Molecular Analysis and Bioinformatics Assessment of Full-Length L1 Gene of Bovine Papillomavirus Type-1 as a Potential DNA Vaccine Study
This article is part of Special Issue:
Hassan Hadi Abdul-Zahra,
Yahia I. Khudhair,
Husam Raheem Al-Hraishawi,
Hassan Hadi Abdul-Zahra
Hillah Veterinary Hospital , Ministry of Agriculture , Hillah , Iraq , pertanian.go.id
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yahia I. Khudhair
Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Al-Qadisiyah , Al-Diwaniya , Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq , qadissuniedu.iq
Search for more papers by this authorHusam Raheem Al-Hraishawi
Department of Physiology , College of Medicine , University of Misan , Amarah , Maysan, Iraq , uomisan.edu.iq
Search for more papers by this authorHassan Hadi Abdul-Zahra,
Yahia I. Khudhair,
Husam Raheem Al-Hraishawi,
Hassan Hadi Abdul-Zahra
Hillah Veterinary Hospital , Ministry of Agriculture , Hillah , Iraq , pertanian.go.id
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yahia I. Khudhair
Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Al-Qadisiyah , Al-Diwaniya , Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq , qadissuniedu.iq
Search for more papers by this authorHusam Raheem Al-Hraishawi
Department of Physiology , College of Medicine , University of Misan , Amarah , Maysan, Iraq , uomisan.edu.iq
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 10 April 2025
Academic Editor: Mahmoud Elhaig
Abstract
Background: Papillomaviruses (PVs) infect animals and humans and are linked to 27%–30% of cancers. The L1 protein is a cornerstone in bovine PVs (BPVs), being the main components of the viral capsid and playing pivotal roles in infectivity and antigenicity.
Objective: The current study aims to characterize the genetic variation in the L1 gene of the BPV, explore in silico the protein structure, predict epitopes, and evaluate the impact of mutation on the epitope conservancy.
Methods: Fifty tumor samples were collected from cattle with papilloma lesions from Babylon, Wasit, and Al-Qadisiyah provinces, Iraq. Samples were submitted to PCR to amplify the complete L1 gene. Phylogeny was performed to assess the L1 gene. Various bioinformatics tools were utilized to analyze physicochemical properties, secondary structure of the deduced protein, and predict immunodominant epitopes for B and T cells.
Results: BPV DNA was detected in 42 (84%) samples. Sequence analysis of 10 samples revealed that BPV-1 was the predominant type circulating in study regions. Phylogeny demonstrated that analyzed strains were aligned with a distance value of 1%–15% to strains of delta PVs. Amino acid characterization indicated two amino acid mutations compared with reference strain (X02346.1) including SER31/ASN and Ala 55/ASP. The 3D model revealed L1 that formed from hexameric subunits, each subunit with six loops. ALA 55/ASP substitutions are located in the Loop1. The predicted B- and T-cell epitopes showed that L1 protein has highly potent epitopes and can be a promising target for nucleic acid vaccine design to elicit an anti-BPV humeral and cellular immune response.
Conclusions: The current investigation has provided crucial insights into BPV-1 type and diversity in the middle provinces of Iraq. These predominant strains have been identified and registered at NCBI for the first time. The amino acid mutations in the L1 protein have been highlighted. The conserved T- and B-cell epitopes that can detect BPV-1 type have been stablished. Finally, this project is the initial phase of creating a DNA-based vaccination for preventative and treatment purposes against BPV-related illnesses.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| vmi6785087-sup-0001-f1.docxWord 2007 document , 18.8 KB | Supporting Information 1 Supporting Table 1: Genetic distances of nucleotides identity rates of full amino acid of 10 sequences of the current study and 20 sequences from different genera of PVs. The numbers on the right and left represent, respectively, the genetic distance and the amino acid identity rates (%) observed between the sequences. All information regarding the sampling country and year associated with the sequence analyzed in this table is presented in the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 3. |
| vmi6785087-sup-0002-f2.docxWord 2007 document , 1.9 MB | Supporting Information 2 Supporting Table 2: Discontinuous B-cell epitopes of the BPV-1 L1 protein predicted by the ElliPro server based on the protein antigen’s 3D structure. The reference protein 3D structure considered in this analysis is predicted from the genetic variant BPV-1 L1 protein. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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