Air, 4. Pollution Monitoring
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Air
John Wolf, Gerhard Manier, Thomas Eikmann, Gerhard Scholl, Gerhard Feldhaus, Klaus Grefen, Peter Bruckmann, Hans-Ulrich Pfeffer, Klaus Lützke, Eberhard Schmidt, Torsten Schmidt, Theo Pilhofer, Helmut Krill, Harald Menig, Stephan Schirz, Helmut Pollack, Walter Simmler,
Peter Bruckmann,
Hans-Ulrich Pfeffer,
Peter Bruckmann
Landesumweltamt Nordrhein–Westfalen, Essen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorHans-Ulrich Pfeffer
Landesumweltamt Nordrhein–Westfalen, Essen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorPeter Bruckmann,
Hans-Ulrich Pfeffer,
Peter Bruckmann
Landesumweltamt Nordrhein–Westfalen, Essen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorHans-Ulrich Pfeffer
Landesumweltamt Nordrhein–Westfalen, Essen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 15 October 2011
Abstract
The article contains sections titled:
1. |
Introduction |
2. |
Measurement Planning |
2.1. |
Types of Air Pollution Monitoring |
2.2. |
Planning of Pollution Measurements |
2.2.1. |
Measurement Networks (General Air Pollution Monitoring) |
2.2.2. |
Evaluation of Data; Period and Frequency of Measurements |
2.2.3. |
Planning Measurements on Industrial Plants |
3. |
Quality Assurance |
3.1. |
Procedure-Based Methods |
3.2. |
User-Based Methods |
4. |
Measuring Methods |
4.1. |
Measuring Methods for Inorganic Gases |
4.1.1. |
Automatic Measuring Methods |
4.1.2. |
Calibration of Automatic Measuring Methods |
4.1.3. |
Manual Methods |
4.2. |
Measurement and Analysis of Particulate Atmospheric Impurities |
4.2.1. |
Measurement of Particle Mass and Particle Fractions |
4.2.2. |
Measurement of Particle Numbers and Size Distributions |
4.2.3. |
Measurement of Inorganic Components in Suspended Particle Matter |
4.2.3.1. |
Measurement of Major Ionic Compounds in Suspended Particulate Matter |
4.2.3.2. |
Measurement of Heavy Metals and Metalloid Compounds in Suspended Particulate Matter |
4.2.3.3. |
Measurement of Soot (Elemental Carbon) |
4.2.3.4. |
Measurement of Fibers |
4.3. |
Measurement of Deposition |
4.3.1. |
Measurement of Total (Bulk) Deposition |
4.3.2. |
Measurement of Wet Deposition |
4.3.3. |
Special Sampling Devices for Deposition Measurements |
4.3.4. |
Analysis |
4.4. |
Optical Methods of Remote Measurement |
4.4.1. |
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy |
4.4.2. |
Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy |
4.4.3. |
Long-Path-Length Absorption Spectroscopy with Tunable Diode Lasers |
4.4.4. |
Differential Adsorption LIDAR |
4.4.5. |
Correlation Spectroscopy and Gas Filter Correlation Spectroscopy |
4.4.6. |
Significance of Remote Measurement Methods |
4.4.7. |
Measurement of Unstable Trace Substances |
4.5. |
Measurement of Organic Atmospheric Pollutants |
4.5.1. |
Overview |
4.5.2. |
Summation Methods (Total-C Measurements) |
4.5.3. |
Chromatographic Methods |
4.5.3.1. |
Chromatographic Methods for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) |
4.5.3.2. |
Chromatographic Methods for Low-Volatility Organic Compounds |
4.5.3.3. |
Determination of Organic Compounds with Functional Groups |
4.6. |
Olfactometric Methods |
4.7. |
Screening Measurements |
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- 212 DIN EN 14662-2 (08/2005) Ambient Air Quality — Standard Method for Measurement of Benzene Concentrations — Part 1: Pumped Sampling Followed by Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography; German version EN 14662-1:2005.
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- 226 VDI 2100 Blatt 2 (06/2001) Messen gasförmiger Verbindungen in der Außenluft; Messen von Innenraumluftverunreinigungen - Gaschromatographische Bestimmung organischer Verbindungen - Aktive Probenahme durch Anreicherung auf Aktivkohle; Lösemittelextraktion.
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- 234 DIN EN 14662-5 (08/2005) Ambient Air Quality — Standard Method for Measurement of Benzene Concentrations — Part 5: Diffusive Sampling Followed by Solvent Desorption and Gas Chromatography; German version EN 14662-5:2005.
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- 239 DIN ISO 16362 (01/2006) Determination of the Particle-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (ISO 16362:2005).
- 240 VDI 2464 Blatt 1 (02/2005): Messen von Immissionen — Messen von Innenraumluft — Messen von polychlorierten Biphenylen (PCB); GC/MS-Verfahren für PCB 28, 52, 101,138, 153, 180.
- 241 VDI 3498 Blatt 1 (07/2002): Messen von Immissionen — Messen von Innenraumluft — Messen von polychlorierten Dibenzo-p-dioxinen und Dibenzofuranen; Verfahren mit großem Filter.
- 242 VDI 3498 Blatt 2 (07/2002): Messen von Immissionen — Messen von Innenraumluft — Messen von polychlorierten Dibenzo-p-dioxinen und Dibenzofuranen; Verfahren mit kleinem Filter.
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- 247 VDI 2090 Blatt 1 (01/2001): Messen von Immissionen — Bestimmung der Deposition von schwerflüchtigen organischen Substanzen — Bestimmung der PCDD/F-Deposition; Bergerhoff-Probenahme und GC/HRMS-Analyse.
- 248 VDI 2090 Blatt 2 (12/2002):Messen von Immissionen — Bestimmung der Deposition von schwerflüchtigen organischen Substanzen — Bestimmung der PCDD/F-Deposition; Trichter-Adsorber-Probenahme und GC/HRMS-Analyse.
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- 266 DIN EN 14662-4 (08/2005): Luftbeschaffenheit — Standardverfahren zur Bestimmung von Benzolkonzentrationen — Teil 4: Diffusionsprobenahme mit anschließender Thermodesorption und Gaschromatographie; Deutsche Fassung EN 14662-4:2005.
- 267 DIN EN 14662-5 (08/2005): Luftbeschaffenheit — Standardverfahren zur Bestimmung von Benzolkonzentrationen — Teil 5: Diffusionsprobenahme mit anschließender Lösemitteldesorption und Gaschromatographie; Deutsche Fassung EN 14662-5:2005.
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- 271 EN 13725: 2003: Air Quality — Determinaton of Odor Concentration by Dynamic Olfactometry, CEN, Brüssel, 2003.
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- 276 VDI-Richtlinie 3940 Bl. 3 (in preparation): Bestimmung von Geruchsstoffimmissionen durch Begehungen; Ermittlung von Geruchsintensität und hedonischer Geruchswirkung im Feld.
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- 280 VDI-Richtlinie 3940 Bl. 2 (11/2003): Bestimmung von Geruchsstoffimmissionen durch Begehungen — Bestimmung der Immissionshäufigkeit von erkennbaren Gerüchen, Fahnenmessung.
- 281 R. H. Brown, Pure Appl. Chem. 65, no. 8 (1993) 1859 – 1874.
- 282 Ambient Air Quality — Diffusive Samplers for the Determination of Concentrations of Gases and Vapours; Requirements and Test Methods — Part 1: General Requirements; German version EN 13528-1:2002
- 283 Ambient Air Quality — Diffusive Samplers for the Determination of Concentrations of Gases and Vapours; Requirements and Test Methods — Part 2: Specific Requirements and Test Methods; German version EN 13528-2:2002
- 284 Ambient Air Quality — Diffusive Samplers for the Determination of Concentrations of Gases and Vapours — Part 3: Guide to Selection, Use and Maintenance; German version EN 13528-3:2003
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Further Reading
-
I. Colbeck (ed.):
Environmental Chemistry of Aerosols,
Wiley-Blackwell,
Oxford
2008.
10.1002/9781444305388 Google Scholar
- B. J. Finlayson-Pitts, J. N. Pitts: Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere, Academic Press, San Diego, CA 2006.
-
A. M. Holloway,
R. P. Wayne:
Atmospheric Chemistry,
RSC,
Cambridge
2010.
10.1039/9781839168628 Google Scholar
-
P. Patnaik:
Handbook of Environmental Analysis,
2nd ed.,
Taylor & Francis,
Boca Raton
2010.
10.1201/b10505 Google Scholar
-
T. Salthammer,
E. Uhde (eds.):
Organic Indoor Air Pollutants,
2. ed.,
Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim
2009.
10.1002/9783527628889 Google Scholar
- J. H. Seinfeld, S. N. Pandis: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2nd ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ 2006.
- D. A. Vallero: Fundamentals of Air Pollution, 4. ed., Elsevier Acad. Press, Amsterdam 2008.
