out-of-hospital Trials in Acute Pulmonary Edema

Out-of-Hospital Administration of Albuterol for Asthma by Basic Life Support Providers

Prehospital Noninvasive Ventilation for Acute Respiratory Failure: Systematic Review, Network Meta-analysis, and Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis


Response Time

Response Time Effectiveness: Comparison of Response Time and Survival in an Urban Emergency Medical Services System

Paramedic Response Time: Does It Affect Patient Survival?

The “Vertical Response Time”: Barriers to Ambulance Response in an Urban Area

Reducing Ambulance Response Times Using Geospatial–Time Analysis of Ambulance Deployment

Emergency Medical Services Advanced Life Support Response Times: Lots of Heat, Little Light


Special Contribution

Emergency Medical Services

Pre-hospital Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction

EMS Systems: Foundations for the Future


Spine

Out-of-hospital Spinal Immobilization: Is It Really Necessary?

Out-of-hospital Spinal Immobilization: Its Effect on Neurologic Injury

Unnecessary Out-of-hospital Use of Full Spinal Immobilization


Stroke

Early Stroke Recognition: Developing an Out-of-hospital NIH Stroke Scale

Out-of-hospital Management of Stroke: Surveying Local Practice with Implication for Change

A Link to Improve Stroke Patient Care: A Successful Linkage Between a Statewide Emergency Medical Services Data System and a Stroke Registry

Strict Glucose Control After Acute Stroke Can Be Provided in the Prehospital Setting

Cost–Effectiveness of Helicopter Transport of Stroke Patients for Thrombolysis


Trauma

Out-of-hospital Administration of Mannitol to Head-injured Patients Does Not Change Systolic Blood Pressure

Injury Prevention: Is There a Role for Out-of-hospital Emergency Medical Services?

Prospective Validation of Out-of-hospital Spinal Clearance Criteria: A Preliminary Report

The Significance of Out-of-hospital Hypotension in Blunt Trauma Patients

Out-of-hospital Spinal Immobilization: Its Effect on Neurologic Injury

Unnecessary Out-of-hospital Use of Full Spinal Immobilization

Relationships between Ambulance Transports for Alcohol Intoxication and Assault

Paramedic Judgment of the Need for Trauma Team Activation for Pediatric Patients

Quo Vadis: “Scoop and Run,”“Stay and Treat,” or “Treat and Street”?

Urban Trauma Transport of Assaulted Patients Using Nonmedical Personnel

Trauma Triage: Where Do We Go from Here?

The Effect of a Quality Improvement Program on Paramedic On-scene Times for Patients with Penetrating Trauma

Use of a Geographic Information System to Determine Appropriate Means of Trauma Patient Transport

A Comparison of Data Sources for Motor Vehicle Crash Characteristic Accuracy

Crash Scene Photography in Motor Vehicle Crashes without Air Bag Deployment

Small-volume Resuscitation with HBOC-201: Effects on Cardiovascular Parameters and Brain Tissue Oxygen Tension in an Out-of-hospital Model of Hemorrhage in Swine

Is Total Out-of-hospital Time a Significant Predictor of Trauma Patient Mortality?

Initial Emergency Department Trauma Scores from the OPALS Study: The Case for the Motor Score in Blunt Trauma

A Comparison of Five Simplified Scales to the Out-of-hospital Glasgow Coma Scale for the Prediction of Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes

Prehospital Ultrasound Diagnosis of Traumatic Pericardial Effusion

The Association Between Hypothermia, Prehospital Cooling, and Mortality in Burn Victims

Injury-adjusted Mortality of Patients Transported by Police Following Penetrating Trauma

Risk Adjustment Measures and Outcome Measures for Prehospital Trauma Research: Recommendations from the Emergency Medical Services Outcomes Project

Field Extremity Amputation: A Brief Curriculum and Protocol

Patient Choice in the Selection of Hospitals by 9-1-1 Emergency Medical Services Providers in Trauma Systems

Evaluation of the Impact of Implementing the Emergency Medical Services Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Arizona: The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) Study Methodology

Variation in the Type, Rate, and Selection of Patients for Out-of-hospital Airway Procedures Among Injured Children and Adults

Association of Direct Helicopter Versus Ground Transport and In-hospital Mortality in Trauma Patients: A Propensity Score Analysis

Comparing Methodologies for Evaluating Emergency Medical Services Ground Transport Access to Time-critical Emergency Services: A Case Study Using Trauma Center Care

Patient and Trauma Center Characteristics Associated With Helicopter Emergency Medical Services Transport for Patients With Minor Injuries in the United


Miscellaneous

Emergency Medical Technician Schedule Modification: Impact and Implications during Short- and Long-term Follow-up

Intravenous vs Subcutaneous Naloxone for Out-of-hospital Management of Presumed Opioid Overdose

Gatekeepers: A Missed Opportunity for Safe Transport

Advanced Life Support vs Basic Life Support Field Care: An Outcome Study

Out-of-hospital Intravenous Access: Unnecessary Procedures and Excessive Cost

Oregon Emergency Medical Technicians' Attitudes toward Physician-assisted Suicide

Stress Levels in EMS Personnel: A Longitudinal Study with Work-schedule Modification

Incidence, Source, and Nature of Complaints Received in a Large, Urban Emergency Medical Services System

Family Response to Out–of–hospital Death

Out-of-hospital Provider Use of Epinephrine for Allergic Reactions: Pilot Program

Paramedic Accuracy in Estimated Time of Arrival: Significance in the Managed Care Environment

Out-of-hospital Treatment of Opioid Overdoses in an Urban Setting

Reducing the Rate of Paramedic Needlesticks in Emergency Medical Services: The Role of Self-capping Intravenous Catheters

Inappropriate Use of Emergency Medical Services Transport: Comparison of Provider and Patient Perspectives

Storage Temperatures of Out-of-hospital Medications

Out-of-hospital Intravenous Cannulation: The Perspective of Patients Treated by London Ambulance Service Paramedics

Evaluation of Protocols Allowing Emergency Medical Technicians to Determine Need for Treatment and Transport

Effect of an Emergency Department Managed Acute Care Unit on ED Overcrowding and Emergency Medical Services Diversion

Can First Responders Be Sent to Selected 9-1-1 Emergency Medical Services Calls without an Ambulance?

Acute Pain Is Underassessed in Out-of-hospital Emergencies

Customer Satisfaction in a Large Urban Fire Department Emergency Medical Services System

Impact of Ambulance Transportation on Resource Use in the Emergency Department

Characteristics of Household Addresses That Repeatedly Contact 911 to Report Intimate Partner Violence

Establishing the Scope and Methodological Approach to Out-of-hospital Outcomes and Effectiveness Research

Risk Adjustment and Outcome Measures for Out-of-hospital Respiratory Distress

A Multicasualty Event: Out-of-hospital and In-hospital Organizational Aspects

A Contingent Valuation Study of the Appropriate User Price for Ambulance Service

Reasons Why Patients Choose an Ambulance and Willingness to Consider Alternatives

Clinical and Economic Factors Associated with Ambulance Use to the Emergency Department

Reduction in Ambulance Transports during a Public Awareness Campaign for Appropriate Ambulance Use

Safety of Paramedics with Extended Skills

Emergency Medical Services Provider Perceptions of the Nature of Adverse Events and Near-misses in Out-of-hospital Care: An Ethnographic View

Multicenter Validation of the Philadelphia EMS Admission Rule (PEAR) to Predict Hospital Admission in Adult Patients Using Out-of-hospital Data

The Canadian Prehospital Evidence-based Protocols Project: Knowledge Translation in Emergency Medical Services Care

Using a Discrete-event Simulation to Balance Ambulance Availability and Demand in Static Deployment Systems

Prehospital Ultrasound by Paramedics: Results of Field Trial

Evaluating Degradation with Fragment Formation of Prehospital Succinylcholine by Mass Spectrometry

The Influence of Emergency Medical Services Transport on Emergency Severity Index Triage Level for Patients With Abdominal Pain

Randomized Crossover Trial Comparing Physical Strain on Advanced Life Support Providers During Transportation Using Real-time Automated Feedback

Arriving by Emergency Medical Services Improves Time to Treatment Endpoints for Patients With Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock

Variations in Ambulance Use in the United States: The Role of Health Insurance

The Association Between Emergency Medical Services Field Performance Assessed by High-fidelity Simulation and the Cognitive Knowledge of Practicing

Geographical Variation in Ambulance Calls Is Associated With Socioeconomic Status

A National Model for Developing, Implementing, and Evaluating Evidence-based Guidelines for Prehospital Care

Ambulance Use Is Associated With Higher Self-rated Illness Seriousness: User Attitudes and Perceptions

Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Thresholds: A Community-based Outcomes Study

Patient Demographic and Health Factors Associated With Frequent Use of Emergency Medical Services in a Midsized City

Accuracy of Prehospital Transport Time Estimation

The Epidemiology and Outcome of Prehospital Respiratory Distress

Emergency Medical Services Naloxone Access: A National Systematic Legal Review