The basic physics of the binary black hole merger GW150914
Corresponding Author
LIGO Scientific and VIRGO Collaborations
Full author list appears at the end.
Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorB. P. Abbott
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorR. Abbott
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorT. D. Abbott
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. R. Abernathy
American University, Washington, D.C., 20016 USA
Search for more papers by this authorF. Acernese
Università di Salerno, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
Search for more papers by this authorT. Adams
Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
Search for more papers by this authorP. Addesso
University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorR. X. Adhikari
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorV. B. Adya
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorC. Affeldt
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorM. Agathos
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorK. Agatsuma
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorN. Aggarwal
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorO. D. Aguiar
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorL. Aiello
INFN, Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
Search for more papers by this authorA. Ain
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
Search for more papers by this authorP. Ajith
International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560012 India
Search for more papers by this authorB. Allen
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
Search for more papers by this authorA. Allocca
Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
Search for more papers by this authorP. A. Altin
Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorS. B. Anderson
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorW. G. Anderson
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
Search for more papers by this authorK. Arai
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. C. Araya
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorC. C. Arceneaux
The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
Search for more papers by this authorJ. S. Areeda
California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA
Search for more papers by this authorN. Arnaud
LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Search for more papers by this authorK. G. Arun
Chennai Mathematical Institute, Chennai 603103 India
Search for more papers by this authorS. Ascenzi
Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
Search for more papers by this authorG. Ashton
University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorS. M. Aston
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
Search for more papers by this authorP. Aufmuth
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
Search for more papers by this authorC. Aulbert
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorS. Babak
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
Search for more papers by this authorP. Bacon
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
Search for more papers by this authorM. K. M. Bader
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorF. Baldaccini
Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia Italy
INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia Italy
Search for more papers by this authorG. Ballardin
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorJ. C. Barayoga
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorS. E. Barclay
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorB. C. Barish
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorF. Barone
Università di Salerno, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
Search for more papers by this authorB. Barr
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorL. Barsotti
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. Barsuglia
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
Search for more papers by this authorD. Barta
Wigner RCP, RMKI, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary
Search for more papers by this authorA. Basti
Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
Search for more papers by this authorC. Baune
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorV. Bavigadda
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. Bazzan
Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova Italy
INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova Italy
Search for more papers by this authorA. S. Bell
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorG. Bergmann
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorC. P. L. Berry
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorD. Bersanetti
Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova Italy
INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova Italy
Search for more papers by this authorA. Bertolini
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Betzwieser
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
Search for more papers by this authorI. A. Bilenko
Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
Search for more papers by this authorG. Billingsley
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorI.A. Birney
SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorO. Birnholtz
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorS. Biscans
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorA. Bisht
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
Search for more papers by this authorM. Bitossi
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. A. Bizouard
LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Search for more papers by this authorJ. K. Blackburn
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorC. D. Blair
University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorD. G. Blair
University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorS. Bloemen
Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorO. Bock
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorM. Boer
Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
Search for more papers by this authorG. Bogaert
Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
Search for more papers by this authorC. Bogan
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorA. Bohe
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
Search for more papers by this authorC. Bond
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorF. Bondu
Institut de Physique de Rennes, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes France
Search for more papers by this authorR. Bonnand
Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
Search for more papers by this authorB. A. Boom
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorR. Bork
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorV. Boschi
Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
Search for more papers by this authorS. Bose
Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
Search for more papers by this authorY. Bouffanais
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
Search for more papers by this authorA. Bozzi
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorV. B. Braginsky
Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
Deceased, March 2016.
Search for more papers by this authorM. Branchesi
Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorT. Briant
Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
Search for more papers by this authorA. Brillet
Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
Search for more papers by this authorM. Brinkmann
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorV. Brisson
LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Search for more papers by this authorP. Brockill
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
Search for more papers by this authorA. F. Brooks
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorD. D. Brown
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorN. M. Brown
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorS. Brunett
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorC. C. Buchanan
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
Search for more papers by this authorA. Buikema
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorT. Bulik
Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsaw Poland
Search for more papers by this authorH. J. Bulten
VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorA. Buonanno
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
Search for more papers by this authorD. Buskulic
Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
Search for more papers by this authorC. Buy
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
Search for more papers by this authorM. Cabero
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorL. Cadonati
Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
Search for more papers by this authorG. Cagnoli
Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
Search for more papers by this authorC. Cahillane
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Calderón Bustillo
Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
Search for more papers by this authorT. Callister
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorE. Calloni
Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
Search for more papers by this authorJ. B. Camp
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Search for more papers by this authorK. C. Cannon
RESCEU, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
Search for more papers by this authorC. D. Capano
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorE. Capocasa
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
Search for more papers by this authorF. Carbognani
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Casanueva Diaz
LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Search for more papers by this authorC. Casentini
Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
Search for more papers by this authorS. Caudill
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. Cavaglià
The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
Search for more papers by this authorF. Cavalier
LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Search for more papers by this authorR. Cavalieri
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorC. B. Cepeda
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorL. Cerboni Baiardi
Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorG. Cerretani
Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
Search for more papers by this authorE. Cesarini
Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
Search for more papers by this authorS. J. Chamberlin
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. Chan
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorS. Chao
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013 Taiwan, Republic of China
Search for more papers by this authorP. Charlton
Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorE. Chassande-Mottin
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
Search for more papers by this authorC. Cheng
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013 Taiwan, Republic of China
Search for more papers by this authorA. Chiummo
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorH. S. Cho
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-806 Korea
Search for more papers by this authorJ. H. Chow
Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorQ. Chu
University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorS. Chua
Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
Search for more papers by this authorS. Chung
University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorJ. A. Clark
Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
Search for more papers by this authorF. Cleva
Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
Search for more papers by this authorE. Coccia
Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila Italy
Search for more papers by this authorP.-F. Cohadon
Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
Search for more papers by this authorA. Colla
Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
Search for more papers by this authorL. Cominsky
Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. Constancio Jr.
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorA. Conte
Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
Search for more papers by this authorT. R. Corbitt
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
Search for more papers by this authorS. Cortese
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorC. A. Costa
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorS. B. Coughlin
Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
Search for more papers by this authorJ.-P. Coulon
Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
Search for more papers by this authorP. Couvares
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorE. E. Cowan
Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
Search for more papers by this authorD. M. Coward
University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorM. J. Cowart
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
Search for more papers by this authorD. C. Coyne
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorK. Craig
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorJ. D. E. Creighton
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
Search for more papers by this authorS. G. Crowder
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
Search for more papers by this authorA. Cumming
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorL. Cunningham
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorE. Cuoco
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorT. Dal Canton
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorS. L. Danilishin
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorS. D'Antonio
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
Search for more papers by this authorK. Danzmann
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorN. S. Darman
The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorA. Dasgupta
Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 India
Search for more papers by this authorC. F. Da Silva Costa
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
Search for more papers by this authorV. Dattilo
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. Davier
LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Search for more papers by this authorG. S. Davies
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorE. J. Daw
The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorR. Day
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorG. Debreczeni
Wigner RCP, RMKI, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Degallaix
Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
Search for more papers by this authorM. De Laurentis
Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
Search for more papers by this authorS. Deléglise
Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
Search for more papers by this authorW. Del Pozzo
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorT. Denker
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorT. Dent
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorV. Dergachev
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorR. De Rosa
Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
Search for more papers by this authorR. T. DeRosa
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
Search for more papers by this authorR. DeSalvo
University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorR. C. Devine
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
Search for more papers by this authorS. Dhurandhar
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
Search for more papers by this authorM. C. Díaz
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
Search for more papers by this authorL. Di Fiore
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. Di Giovanni
Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorT. Di Girolamo
Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
Search for more papers by this authorA. Di Lieto
Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
Search for more papers by this authorS. Di Pace
Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
Search for more papers by this authorI. Di Palma
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
Search for more papers by this authorV. Dolique
Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
Search for more papers by this authorF. Donovan
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorK. L. Dooley
The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352 USA
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
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The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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MTA Eötvös University, “Lendulet” Astrophysics Research Group, Budapest 1117 Hungary
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Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588 Japan
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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MTA Eötvös University, “Lendulet” Astrophysics Research Group, Budapest 1117 Hungary
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
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School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD United Kingdom
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Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
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Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
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Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382424 India
Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 India
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NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged 6720 Hungary
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
Search for more papers by this authorAbhirup Ghosh
International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560012 India
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International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560012 India
Search for more papers by this authorS. Ghosh
Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301 USA
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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MTA Eötvös University, “Lendulet” Astrophysics Research Group, Budapest 1117 Hungary
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Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
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Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005 India
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
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INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, I-80131 Napoli Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
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Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 India
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005 India
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
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Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013 Taiwan, Republic of China
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NCSA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
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LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301 USA
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Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560012 India
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Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
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Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-806 Korea
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Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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University of Białystok, 15-424 Białystok, Poland
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SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ United Kingdom
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
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Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
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University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
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Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-806 Korea
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8 Canada
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Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
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INFN, Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila Italy
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Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 India
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Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Russia
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Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-806 Korea
Search for more papers by this authorChunglee Kim
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-806 Korea
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University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
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Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsaw Poland
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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NCBJ, 05-400 Świerk-Otwock Poland
IM-PAN, 00-956 Warsaw Poland
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Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8 Canada
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Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 India
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National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013 Taiwan, Republic of China
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Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA
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SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ United Kingdom
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University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
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INFN, Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
Search for more papers by this authorV. Malvezzi
Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Università di Camerino, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-62032 Camerino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia Italy
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
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University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA
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Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
Search for more papers by this authorA. L. Miller
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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Instituto de Fí sica Teórica, University Estadual Paulista/ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research, São Paulo, SP 01140-070 Brazil
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International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560012 India
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Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
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Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
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University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043 USA
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University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorArunava Mukherjee
International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560012 India
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
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Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova Italy
INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova Italy
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, HSIC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX United Kingdom
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA
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National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 305-390 Korea
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National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 305-390 Korea
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Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
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University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Russia
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National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013 Taiwan, Republic of China
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
Université de Lyon, F-69361 Lyon France
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Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
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Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301 USA
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University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
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Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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MTA Eötvös University, “Lendulet” Astrophysics Research Group, Budapest 1117 Hungary
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE United Kingdom
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Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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Università di Salerno, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
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College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Janusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona Góra, 65-265 Zielona Góra, Poland
CAMK-PAN, 00-716 Warsaw Poland
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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King's College London, University of London, London WC2R 2LS United Kingdom
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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IISER-TVM, CET Campus, Trivandrum, Kerala 695016 India
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Deceased, May 2015.
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Caltech CaRT, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382424 India
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Russia
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Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
Search for more papers by this authorD. H. Shoemaker
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorD. M. Shoemaker
Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
Search for more papers by this authorK. Siellez
Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
Search for more papers by this authorX. Siemens
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
Search for more papers by this authorA. D. Silva
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorA. Singer
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorL. P. Singer
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Search for more papers by this authorA. Singh
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
Search for more papers by this authorA. Singhal
INFN, Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila Italy
Search for more papers by this authorA. M. Sintes
Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
Search for more papers by this authorB. J. J. Slagmolen
Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorJ. R. Smith
California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA
Search for more papers by this authorN. D. Smith
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorR. J. E. Smith
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorE. J. Son
National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 305-390 Korea
Search for more papers by this authorB. Sorazu
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorT. Souradeep
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
Search for more papers by this authorA. K. Srivastava
Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 India
Search for more papers by this authorM. Steinke
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Steinlechner
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorS. Steinlechner
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorD. Steinmeyer
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
Search for more papers by this authorR. Stone
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
Search for more papers by this authorK. A. Strain
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorN. Straniero
Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
Search for more papers by this authorG. Stratta
Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorS. Strigin
Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
Search for more papers by this authorR. Sturani
Instituto de Fí sica Teórica, University Estadual Paulista/ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research, São Paulo, SP 01140-070 Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorA. L. Stuver
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
Search for more papers by this authorT. Z. Summerscales
Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI 49104 USA
Search for more papers by this authorL. Sun
The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorS. Sunil
Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 India
Search for more papers by this authorP. J. Sutton
Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorB. L. Swinkels
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. J. Szczepańczyk
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. Tacca
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
Search for more papers by this authorS. P. Tarabrin
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorA. Taracchini
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
Search for more papers by this authorR. Taylor
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorT. Theeg
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorM. P. Thirugnanasambandam
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorE. G. Thomas
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorM. Thomas
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
Search for more papers by this authorK. A. Thorne
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
Search for more papers by this authorS. Tiwari
INFN, Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila Italy
INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorK. V. Tokmakov
SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorK. Toland
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorC. Tomlinson
The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorM. Tonelli
Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
Search for more papers by this authorZ. Tornasi
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorC. V. Torres
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
Deceased, March 2015.
Search for more papers by this authorC. I. Torrie
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorD. Töyrä
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorF. Travasso
Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia Italy
INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia Italy
Search for more papers by this authorG. Traylor
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
Search for more papers by this authorD. Trifirò
The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. C. Tringali
Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorL. Trozzo
Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. Tse
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. Turconi
Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
Search for more papers by this authorD. Tuyenbayev
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
Search for more papers by this authorC. S. Unnikrishnan
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005 India
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
Search for more papers by this authorG. Vajente
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorG. Valdes
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
Search for more papers by this authorN. van Bakel
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorM. van Beuzekom
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorJ. F. J. van den Brand
VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorC. Van Den Broeck
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorJ. V. van Heijningen
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorA. A. van Veggel
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorM. Vardaro
Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova Italy
INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova Italy
Search for more papers by this authorS. Vass
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. Vasúth
Wigner RCP, RMKI, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary
Search for more papers by this authorR. Vaulin
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorA. Vecchio
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Veitch
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorP. J. Veitch
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
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University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Search for more papers by this authorD. Verkindt
Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
Search for more papers by this authorF. Vetrano
Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorA. Viceré
Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorS. Vinciguerra
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorD. J. Vine
SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorJ.-Y. Vinet
Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
Search for more papers by this authorS. Vitale
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorH. Vocca
Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia Italy
INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia Italy
Search for more papers by this authorW. D. Vousden
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorS. P. Vyatchanin
Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
Search for more papers by this authorA. R. Wade
Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorM. Walker
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
Search for more papers by this authorL. Wallace
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorS. Walsh
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorG. Wang
INFN, Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorH. Wang
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorM. Wang
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorY. Wang
University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorR. L. Ward
Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorM. Was
Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
Search for more papers by this authorL.-W. Wei
Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
Search for more papers by this authorM. Weinert
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorA. J. Weinstein
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorR. Weiss
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorL. Wen
University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorP. Weßels
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorT. Westphal
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorK. Wette
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorJ. T. Whelan
Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
Search for more papers by this authorB. F. Whiting
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
Search for more papers by this authorR. D. Williams
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorA. R. Williamson
Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorJ. L. Willis
Abilene Christian University, Abilene, TX 79699 USA
Search for more papers by this authorB. Willke
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorM. H. Wimmer
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
Search for more papers by this authorW. Winkler
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorC. C. Wipf
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorA. G. Wiseman
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
Search for more papers by this authorH. Wittel
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
Search for more papers by this authorG. Woan
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Woehler
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorJ. L. Wright
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorD. S. Wu
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Yablon
Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorH. Yamamoto
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
Search for more papers by this authorH. Yu
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. Yvert
Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
Search for more papers by this authorM. Zanolin
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. Zevin
Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
Search for more papers by this authorL. Zhang
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. Zhang
College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA
Search for more papers by this authorY. Zhang
Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
Search for more papers by this authorC. Zhao
University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorM. Zhou
Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
Search for more papers by this authorZ. Zhou
Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
Search for more papers by this authorX. J. Zhu
University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorM. E. Zucker
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorS. E. Zuraw
University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Zweizig
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
LIGO Scientific and VIRGO Collaborations
Full author list appears at the end.
Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorB. P. Abbott
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorR. Abbott
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorT. D. Abbott
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. R. Abernathy
American University, Washington, D.C., 20016 USA
Search for more papers by this authorF. Acernese
Università di Salerno, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
Search for more papers by this authorT. Adams
Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
Search for more papers by this authorP. Addesso
University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorR. X. Adhikari
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorV. B. Adya
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorC. Affeldt
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorM. Agathos
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorK. Agatsuma
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorO. D. Aguiar
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorL. Aiello
INFN, Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
Search for more papers by this authorA. Ain
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
Search for more papers by this authorP. Ajith
International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560012 India
Search for more papers by this authorB. Allen
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
Search for more papers by this authorA. Allocca
Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
Search for more papers by this authorP. A. Altin
Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorS. B. Anderson
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorW. G. Anderson
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
Search for more papers by this authorK. Arai
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. C. Araya
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorC. C. Arceneaux
The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
Search for more papers by this authorJ. S. Areeda
California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA
Search for more papers by this authorN. Arnaud
LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Search for more papers by this authorK. G. Arun
Chennai Mathematical Institute, Chennai 603103 India
Search for more papers by this authorS. Ascenzi
Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
Search for more papers by this authorG. Ashton
University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorS. M. Aston
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
Search for more papers by this authorC. Aulbert
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorS. Babak
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
Search for more papers by this authorP. Bacon
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
Search for more papers by this authorM. K. M. Bader
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorF. Baldaccini
Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia Italy
INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia Italy
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorJ. C. Barayoga
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorS. E. Barclay
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorB. C. Barish
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorF. Barone
Università di Salerno, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
Search for more papers by this authorB. Barr
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorL. Barsotti
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. Barsuglia
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
Search for more papers by this authorD. Barta
Wigner RCP, RMKI, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary
Search for more papers by this authorA. Basti
Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
Search for more papers by this authorC. Baune
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorV. Bavigadda
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. Bazzan
Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova Italy
INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova Italy
Search for more papers by this authorA. S. Bell
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorG. Bergmann
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorC. P. L. Berry
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorD. Bersanetti
Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova Italy
INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova Italy
Search for more papers by this authorA. Bertolini
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Betzwieser
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
Search for more papers by this authorI. A. Bilenko
Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
Search for more papers by this authorG. Billingsley
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorI.A. Birney
SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorO. Birnholtz
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorS. Biscans
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorA. Bisht
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
Search for more papers by this authorM. Bitossi
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorD. G. Blair
University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorO. Bock
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorF. Bondu
Institut de Physique de Rennes, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes France
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
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Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
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APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
Search for more papers by this authorA. Bozzi
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorV. B. Braginsky
Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
Deceased, March 2016.
Search for more papers by this authorM. Branchesi
Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorD. D. Brown
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorN. M. Brown
LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsaw Poland
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VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
Search for more papers by this authorC. Buy
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
Search for more papers by this authorG. Cagnoli
Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Calderón Bustillo
Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorE. Calloni
Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
Search for more papers by this authorJ. B. Camp
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Search for more papers by this authorK. C. Cannon
RESCEU, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
Search for more papers by this authorF. Carbognani
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Search for more papers by this authorC. Casentini
Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. Cavaglià
The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
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LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Search for more papers by this authorR. Cavalieri
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Search for more papers by this authorL. Cerboni Baiardi
Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorG. Cerretani
Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. Chan
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorS. Chao
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013 Taiwan, Republic of China
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Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678 Australia
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APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
Search for more papers by this authorC. Cheng
National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013 Taiwan, Republic of China
Search for more papers by this authorA. Chiummo
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorH. S. Cho
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-806 Korea
Search for more papers by this authorJ. H. Chow
Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorJ. A. Clark
Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
Search for more papers by this authorF. Cleva
Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila Italy
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Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
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Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928 USA
Search for more papers by this authorM. Constancio Jr.
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorA. Conte
Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorM. J. Cowart
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorJ. D. E. Creighton
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorE. Cuoco
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
Search for more papers by this authorK. Danzmann
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
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Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 India
Search for more papers by this authorC. F. Da Silva Costa
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. Davier
LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Search for more papers by this authorG. S. Davies
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Wigner RCP, RMKI, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
Search for more papers by this authorM. De Laurentis
Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
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Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
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West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
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Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. Di Giovanni
Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorT. Di Girolamo
Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
Search for more papers by this authorA. Di Lieto
Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
Search for more papers by this authorS. Di Pace
Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
Search for more papers by this authorI. Di Palma
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Search for more papers by this authorK. L. Dooley
The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352 USA
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
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The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
Search for more papers by this authorR. Everett
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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MTA Eötvös University, “Lendulet” Astrophysics Research Group, Budapest 1117 Hungary
Search for more papers by this authorI. Ferrante
Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588 Japan
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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MTA Eötvös University, “Lendulet” Astrophysics Research Group, Budapest 1117 Hungary
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
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School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD United Kingdom
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Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
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Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
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Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382424 India
Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 India
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NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged 6720 Hungary
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
Search for more papers by this authorAbhirup Ghosh
International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560012 India
Search for more papers by this authorArchisman Ghosh
International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560012 India
Search for more papers by this authorS. Ghosh
Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorJ. A. Giaime
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301 USA
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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MTA Eötvös University, “Lendulet” Astrophysics Research Group, Budapest 1117 Hungary
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Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
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Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005 India
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
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INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, I-80131 Napoli Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
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Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 India
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005 India
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
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Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013 Taiwan, Republic of China
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NCSA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
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LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301 USA
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Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560012 India
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Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
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Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-806 Korea
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Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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University of Białystok, 15-424 Białystok, Poland
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SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ United Kingdom
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
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Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
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University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
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Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-806 Korea
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8 Canada
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Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
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INFN, Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila Italy
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Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 India
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Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Russia
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Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-806 Korea
Search for more papers by this authorChunglee Kim
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-806 Korea
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University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
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Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsaw Poland
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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NCBJ, 05-400 Świerk-Otwock Poland
IM-PAN, 00-956 Warsaw Poland
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Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8 Canada
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Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 India
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National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013 Taiwan, Republic of China
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Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA
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SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ United Kingdom
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University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
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INFN, Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
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Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Università di Camerino, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-62032 Camerino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia Italy
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris France
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University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA
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Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
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University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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Instituto de Fí sica Teórica, University Estadual Paulista/ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research, São Paulo, SP 01140-070 Brazil
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International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560012 India
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Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
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Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
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University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043 USA
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University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
Search for more papers by this authorC. M. Mow-Lowry
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorA. W. Muir
Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorArunava Mukherjee
International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560012 India
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorI. Nardecchia
Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
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Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova Italy
INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova Italy
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorS. Nissanke
Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorA. Nitz
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, HSIC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX United Kingdom
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA
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National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 305-390 Korea
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National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 305-390 Korea
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Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
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University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Russia
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National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013 Taiwan, Republic of China
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. A. Papa
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
Université de Lyon, F-69361 Lyon France
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Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
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Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301 USA
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University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
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Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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MTA Eötvös University, “Lendulet” Astrophysics Research Group, Budapest 1117 Hungary
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE United Kingdom
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Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, I-00185 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma Italy
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Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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LAL, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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Università di Salerno, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo, I-80126 Napoli Italy
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College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Janusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona Góra, 65-265 Zielona Góra, Poland
CAMK-PAN, 00-716 Warsaw Poland
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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King's College London, University of London, London WC2R 2LS United Kingdom
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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IISER-TVM, CET Campus, Trivandrum, Kerala 695016 India
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Deceased, May 2015.
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
Caltech CaRT, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382424 India
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma Italy
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Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Russia
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Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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INFN, Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila Italy
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Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3—IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 305-390 Korea
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007 India
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Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 India
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
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Instituto de Fí sica Teórica, University Estadual Paulista/ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research, São Paulo, SP 01140-070 Brazil
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI 49104 USA
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The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
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Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428 India
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
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European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina Pisa, Italy
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Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301 USA
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APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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INFN, Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila Italy
INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
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SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
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Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
Deceased, March 2015.
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia Italy
INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia Italy
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LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754 USA
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The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
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Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo Trento, Italy
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Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena Italy
INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa Italy
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005 India
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
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Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA
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Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nikhef, Science Park, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova Italy
INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova Italy
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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Wigner RCP, RMKI, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
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University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux France
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Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
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Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, I-61029 Urbino Italy
INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE United Kingdom
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Artemis, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, CS 34229 Nice cedex 4, France
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia Italy
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991 Russia
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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INFN, Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila Italy
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
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LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
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Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
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Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover Germany
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Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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Abstract
The first direct gravitational-wave detection was made by the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory on September 14, 2015. The GW150914 signal was strong enough to be apparent, without using any waveform model, in the filtered detector strain data. Here, features of the signal visible in the data are analyzed using concepts from Newtonian physics and general relativity, accessible to anyone with a general physics background. The simple analysis presented here is consistent with the fully general-relativistic analyses published elsewhere, in showing that the signal was produced by the inspiral and subsequent merger of two black holes. The black holes were each of approximately 
, still orbited each other as close as ∼350 km apart and subsequently merged to form a single black hole. Similar reasoning, directly from the data, is used to roughly estimate how far these black holes were from the Earth, and the energy that they radiated in gravitational waves.
1 Introduction
Advanced LIGO made the first observation of a gravitational wave (GW) signal, GW150914 1, on September 14th, 2015, a successful confirmation of a prediction by Einstein's theory of general relativity (GR). The signal was clearly seen by the two LIGO detectors located in Hanford, WA and Livingston, LA. Extracting the full information about the source of the signal requires detailed analytical and computational methods (see 2-6 and references therein for details). However, much can be learned about the source by direct inspection of the detector data and some basic physics 7, accessible to a general physics audience, as well as students and teachers. This simple analysis indicates that the source is two black holes (BHs) orbiting around one another and then merging to form another black hole.
(1)
is the mass of the Sun, 
is Newton's gravitational constant, and 
is the speed of light. According to the hoop conjecture, if a non-spinning mass is compressed to within that radius, then it must form a black hole 8. Once the black hole is formed, any object that comes within this radius can no longer escape out of it.Here, the result that GW150914 was emitted by the inspiral and merger of two black holes follows from (1) the strain data visible at the instrument output, (2) dimensional and scaling arguments, (3) primarily Newtonian orbital dynamics and (4) the Einstein quadrupole formula for the luminosity of a gravitational wave source.1 These calculations are straightforward enough that they can be readily verified with pencil and paper in a short time. Our presentation is by design approximate, emphasizing simple arguments.
Specifically, while the orbital motion of two bodies is approximated by Newtonian dynamics and Kepler's laws to high precision at sufficiently large separations and sufficiently low velocities, we will invoke Newtonian dynamics to describe the motion even toward the end point of orbital motion (We revisit this assumption in Sec. 4.4). The theory of general relativity is a fully nonlinear theory, which could make any Newtonian analysis wholly unreliable; however, solutions of Einstein's equations using numerical relativity (NR) 11-13 have shown that a binary system's departures from Newtonian dynamics can be described well using a quantifiable analytic perturbation until quite late in its evolution - late enough for our argument (as shown in Sec. 4.4).
The approach presented here, using basic physics, is intended as a pedagogical introduction to the physics of gravitational wave signals, and as a tool to build intuition using rough, but straightforward, checks. Our presentation here is by design elementary, but gives results consistent with more advanced treatments. The fully rigorous arguments, as well as precise numbers describing the system, have already been published elsewhere 2-6.
The paper is organized as follows: our presentation begins with the data output by the detectors.2 Section 2 describes the properties of the signal read off the strain data, and how they determine the quantities relevant for analyzing the system as a binary inspiral. We then discuss in Sec. 3, using the simplest assumptions, how the binary constituents must be heavy and small, consistent only with being black holes. In Sec. 4 we examine and justify the assumptions made, and constrain both masses to be well above the heaviest known neutron stars. Section 5 uses the peak gravitational wave luminosity to estimate the distance to the source, and calculates the total luminosity of the system. The appendices provide a calculation of gravitational radiation strain and radiated power (App. A), and discuss astrophysical compact objects of high mass (App. B) as well as what one might learn from the waveform after the peak (App. C).
2 Analyzing the observed data
Our starting point is shown in Fig. 1: the instrumentally observed strain data 
, after applying a band-pass filter to the LIGO sensitive frequency band (35–350 Hz), and a band-reject filter around known instrumental noise frequencies 14. The time-frequency behavior of the signal is depicted in Fig. 2. An approximate version of the time-frequency evolution can also be obtained directly from the strain data in Fig. 1 by measuring the time differences 
between successive zero-crossings3 and estimating 
, without assuming a waveform model. We plot the 
power of these estimated frequencies in Fig. 3, and explain its physical relevance below.
. While this interpolation used the combined strain data from H1 and L1 (in fact, the sum of L1 with time shifted and sign-flipped H1, as explained). A similar fit can be done using either H1 or L1 strain independently. The fit shown has residual sum of squares 
; we have also found 
and 
. The slope of this fitted line gives an estimate of the chirp mass of 
using Eq. 8. The blue and red lines indicate 
of 30
and 40
, respectively. The error-bars have been estimated by repeating the procedure for waves of the same amplitudes and frequencies added to the LIGO strain data just before GW150914. A similar error estimate has been found using the differences between H1 and L1 zero-crossings.The signal is dominated by several cycles of a wave pattern whose amplitude is initially increasing, starting from around the time mark 0.30 s. In this region the gravitational wave period is decreasing, thus the frequency is increasing. After a time around 0.42 s, the amplitude drops rapidly, and the frequency appears to stabilize. The last clearly visible cycles (in both detectors, after accounting for a 6.9 ms time-of-flight-delay 1) indicate that the final instantaneous frequency is above 200 Hz. The entire visible part of the signal lasts for around 0.15s.
In general relativity, gravitational waves are produced by accelerating masses 15. Since the waveform clearly shows at least eight oscillations, we know that a mass or masses are oscillating. The increase in gravitational wave frequency and amplitude also indicate that during this time the oscillation frequency of the source system is increasing. This initial behavior cannot be due to a perturbed system returning back to stable equilibrium, since oscillations around equilibrium are generically characterized by roughly constant frequencies and decaying amplitudes. For example, in the case of a fluid ball, the oscillations would be damped by viscous forces. Here, the data demonstrate very different behavior.
During the period when the gravitational wave frequency and amplitude are increasing, orbital motion of two bodies is the only plausible explanation: there, the only “damping forces” are provided by gravitational wave emission, which brings the orbiting bodies closer (an “inspiral”), increasing the orbital frequency and amplifying the gravitational wave energy output from the system.4
Gravitational radiation has many aspects analogous to electromagnetic (EM) radiation from accelerating charges. A significant difference is that there is no analog to EM dipole radiation, whose amplitude is proportional to the second time derivative of the electric dipole moment. This is because the gravitational analog is the mass dipole moment (
at leading order in the velocity) whose first time derivative is the total linear momentum, which is conserved for a closed system, and whose second derivative therefore vanishes. Hence, at leading order, gravitational radiation is quadrupolar. Because the quadrupole moment (defined in App. A) is symmetric under rotations by π about the orbital axis, the radiation has a frequency twice that of the orbital frequency (for a detailed calculation for a 2-body system, see App. A and pp. 356-357 of 16).
The eight gravitational wave cycles of increasing frequency therefore require at least four orbital revolutions, at separations large enough (compared to the size of the bodies) that the bodies do not collide. The rising frequency signal eventually terminates, suggesting the end of inspiraling orbital motion. As the amplitude decreases and the frequency stabilizes the system returns to a stable equilibrium configuration. We shall show that the only reasonable explanation for the observed frequency evolution is that the system consisted of two black holes that orbited each other and subsequently merged.
: The single most important quantity for the reasoning in this paper is the gravitational wave frequency at which the waveform has maximum amplitude. Using the zero-crossings around the peak of Fig. 1 and/or the brightest point of Fig. 2, we take the conservative (low) value
(2)
(3)
from a system whose traceless mass quadrupole moment is 
(defined in App. A) is
(4)
(5)
(contributing a factor 
), and the quantity on the right-hand side must be averaged over (say) one orbit.5In our case, Eq. 5 gives the rate of loss of orbital energy to gravitational waves, when the velocities of the orbiting objects are not too close to the speed of light, and the strain is not too large 15; we will apply it until the frequency 
, see Sec. 4.4. This wave description is applicable in the “wave zone” 19, where the gravitational field is weak and the expansion of the universe is ignored (see Sec. 4.6).
, and the reduced mass by 
. We define the mass ratio 
and without loss of generality assume that 
so that 
. To describe the gravitational wave emission from a binary system, a useful mass quantity is the chirp mass, 
, related to the component masses by
(6)
(7)
is the rate-of-change of the frequency (see Eq. A5 and Eq. 3 of 22). This equation is expected to hold as long as the Newtonian approximation is valid (see Sec. 4.4).Thus, a value for the chirp mass can be determined directly from the observational data, using the frequency and frequency derivative of the gravitational waves at any moment in time. For example, values for the frequency can be estimated from the time-frequency plot of the observed gravitational wave strain data (Fig. 2), and for the frequency derivative by drawing tangents to the same curve (see figure on journal cover). The time interval during which the inspiral signal is in the sensitive band of the detector (and hence is visible) corresponds to gravitational wave frequencies in the range 
Hz. Over this time, the frequency (period) varies by a factor of 5 (
), and the frequency derivative varies by more than two orders-of-magnitude. The implied chirp mass value, however, remains constant to within 35%. The exact value of 
is not critical to the arguments that we present here, so for simplicity we take 
.
Note that the characteristic mass scale of the radiating system is obtained by direct inspection of the time-frequency behavior of the observational data.
The fact that the chirp mass remains approximately constant for 
Hz is strong support for the orbital interpretation. The fact that the amplitude of the gravitational wave strain increases with frequency also supports this interpretation, and suggests that the assumptions that go into the calculation which leads to these formulae are applicable: the velocities in the binary system are not too close to the speed of light, and the orbital motion has an adiabatically changing radius and a period described instantaneously by Kepler's laws. The data also indicate that these assumptions certainly break down at a gravitational wave frequency above 
, as the amplitude stops growing.
(8)
explicitly, and can therefore be used to calculate 
directly from the time periods between zero-crossings in the strain data. The constant of integration 
is the time of coalescense. We have performed such an analysis, presented in Fig. 3, to find similar results. We henceforth adopt a conservative lower estimate of 
for the chirp mass. We remark that this mass is derived from quantities measured in the detector frame, thus it and the quantities we derive from it are given in the detector frame. Discussion of redshift from the source frame appears in Sec. 4.6.3 Evidence for compactness in the simplest case
For simplicity, suppose that the two bodies have equal masses, 
. The value of the chirp mass then implies that 
, so that the total mass would be 
. We also assume for now that the objects are not spinning, and that their orbits remain Keplerian and essentially circular until the point of peak amplitude.
(9)The most compact stars known are neutron stars, which have radii of about ten kilometers. Two neutron stars could have orbited at this separation without colliding or merging together – but the maximum mass that a neutron star can have before collapsing into a black hole is about 3 
(see App. B).
In our case, the bodies of mass 
each have a Schwarzschild radius of 103 km. This is illustrated in Fig. 4. The orbital separation of these objects, 350 km, is only about twice the sum of their Schwarzschild radii.
In order to quantify the closeness of the two objects relative to their natural gravitational radius, we introduce the compactness ratio 
. This is defined as the Newtonian orbital separation between the centers of the objects divided by the sum of their smallest possible respective radii (as compact objects). For the non-spinning, circular orbit, equal-mass case just discussed 
.
For comparison with other known Keplerian systems, the orbit of Mercury, the innermost planet in our solar system, has 
, the binary orbit for the stellar black hole in Cyg X-16 has 
, and the binary system of highest known orbital frequency, the WD system HM Cancri (RX J0806), has 
24. Observations of orbits around our galactic center indicate the presence of a supermassive black hole, named Sgr A* 25, 26, with the star S2 orbiting it as close as 
. For a system of two neutron stars just touching, 
would be between ∼2 and ∼5.
The fact that the Newtonian/Keplerian evolution of the orbit inferred from the signal of GW150914 breaks down when the separation is about the order of the black hole radii (compactness ratio 
of order 1) is further evidence that the objects are highly compact.
4 Revisiting the assumptions
In Sec. 3 we used the data to show that the coalescing objects are black holes under the assumptions of a circular orbit, equal masses, and no spin. It is not possible, working at the level of approximation that we are using here, to directly constrain these parameters of the system (although more advanced techniques are able to constrain them, see 2). However, it is possible to examine how these assumptions affect our conclusions and in this section we show that relaxing them does not significantly change the outcome. We also use the Keplerian approximation to discuss these three modifications (Sec. 4.1–4.3), then revisit the Keplerian assumption itself, and discuss the consequences of foregoing it (Sec. 4.4–4.5). In Sec. 4.6 we discuss the distance to the source, and its potential effects.
4.1 Orbital eccentricity
For non-circular orbits with eccentricity 
, the R of Kepler's third law (Eq. 9) no longer refers to the orbital separation but rather to the semi-major axis. The instantaneous orbital separation rsep is bounded from above by R, and from below by the point of closest approach (periapsis), 
. We thus see that the compactness bound imposed by eccentric orbits is even tighter (the compactness ratio 
is smaller).
There is also a correction to the luminosity which depends on the eccentricity. However, this correction is significant only for highly eccentric orbits.7 For these, the signal should display a modulation 27: the velocity would be greater near periapsis than near apoapsis, so the signal would alternate between high-amplitude and low-amplitude peaks. Such modulation is not seen in the data, whose amplitude grows monotonically.
This is not surprising, as the angular momentum that gravitational waves carry away causes the orbits to circularize much faster than they shrink 20, 21. This correction can thus be neglected.
4.2 The case of unequal masses
also gets smaller with increasing mass-ratio, as that implies a higher total mass for the observed value of the Newtonian order chirp mass. To see this explicitly, we express the component masses and total mass in terms of the chirp mass 
and the mass ratio q, as 
, 
, and
(10)
is the ratio of the orbital separation R to the sum of the Schwarzschild radii of the two component masses, 
, giving
(11)
the compactness ratio decreases: the separation between the objects becomes smaller when measured in units of the sum of their Schwarzschild radii. Thus, for a given chirp mass and orbital frequency, a system composed of unequal masses is more compact than one composed of equal masses.
and 
. It plots the compactness ratio (the ratio of the separation between the two objects to the sum of their Schwarzschild radii) as a function of mass ratio and eccentricity from 
to the very high (arbitrary) value of 
. The bottom-left corner (
) corresponds to the case given in Sec. 3. At fixed mass ratio, the system becomes more compact with growing eccentricity until 
, as explained in Sec. 4.1. The bottom edge (
) illustrates the argument given in Sec. 4.2 and Eq. 11: the system becomes more compact as the mass ratio increases. We note that (for 
) beyond mass ratio of 
(
) the system would become more compact than the sum of the component Schwarzschild radii.One can also place an upper limit on the mass ratio q, thus a lower bound on the smaller mass m2, based purely on the data. This bound arises from minimal compactness: we see from the compactness ratio plot in Fig. 5 that beyond the mass ratio of 
the system becomes so compact that it will be within the Schwarzschild radii of the combined mass of the two bodies. This gives us a limit for the mass of the smaller object 
. As this is 3–4 times more massive than the neutron star limit, both bodies are expected to be black holes .
4.3 The effect of objects' spins
(12)
) could have without being a black hole is its Schwarzschild radius. Allowing the objects to have angular momentum (spin) pushes the limit down by a factor of two, to the radius of an extremal Kerr black hole (for which 
), 
. As this is linear in the mass, and summing radii linearly, we obtain a lower limit on the Newtonian separation of two adjacent non-black hole bodies of total mass M is
(13)
(14)
and 
Hz. This constrains the constituents to be under 3.4 (1.7) times their extremal Kerr (Schwarzschild) radii, making them highly compact. The compact arrangement is illustrated in Fig. 4.
and a fixed value of 
, the compactness ratio 
decreases as the mass ratio q increases. Thus, the constraint 
, puts a limit on the maximal possible q and thus on the maximum total mass Mmax,
(15)
(and 
). This again forces the smaller mass to be at least 
– well above the neutron star mass limit (App. B).The conclusion is the same as in the equal-mass or non-spinning case: both objects must be black holes.
4.4 Newtonian dynamics and compactness
We now examine the applicability of Newtonian dynamics. The dynamics will depart from the Newtonian approximation when the relative velocity v approaches the speed of light or when the gravitational energy becomes large compared to the rest mass energy. For a binary system bound by gravity and with orbital velocity v, these two limits coincide and may be quantified by the post-Newtonian (PN) parameter 28 
. Corrections to Newtonian dynamics may be expanded in powers of x, and are enumerated by their PN order. The 0PN approximation is precisely correct at 
, where dynamics are Newtonian and gravitational wave emission is described exactly by the quadrupole formula (Eq. 5).
The expression for the dimensionless PN parameter includes the Schwarzschild radius, so x can be immediately recast in terms of the compactness ratio, 
. As Newtonian dynamics holds when x is small, the Newtonian approximation is valid down to compactness 
of order of a few. Arguing by contradiction, if one assumes that the orbit is non-compact, then our analysis of the data using Newtonian mechanics is justified as an approximation of general relativity and leads to the conclusion that the orbit is compact.
If either of the bodies is rapidly spinning, their rotational velocity may also approach the speed of light, modifying the Newtonian dynamics, effectively adding spin-orbit and spin-spin interactions. However, these are also suppressed with a power of the PN parameter (1.5PN and 2PN, respectively 28-30), and thus are significant only for compact orbits.
The same reasoning may also be applied to the use of the quadrupole formula 15 and/or to using the coordinate R for the comparison of the Keplerian separation to the corresponding compact object radii (see Fig. 4 and its caption), as both of these are not entirely general and might be inaccurate. The separations are also subject to some arbitrariness due to gauge freedom. However here too, the errors in using these coordinates are non-negligible only in the orbits very close to a black hole, so again this argument does not refute our conclusions.
4.5 Is the chirp mass well measured? – constraints on the individual masses
As we are analyzing the final cycles before merger, having accepted that the bodies were compact, one might still ask whether Eq. 7 correctly describes the chirp mass in the non-Newtonian regime 31. In fact for the last orbits, it does not: In Newtonian dynamics stable circular orbits may exist all the way down to merger, and energy lost to gravitational waves drives the inspiral between them. However in general relativity, close to the merger of compact objects (at least when one of the objects is much larger than the other) there are no such orbits past the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO), whose typical location is given below. Allowed interior trajectories must be non-circular and “plunge” inwards (see pp. 911 of 18). The changes in orbital separation and frequency in the final revolutions are thus not driven by the gravitational wave emission given by Eq. 7. This is why we used 
at the peak, rather than the final frequency 
.
, for which we do not need the Newtonian approximation at the late stage. No neutron stars have been observed above 
; we shall rely on an even more conservative neutron star mass upper bound at 
, a value chosen because given 
from the early visible cycles, in order for the smaller mass m2 to be below this threshold, m1 must be at least 
, which implies 
. Is such a high q possible with the data that we have? Such a high mass ratio suggests a treatment of the system as an extremal mass ratio inspiral (EMRI), where the smaller mass approximately follows a geodesic orbit around the larger mass (
). The frequencies of test-particle orbits (hence waveforms) around an object scale with the inverse of its mass, and also involve its dimensionless spin χ. The orbital frequency ωorb as measured at infinity of a circular, equatorial orbit at radius r (in Boyer-Lindquist coordinates) is given by 32
(16)
) the quadrupole gravitational wave frequency at the innermost stable circular orbit (which is at 
) is hence equal to 
kHz, while for an extremal Kerr black hole (
) the orbital frequency at ISCO (
) is 
, and the quadrupole gravitational frequency is 
kHz. For a gravitational wave from the final plunge, the highest expected frequency is approximately the frequency from the light ring (LR), as nothing physical is expected to orbit faster than light,8 and as waves originating within the light ring encounter an effective potential barrier at the light ring going out 33-37 . The light ring is at
(17)
for a Schwarzschild black hole, while for a spinning Kerr black hole, as the spin χ increases the light ring radius decreases. For an extremal Kerr black hole it coincides with the innermost stable circular orbit at 
. The maximal gravitational wave frequency for a plunge into m1 is then 67 Hz.Because we see gravitational wave emission from orbital motion at frequencies much higher than this maximal value, with or without spin, such a system is ruled out. Hence even the lighter of the masses must be at least 
, beyond the maximum observed mass of neutron stars.
4.6 Possible redshift of the masses – a constraint from the luminosity
Gravitational waves are stretched by the expansion of the Universe as they travel across it. This increases the wavelength and decreases the frequency of the waves observed on Earth compared to their values when emitted. The same effect accounts for the redshifting of photons from distant objects. The impact of this on the gravitational wave phasing corresponds to a scaling of the masses as measured on Earth; dimensional analysis of Eq. 7 shows that the source frame masses are smaller by 
relative to the detector frame, where z is the redshift. Direct inspection of the detector data yields mass values from the red-shifted waves. How do these differ from their values at the source? In the next section, we estimate the distance to the source and hence the redshift, by relating the amplitude and luminosity of the gravitational wave from the merger to the observed strain and flux at the detector. The redshift is found to be 
, so the detector- and source-frame masses differ by less than of order 10%.
5 Luminosity and distance
Basic physics arguments also provide estimates of the peak gravitational wave luminosity of the system, its distance from us, and the total energy radiated in gravitational waves.
as 
. As shown in Fig. 1, the measured strain peaks at 
. Had our detector been ten times closer to the source, the measured strain would have peaked at a value ten times larger. This could be continued, but the scaling relationship would break before h reached unity, because near the Schwarzschild radius of the combined system 
the non-linear nature of gravity would become apparent. In this way we obtain a crude order-of-magnitude upper bound
(18)
, with 
and 
, and 
for the final tight orbit. Together this gives the Planck luminosity,9
(19)
, which gives 
for an equal-mass system, and is close to that for 
. Also, analysis of a small object falling into a Schwarzschild black hole suggests 
and 
. Taken together with the correct exponents, L acquires a factor 
. While the numerical value may change by a factor of a few with the specific spins, we can treat its order of magnitude as universal for similar-mass binaries.
,
(20)
(21)
(22)
. This distance corresponds to a redshift of 
, and so does not substantially affect any of the conclusions. For a different distance-luminosity calculation based only on the strain data (reaching a similar estimate), see 42.
) down to a separation r. For GW150914, using 
and 
(Eq. 9),
(23)We note that the amount of energy emitted in this event is remarkable. During its ten-billion-year lifetime, our sun is expected to convert less than 1% of its mass into light and radiation. Not only did GW150914 release ∼300 times as much energy in gravitational waves (almost entirely over the fraction of a second shown in Fig. 1), but for the cycle at peak luminosity, its power Lpeak in the form of gravitational waves was about 22 orders of magnitude greater than the power output from our sun.
6 Conclusions
A lot of insight can be obtained by applying these basic physics arguments to the observed strain data of GW150914. These show the system that produced the gravitational wave was a pair of inspiraling black holes that approached very closely before merging. The system is seen to settle down, most likely to a single black hole. Simple arguments can also give us information about the system's distance and basic properties (for a related phenomenological approach see 43).
With these basic arguments we have only drawn limited conclusions about the mass ratio q, because the frequency evolution described by Eq. 7 does not depend on q. The mass ratio q does appear in the PN corrections 22, 44, thus its value can be further constrained from the data 2, 3.
These arguments will not work for every signal, for instance if the masses are too low to safely rule out a neutron star constituent as done in Sec. 4.5, but should be useful for systems similar to GW150914. There has already been another gravitational wave detection, GW151226 6, 45, whose amplitude is smaller and therefore cannot be seen in the strain data without application of more advanced techniques.
Such techniques, combining analytic and numerical methods, can give us even more information, and we encourage the reader to explore how such analyses and models have been used for estimating the parameters of the system 2, 3, for testing and constraining the validity of general relativity in the highly relativistic, dynamic regime 4 and for astrophysical studies based on this event 5.
We hope that this paper will serve as an invitation to the field, at the beginning of the era of gravitational wave observations.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) for the construction and operation of the LIGO Laboratory and Advanced LIGO as well as the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, Department of Science and Technology, India, Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, the Conselleria d'Economia i Competitivitat and Conselleria d'Educació, Cultura i Universitats of the Govern de les Illes Balears, the National Science Centre of Poland, the European Commission, the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the National Research Foundation of Korea, Industry Canada and the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, MPS, INFN, CNRS and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for provision of computational resources.
s, when the signal amplitude is lower and the true waveform's sign transitions are difficult to pinpoint, we averaged the positions of the five adjacent zero-crossings (over ∼6 ms).
, thus reducing the chirp mass (inferred using Eq. 7) to 
. Taking into account the ratio between the separation at periapsis and the semi-major axis, one obtains 
. Hence for the compactness ratio to increase, the eccentricity must be 
, and for a factor of 2, 
(see Fig. 5)
has been proposed as the upper limit on the luminosity of any physical system 38-40. Gibbons 41 has suggested that 
be called the “Dyson luminosity” in honor of the physicist Freeman Dyson and because it is a classical quantity that does not contain the Planck constant ℏ.Appendix A: Calculation of gravitational radiation from a binary system
Here we outline the calculation of the energy a binary system emits in gravitational waves and the emitted energy's effect on the system.
of the system's mass distribution. We use a Cartesian coordinate system 
whose origin is the center-of-mass, with r the radial distance from the origin. 
is the Kronecker-delta and 
denotes the mass density. Then
(A1)
(A2)
in the 
-plane. In the simple case of a circular orbit at separation 
and frequency 
, a little trigonometry gives for each object (see Fig. A1)
(A3)
, 
, 
and 
. Combining we find 
, and the gravitational wave luminosity from Eq. 5 is
(A4)
, thus 
. We assume that the energy radiated away over each orbit is small compared to Eorb, in order to describe each orbit as approximately Keplerian.
-plane around their C.O.M.
and its derivative 
we can substitute for all the r's and obtain
(A5)
.We can see that Eq. A5 describes the evolution of the system as an inspiral: the orbital frequency goes up (“chirps”), while by Kepler's Law the orbital separation shrinks.
A.1 Gravitational radiation from a different rotating system
A rising gravitational wave amplitude can accompany a rise in frequency in other rotating systems, evolving under different mechanisms. An increase in frequency means the system rotates faster and faster, so unless it gains angular momentum, the system's characteristic length 
should be decreasing. For a system not driven by the loss of energy and angular momentum to gravitational waves, rapidly losing angular momentum is also difficult, thus the system should conserve its angular momentum 
, and so 
.
The quadrupole formula (Eq. 4) then indicates the gravitational wave strain amplitude should follow the second time derivative of the quadrupole moment, 
.
Thus we see that for a system not driven by emission of gravitational waves, as the characteristic system size r shrinks, both its gravitational wave frequency and amplitude grow, but remain proportional to each other. This is inconsistent with the data of GW150914 (Figs. 1, 2), which show the amplitude only grows by a factor of about 2 while the frequency 
grows by at least a factor of 5.
Appendix B: Possibilities for massive, compact objects
, which are constrained to fit into a radius R such that the compactness ratio obeys 
. This produces a scale for their Newtonian density,
(B1)
(3.2 
in 46, 47, 2.9 
in 48). A more careful analysis of the frequency change, including tidal distortions, would have undoubtedly required the bodies to be even more compact in order to reach the final orbital frequency. This would push these massive bodies even closer to neutron-star density, thus constraining the equation of state into an even narrower corner. Thus, although theoretically a compactness ratio as low as 
is permitted for uniform objects 49, we can conclude that the data do show that if any of these objects were material bodies, they would need to occupy an extreme, narrow and heretofore unexplored and unobserved niche in the stellar continuum. The likeliest objects with such mass and compactness are black holes.Appendix C: Post inspiral phase: what we can conclude about the ringdown and the final object?
We have argued, using basic physics and scaling arguments, that the directly observable properties of the signal waveform for gravitational wave frequencies 
Hz shows that the source had been two black holes, which approached so closely that they subsequently merged. We now discuss the properties of the signal waveform at higher frequencies, and argue that this also lends support to this interpretation.
The data in Figures 1 and 2 show that after the peak gravitational wave amplitude is reached, the signal makes one to two additional cycles, continuing to rise in frequency until reaching about 250 Hz, while dropping sharply in amplitude. The frequency seems to level off just as the signal amplitude becomes hard to distinguish clearly.
Is this consistent with a merger remnant black hole? Immediately after being formed in a merger, a black hole horizon is very distorted. It proceeds to “lose its hair” and settle down to a final state of a Kerr black hole, uniquely defined 50 by its mass M and spin parameter χ. Late in this ringdown stage, the remaining perturbations should linearize, and the emitted gravitational wave should thus have characteristic quasi-normal-modes (QNMs). The set of QNMs is enumerated by various discrete indices, and their frequencies and damping times are determined by M and χ. Each such set would have a leading (least-damped) mode – and so finding a ringdown of several cycles with a fixed frequency would be strong evidence that a single final remnant was formed. We do clearly see the gravitational wave stabilizing in frequency (at around 250 Hz) about two cycles after the peak, and dying out in amplitude. Does the end of the observed waveform contain evidence of an exponentially-damped sinusoid of fixed frequency? Were such a mode found, analyzing its frequency and damping time, in conjunction with a model for black hole perturbations, could give an independent estimate of the mass and spin 51.
C.1 Mode analysis
will thus be given as a dimensionless complex number
(C1)
(C2)
and 
.
, are derived immediately from Eqs. (16, 17), with a factor of 2 between orbital and gravitational wave frequencies. The final gravitational wave frequency is thus determined by the mass (up to the order-of-unity factor x, which embodies the spin). We have in fact already used this to show how our high attained frequency constrains the total mass and the compactness of the objects (objects of larger radius would have distortion bulges orbiting much farther than the light ring, mandating much lower frequencies). For the parameter y determining the damping time, numerical tabulations of the QNMs 52 show that
(C3)While it is beyond the scope of this paper to calculate the exact QNMs for black holes of different spins, or to find the final spin of a general black hole merger, it is worth mentioning that for a wide range of spins for similar-mass binaries, the final spin is expected to be about 
, for which Eq. (16, 17) estimate that 
.
) for a black hole with a spin 
has 
, giving a ringdown frequency
(C4)
(C5)
and a mass 
Such a final mass is consistent with the merger of two black holes of 
each, after accounting for the energy emitted as gravitational waves (Eq. 23). This interpretation of the late part of the signal is also consistent with numerical simulations 53. Full numerical simulations from the peak and onward, where the signal amplitude is considerably higher, also show consistency with the formation of a Kerr black hole remnant 2, 4.
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