1. Introduction

Haemophilia A, an inherited X-linked bleeding disorder caused by factor (F) VIII deficiency, affects one in 5000–10,000 male births [1]. Approximately 30% of patients with haemophilia A (PwHAs) develop inhibitors against the exogenous FVIII [2]. Emicizumab (Hemlibra), a bispecific monoclonal antibody, has been licenced to suppress a bleeding tendency in PwHAs and patients with haemophilia A with inhibitors (PwHAs-I) since 2017 [3–7]. However, the reported experience on dental surgeries in PwHAs-I on emicizumab is limited [4, 8, 9]. Herein, we report a unique comparison of tooth extraction before and after the initiation of emicizumab prophylaxis in the same PwHA-I.

2. Case Report

A 53-year-old man with severe haemophilia A and high-titre inhibitor (historical peak titre: 138 Bethesda units) was referred to our department for the extraction of Tooth 35 with severe periodontitis in 2018. He previously underwent a similar extraction for Teeth 15 and 16 with periodontitis in 2011 and received on-demand therapy for acute bleeding episodes at that time. On the day of the operation under hospitalization in 2011, he received an 80 U/kg bolus of activated prothrombin complex concentrate (aPCC) 1 h prior to extraction. Teeth 15 and 16 were extracted using forceps under infiltration anaesthesia. A local haemostatic method was employed based on our institutional protocol, which includes a socket filled with a gelatin sponge and placement of a custom-made mouth splint [10–14]. He received an aPCC 80 U/kg bolus every 12 h on Postoperative Days (PODs) 0–3. Owing to postextraction bleeding on the first 3 days, aPCC administration was discontinued; he received 270 μg/kg recombinant activated FVII (rFVIIa) boluses every 24 h on PODs 4–7. No bleeding was observed after POD 4; he was discharged on POD 7 (Table 1). No anaemia or thrombotic complications were observed.

In 2013, emicizumab prophylaxis was initiated as part of a clinical trial, post which his first surgical procedure was performed in 2018, involving an extraction of Tooth 35 with periodontitis. On the operation day, he received 90 μg/kg rFVIIa 1 h prior to extraction performed using forceps. Local haemostasis was performed similar to that in 2011. No additional bolus of rFVIIa was administered. He was discharged on POD 3. No bleeding or thrombotic complications were observed. In 2019 and 2021, he underwent extraction of Teeth 36 and 17, respectively, similar to that in 2018. No postoperative rFVIIa infusion was administered in 2019, while an additional bolus of 90 μg/kg rFVIIa was administered 3 h postextraction in 2021. The sinus membrane was exposed to the extraction socket, increasing the risk of epistaxis. He was discharged on POD 5 and POD 7 in 2019 and 2021, respectively, with no bleeding or thrombotic complications observed. Routine blood tests including complete blood count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen were performed preoperatively and postoperatively. He was given oral tranexamic acid at 20–25 mg/kg every 8 h, from 2 h preintervention up to 7 days postintervention for all extractions except for the 2011 extraction where aPCC was administered. The introduction of emicizumab significantly reduced the hospitalization period from 8 to 3 days and markedly decreased the use of bypassing agents (BPAs).

3. Discussion

This study provides an intraindividual comparison of the perioperative management of tooth extractions in a PwHA-I before and after the initiation of emicizumab treatment. The results show that emicizumab reduces the use of BPAs, prevents postoperative bleeding, and shortens hospitalization. From an anatomical perspective, upper premolar and molar extractions may involve exposure or injury to the maxillary sinus membrane, leading to an increased risk of postoperative bleeding. In contrast, lower premolar and molar extractions pose a risk of damaging the inferior alveolar canal or its branches, which can result in significant hemorrhage. Furthermore, from a surgical standpoint, procedures requiring extensive bone removal are associated with higher bleeding risks. Such invasive procedures are more commonly performed in lower third molar extractions, where surgical difficulty tends to be greater. Therefore, taking both anatomical and procedural factors into account, it is generally considered that lower premolar and molar extractions have a higher risk of bleeding compared to their upper counterparts [15]. Nevertheless, in our reported case, no obvious difference in bleeding risk attributable to the extraction site was observed.

Moreover, while emicizumab has been shown to be generally safe, caution is necessary when it is used concomitantly with BPAs. The concomitant use of aPCC and emicizumab is discouraged due to the risk of thrombotic microangiopathy and thromboembolic events, especially at high cumulative doses.

Recent studies have reported successful procedures without additional use of factor infusions in patients on emicizumab [4, 5]. While this approach simplifies perioperative management and reduces costs, it may increase the risk of bleeding, particularly in more invasive procedures. Thus, careful individual risk assessment remains essential. The appropriate use of factor infusions during surgery offers the advantage of reducing the risk of postoperative bleeding.

However, it also carries the potential disadvantage of increasing the risk of thrombotic adverse events. Regardless of whether emicizumab prophylaxis is present, postoperative bleeding in haemophilia patients can result not only in direct physical harm but also in secondary burdens such as elevated healthcare costs and prolonged treatment periods. Therefore, it is important to thoroughly assess both local and systemic bleeding risks, and when the anticipated benefits outweigh the potential risks, preoperative factor infusion should be considered to optimize patient outcomes.

While emicizumab has ongoing costs, these may be offset by reduced hospitalization and BPA usage during surgeries [16, 17]. The absence of thrombotic complications further supports its safety.

4. Conclusion

Emicizumab prophylaxis significantly improves perioperative management of dental surgeries in PwHA-I by reducing BPA usage, preventing postoperative bleeding, and shortening hospital stays. These findings support the broader adoption of emicizumab prophylaxis for surgical procedures in this patient population.

Ethics Statement

No ethical approval was required in this case. We obtained permission from the patient to publish this case.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.