International Journal of Partial Differential Equations

Volume 2013, Issue 1 297857

Research Article

Open Access

Probabilistic Representations for the Solution of Higher Order Differential Equations

S. Mazzucchi,

Corresponding Author

S. Mazzucchi

[email protected]

CIRM Centro Internazionale per la Ricerca Matematica, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123 Trento, Italy cirm.fbk.eu

Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy unitn.it

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S. Mazzucchi,

Corresponding Author

S. Mazzucchi

[email protected]

CIRM Centro Internazionale per la Ricerca Matematica, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123 Trento, Italy cirm.fbk.eu

Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Trento, Italy unitn.it

Search for more papers by this author

First published: 17 July 2013

https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/297857

Academic Editor: David Holcman

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Abstract

A probabilistic representation for the solution of the partial differential equation (∂/∂t)u(t, x) = −αΔ²u(t, x), α ∈ ℂ, is constructed in terms of the expectation with respect to the measure associated to a complex-valued stochastic process.

1. Introduction

The connection between the solution of parabolic equations associated to second-order elliptic operators and the theory of stochastic processes is a largely studied topic [1]. The main instance is the Feynman-Kac formula, providing a representation of the solution of the heat equation with potential V ∈ C_∞(ℝ^d) (the continuous functions vanishing at infinity):

()

in terms of an integral with respect to the measure of the Wiener process, the mathematical model of the Brownian motion [2]:

()

If the Laplacian in (1) is replaced with a higher order differential operator, that is, if we consider a Cauchy problem of the form

()

with N ∈ ℕ, N ≥ 2, then a formula analogous to (2), giving the solution of (3) in terms of the expectation with respect to the measure associated to a Markov process, is lacking. In fact, such a formula cannot be proved for semigroups whose generator does not satisfy the maximum principle, as in the case of Δ^N with N > 1. In fact in the case where N > 1 the Cauchy problem (3) is not well posed on the space of continuous bounded functions [3]. In other words it is not possible to find a stochastic process which plays for the parabolic equation (3) the same role that the Wiener process plays for the heat equation.

We would like to point out that the problem of the probabilistic representation of the solution of the Cauchy problem (3) presents some similarities with the problem of the mathematical definition of Feynman path integrals (see [4–7] for a discussion of this topic). Indeed in both cases it is not possible to implement an integration theory of Lebesgue type in terms of a bounded variation measure on a space of continuous paths [8]. An analogous of the Feynman-Kac formula for the parabolic equation (3), namely, an equation of the form

()

(where P should be some “measure” on a space of “paths” ω : [0, t] → ℝ), can be obtained only under some restrictions on u₀ and V and by giving up a traditional integration theory in the Lebesgue sense with respect to a bounded variation measure on a space of (real) continuous paths.

In the mathematical literature two main approaches have been proposed. The first one [9, 10] realizes formula (4) in terms of the expectation with respect to a signed measure P_2N on a space of paths on the interval [0, t].

It is worthwhile to mention that an analogous of the arc-sine law [10, 11], of the central limit theorem [12], and of Ito formula and Ito stochastic calculus [10, 13] have been proved for the (finite additive) signed measure P_2N. Moreover, a Feynman-Kac formula has been proved [9–11], for the representation of the solution of the Cauchy problem (3) in the case where V is a bounded piecewise continuous function and for an initial datum u₀ ∈ C^2N, by realizing formula (4) as limit of finite dimensional cylindrical approximations [14]. We also mention the work by Levin and Lyons [15] on rough paths, conjecturing that the signed measure P_2N could exist on the quotient space of equivalence classes of paths corresponding to different parametrization of the same path.

A different approach is based on the construction of a stochastic process on a space of complex paths. In this case the integration is performed with respect to a well-defined positive probability measure on a complex space. One of the first results was given by Funaki [16], who constructed a complex stochastic process {X_t} _t≥0 by composing two independent Brownian motions {B(t)} _t≥0 and {w(t)} _t≥0 in the following way:

()

and proving that, for a suitable class of analytic initial datum u₀, the solution of the Cauchy problem

()

is given by the expectation

()

In fact this result can be generalized to partial differential equations of order 2ⁿ, by multiple iterations of suitable processes [16–18]. These results are also related to Bochner subordination [19].

There are also similarities between the Funaki’s process {X_t} and the “iterated Brownian motion” [20], but the latter is not connected to the probabilistic representation of the solution of a partial differential equation with regular coefficients. In fact the processes constructed by iterating copies of independent BMs (or other process) are associated to higher order PDE of particular form, where the initial datum plays a particular role and enters also in the differential equation [21].

Complex-valued processes, connected to PDE of the form (3), have been also proposed by other authors by means of different techniques. In [22–24] Madrecki et al. consider the fourth degree heat-type equation (6) and construct a probabilistic representation for its solution in terms of a stable probabilistic Borel measure m on the space Ω = C([0, t], ℂ^∞) of continuous mappings on [0, t] with values in the set ℂ^∞ of complex-valued sequences, endowed with the product topology. In this setting a Feynman-Kac type formula is proved, for the fourth order heat equation with linear potential.

Another probabilistic approach is presented by Sainty in [25], where a representation for the solution of (∂/∂t)u(t, x) = (∂ⁿ/∂xⁿ)u(t, x) is given in terms of the expectation with respect to a particular complex-valued process X_[n](t), t ≥ 0, called “Brownian motion of order n”. It is worthwhile also to mention a completely different approach proposed by Léandre [26, 27], which has some analogies with the mathematical realization of Feynman path integrals by means of white noise calculus [28]. Indeed Léandre has recently constructed a “probabilistic representation” of the solution of the Cauchy problem (3) in terms of an infinite dimensional distribution on the Connes space [27, 29, 30]. Another interesting approach related to the theory of pseudoprocesses introduced by Daletsky and Fomin [31] has been recently proposed by Smorodina and Faddeev [32].

We eventually mention an interesting probabilistic approach to the equation Δ^ku = 0 described in [33].

The present paper presents the construction of an alternative complex-valued stochastic process generalizing Funaki′s result [16] and a corresponding probabilistic representation for the solution of the Cauchy problem:

()

with α ∈ ℂ and for V, u₀ satisfying suitable analyticity assumptions.

The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the construction of a complex random variable and the representation of the solution of (8) with V ≡ 0 in terms of the expectation with respect to the probability measure associated with . Section 3 presents the proof of a Feynman-Kac type formula for the solution of (8) in the cases where V is linear in the space variables and presents an explicit time dependence.

2. A Complex-Valued Random Variable Associated to the 4-Order Heat-Type Equation

In the present section we construct a probabilistic representation for the solution of (8) in the case where V = 0, namely,

()

An equation of this form in the case where α ∈ ℝ, as mentioned in the introduction, has been studied by several authors by means of different techniques [9, 10, 16, 25]. In this section we show that the results in [9, 10, 16] can be seen as particular cases of a general theory presented in [34–37], connecting the solution of parabolic problems with the solution of related hyperbolic problems.

Given a Banach space X and a strongly continuous group of operators {T_A(t)} _t∈ℝ on X with generator A, it is possible to construct the holomorphic semigroup

with generator A²/2 in terms of a Gaussian expectation of the group T(t):

()

More generally, given a polynomial P(A) in A with complex coefficients, whose leading term has the form c_2mA^2m, with (−1) ^m+1Re(c_2m) > 0, then P(A) generates a holomorphic semigroup on X. Its action on a vector f ∈ X belonging to the domain of A^2m is given by

()

with

(see [36]). Equation (11) can be regarded as a particular example of the “method of transmutation” described in [38], which allows to relate different classes of problems by means of a suitable transformation technique.

Let us consider (11) in the case where X is the Hilbert space L²(ℝ), A = i(Δ/2), and P(x) = x²/2. One gets the following representation:

()

giving the semigroup

in terms of a Gaussian expectation, with respect to the time variable s ∈ ℝ, of the Schrödinger group e^is(Δ/2). By applying (12) to an initial datum u₀ ∈ S(ℝ) one can write the following chain of equalities:

()

Under the assumptions that u₀ can be extended to an entire function on the complex plane ℂ, denoted again with u₀, such that for any h ∈ ℝ⁺ one has that

is a bounded function on ℂ, a rotation of the integration path in the complex y-plane gives

()

Analogously, if α is a real positive constant, a change of variable in the latter integral gives

()

Now the integral on the right hand side of (15) makes sense for a class of functions u₀ larger than those considered so far, as well as for complex values of the parameter α. Let us consider the Cauchy problem

()

with α ∈ ℂ. The next theorems give a characterization of some classes of functions u₀ such that the integral

()

is absolutely convergent and provides a representation for the solution of the Cauchy problem (16). The following theorem is a generalization of Funaki′s result [16] to the case where α is an arbitrary complex parameter.

Theorem 1. Let u₀ be a real valued function satisfying the following properties:

(1)
u₀ can be extended to an entire function on the complex plane ℂ, denoted again with u₀;
(2)
for any h ∈ ℝ⁺, one has that , , and , with z = x + iy, are bounded functions on ℂ.

Then the solution of (16) is given by (17).

Proof. By the assumption that is a bounded functions on ℂ for any h ∈ ℝ⁺, one can easily verify that the integral

()

is absolutely convergent. By estimates

()

and an integration by parts formula, one has that (∂⁴/∂x⁴)u(t, x) is given by

()

which is equal to −(8/α)(∂/∂t)u(t, x).

Remark 2. The functions u₀ satisfying the assumptions (1) and (2) of Theorem 1 include, for instance, polynomials of arbitrary degree, as well as the functions u₀ that are Fourier transform of measures, that is, of the form

()

where μ is a complex bounded variation measure such that ∀x, y ∈ ℝ:

(i)
∫_ℝ e^kyd | μ | (k) < ∞, ∫_ℝ e^kyd | μ | (k) < ∞, |μ| being the total variation measure of μ,
(ii)
for any h ∈ ℝ⁺, the functions and are bounded on ℝ².

Remark 3. The Funaki formula (7) for the solution of (16) in the case where α = −1 can be written in the following form:

()

and can be obtained as a special case of (17).

The following theorem describes a particular class of functions u₀ such that the integral (17) is absolutely convergent and provides a representation for the solution of the Cauchy problem (16).

Theorem 4. Let u₀ be a real valued function of the form

()

where μ is a complex bounded variation measure on ℝ satisfying the following bound:

()

|μ| being the total variation measure of μ.

Then the solution of the Cauchy problem (16) is given by (17).

Proof. Under the stated assumption on u₀, the integral (17) assumes the following form:

()

by Fubini theorem, which holds because of condition (24); the latter is equal to

()

which is the solution of the Cauchy problem (16).

Equation (17) can be written in terms of the expectation with respect to the measure associated to a complex random variable

()

where

has the following distribution:

()

A being a Borel subset of the complex plane and χ_A being its characteristic function. Clearly the measure is concentrated on two rays of the complex plane α^1/4e^iπ/4ℝ and α^1/4e^−iπ/4ℝ.

One can easily verify that random variable

has the following properties:

(i)
,
(ii)
, k = 1,2, 3,
(iii)
,
(iv)
,
(v)
.

Moreover formula (27) can be written in Funaki′s notation (see (6) and (7)). Indeed let us consider two independent Brownian motions {B(t)} _t≥0 and {w(t)} _t≥0 and define the process

()

Then (17) can then be written in the following form:

()

Remark 5. Analogous results can be obtained also in the case where Δ² is replaced with higher powers of the Laplacian, namely, . It is sufficient to iterate n-times formula (10). One obtains a formula with multiple Gaussian integrations, similar to the one proposed, for instance, in [17]. As in the Funaki approach, the probability measure of the complex random variable can also be obtained by composing three independent Brownian motions in a suitable way. In fact any even power of the Laplacian can be handled by means of the general formula (11), but a probabilistic interpretation in terms of the composition of several independent Brownian motions is not always possible. For instance, in the case where one considers Δ⁶, (11) gives the following result:

()

with

()

We will not further develop these formulae here, but we will only focus on the case of Δ².

3. Feynman-Kac Type Formulae

The process

defined in (29) and appearing in (30) provides a probabilistic representation for the solution of (16) (under suitable analyticity assumptions on the initial datum u₀). On the other hand it has not independent increments, so it does not naturally give rise to generalizations of formula (30) to the case where (16) contains also a potential V, that is, to a Feynman-Kac formula of the form

()

Indeed, by applying formally the Trotter product formula, one gets

()

where

, j = 1, …n, is a family of n independent identically distributed random variables, distributed as

(see (28)). In the latter line one would be tempted to interpret the random variables

as the independent increments of a complex-valued stochastic process

, different from

, that is, to interpret the limit (34) as the cylindrical approximations of an integral of the following form:

()

In fact such a process cannot exist, as its construction would be possible providing the weak convergence of the sequence of complex random variables

as n → ∞. By using the scaling properties of the random variable

, this is equivalent to the weak convergence of the sequence

. As

are independent identically distributed complex random variables with finite covariance, then the sequence

has a Gaussian limit. Consequently, the sequence

cannot converge weakly, as erroneously stated in [25], and formula (35) cannot be interpreted as an integral with respect to the measure associated to a process but just as the limit (34). Indeed the present section is devoted to the proof, for a suitable class of continuous functions V and initial datum u₀, of a Feynman-Kac formula representing the solution of the Cauchy problem (8) as the limit of a sequence of finite dimensional approximations.

The implementation of formula (35) presents some technical problems, which do not appear in the proof of the classical Feynman-Kac formula (for the heat equation with potential). The first one is the definition of the integrals involved. In fact, since the random variables z^α(t/n) are complex valued, the real valued function V as well as the initial datum u₀ has to admit an analytic extension to an entire function on the complex plane. We cannot require that it is bounded on ℂ; otherwise we could consider only the trivial case. Consequently we will integrate unbounded function, and in principle the convergence of the integrals has to be checked. In fact, for a large class of potentials, the integrals are not absolutely convergent and have to be defined in a suitable way.

The second problem concerns the proof that the integral (35) represents the solution of the Cauchy problem (8). Even if the second line of (35) recalls Trotter’s product, this formula cannot be directly applied since it does not hold for general α ∈ ℂ and V continuous real valued function.

The problem of the proof of a Feynman-Kac type formula for equations of the form (8) has been analyzed in [22], where the case of a linear potential V is handled, and in [39], but a detailed proof for a sufficiently large class of potentials V is still lacking. We generalized these results to the case where V is linear in the space variable and presents an explicit time dependence.

Theorem 6. Let a : ℝ → ℂ be a continuous function and let us denote M : = max _s∈[0,t] | a(s)|. Let u₀ be of the form u₀(x) = ∫_ℝ e^ixydμ₀(y), where μ₀ is a complex bounded variation measure on ℝ satisfying the following condition:

()

Then the solution of the Cauchy problem:

()

is given by

()

Proof. Under the stated assumptions, the finite dimensional integrals appearing in formula (38) assume the following form:

()

where

, j = 1, …n, is a family of n independent identically distributed random variables, distributed as

. Now by applying the Fubini theorem, which holds because of condition (36), the latter is equal to

()

By dominated convergence theorem, the limit as n → ∞ of the last line is equal to

()

which is the solution of Cauchy problem (37).

4. Conclusions

In this paper we have proposed the construction of a particular probabilistic representation for the solution of the equation in terms of a Feynman-Kac type formula. The class of potentials V which can be handled by requiring that the probabilistic integrals are defined in Lebesgue sense, that is, as absolutely convergent integrals, is rather restricted because of the complex nature of the process. A generalization of these results to more general potentials requires the implementation of an integration technique, in infinite dimensions, of a different type, by relaxing the absolute convergence of the integrals, as in the cases handled, for instance, in [6] concerning the functional integral representation for the solution of Schrödinger equations. This problem will be handled in a forthcoming paper.

Acknowledgments

Interesting discussions with Sergio Albeverio, Giuseppe Da Prato, Paolo Dai Pra, Franco Flandoli, Enrico Priola, and Luciano Tubaro are gratefully acknowledged, as well as the financial support of Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy.

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Probabilistic Representations for the Solution of Higher Order Differential Equations

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. A Complex-Valued Random Variable Associated to the 4-Order Heat-Type Equation

3. Feynman-Kac Type Formulae

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

References

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Probabilistic Representations for the Solution of Higher Order Differential Equations

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. A Complex-Valued Random Variable Associated to the 4-Order Heat-Type Equation

3. Feynman-Kac Type Formulae

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

References

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