Laser dyes for experimental phototherapy of human cancer: Comparison of three rhodamines
Shaghayegh Haghighat MS
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Dan J. Castro MD
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Division of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1624Search for more papers by this authorRobert B. Lufkin MD
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorHarold R. Fetterman PhD
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorDonna J. Castro CST
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorJacques Soudant MD
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorPaul H. Ward MD
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorRomaine E. Saxton PhD
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorShaghayegh Haghighat MS
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Dan J. Castro MD
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Division of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1624Search for more papers by this authorRobert B. Lufkin MD
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorHarold R. Fetterman PhD
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorDonna J. Castro CST
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorJacques Soudant MD
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorPaul H. Ward MD
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorRomaine E. Saxton PhD
Division of Head and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology) (D.J.C., R.E.S., S.H., P.H.W.), Department of Radiological Sciences (R.B.L.) and Department of Electrical Engineering (H.R.F.), UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
California Paramedical and Technical College (D.J.C.), Long Beach, California
Service of ORL and Cervicofacial Surgery (J.S.), Hospital De La Pitié, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The mitochondrial dye Rhodamine 123 (Rh-123) has been shown to be an effective photosensitizer for argon-laser irradiation of some types of human cancer cells in vitro. We reported that 514.5-nm laser illumination of Rh-123 sensitized human melanoma, and squamous carcinoma cells strongly inhibited tumor-cell proliferation as measured by decreased 3H-thymidine (3H-T) uptake in vitro and may eradicate some tumors when grown as transplants in nude mice. However, several other human tumors were resistant to Rh-123 laser therapy in vitro and in vivo. In the current study, it was possible to obtain 100- to 1000-fold increased sensitivity to 514.5-nm laser illumination by replacement of Rh-123 with the cationic rhodamine dyes Rh-3G and Rh-6G. Cell viability was decreased over 95% and 3H-T incorporation reduced at least 80% by laser phototherapy after sensitizing tumor cells with 1 μg/mL Rh-123, 0.01 μg/mL Rh-3G, or 0.001 μg/mL Rh-6G. However, Rh-123 alone did not decrease 3H-T uptake significantly unless present at over 10- to 100-fold higher levels than Rh-3G, respectively. The tumor cell dye uptake level was measured by N-butanol extraction and absorption scans at 400 to 600 nm. The results revealed that dye uptake was more rapid, and retention of Rh-3G and Rh-6G was 5- to 10-fold higher than for Rh-123 in the human tumor cells. The data suggest that Rh-3G and Rh-6G may be highly sensitive chromophores for laser phototherapy of human cancer cells.
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