Background: Psychological distress is expressed as a sign that may lead to the development of some psychological disorders. Nurses face work-related psychological difficulties, and it is important to determine the level of psychological distress before it leads to the development of psychological problems. The aim of this study is to examine the psychological distress in nurses working in hospitals in Iraq.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out with 315 volunteer nurses working in hospitals in Babylon, Iraq, between January and May 2022. Data were collected using a Sociodemographic Characteristics Form and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). Data analysis included descriptive statistical methods (numbers, percentages, min-max values, mean, and standard deviation), the Mann–Whitney U test for the difference between two independent groups in the comparison of quantitative data, and the Kruskal–Wallis H test for the comparison of more than two independent groups. In case of a difference, Bonferroni correction was employed to find the group that caused the difference.

Results: The mean score of the nurses in the study on the K6 was 19.26 ± 6.14 for the total scale, 6.34 ± 2.13 for the anxiety subdimension, and 13.92 ± 4.17 for the depression subdimension. There was a statistically significant difference between the nurses’ mean scores on the K6 according to their age, gender, total work experience, weekly working hours, department, and the status of shift work (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Psychological distress in nurses was high. Mental health protection and improvement interventions can be performed to increase nurses’ mental well-being. Through these interventions, positive contributions can be made to nurses’ health and quality of care by acting early before mental disorders develop. The design of workplace mental health protection interventions and psychological support programs for nurses is recommended.

1. Introduction

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health is a fundamental human right and an integral part of health and well-being [1]. Mental well-being means that a person is in harmony with society, self-contented, and comfortable and happy in their relationships and can express their thoughts and understand others [2, 3]. Individuals may develop psychological distress (PD) when their mental well-being is impaired [4]. Selye defines the concept of stress in two categories: good stress (eustress) and bad stress (distress). While eustress is a necessary motivation for the organism to behave, work, and develop, distress is considered harmful and unpleasant [5]. Experiencing a certain level of distress is considered normal. However, when prolonged distress occurs, it indicates the need for evaluation and treatment of the individual. If the distress is left untreated, it can lead to the emergence of psychological disorders [6–8]. PD is defined as a state of suffering experienced by an individual in the past few weeks, involving impairments in normal or healthy functioning and characterized by symptoms of depression and anxiety [4]. It may indicate the onset of some clinical conditions, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and somatization disorder [9].

Working people make up 60% of the world population, and 15% of working-age adults experience at least one mental disorder such as depression and anxiety [10]. Stress also has negative effects on nurses, who are an indispensable part of health service delivery and constitute a large part of health professionals [8]. Mental disorders are also common among nurses. In a meta-analysis study conducted by Al-Maqbali et al., the prevalence of some mental disorders in nurses was found as follows: depression, 35%; anxiety, 37%; stress, 43%; and sleep disorders, 43% [11]. Especially in recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused psychological problems in nurses, who are both members of society and have played significant roles in the treatment and care of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 [12].

Occupational health and mental health are intertwined concepts. A safe and healthy work environment supports mental health, and good mental health ensures productivity at work [10]. In this context, the determination of PD level in nurses by using early interventions before it leads to the development of mental disorders is essential in terms of protecting mental health. Although studies on the examination of PD and related factors in nurses are limited, some studies have indicated that nurses are at risk for mental disorders [13–17]. There was no study on the examination of the PD level of nurses working in hospitals in Iraq. To fill this gap, we designed a cross-sectional and descriptive study to examine the PD in hospital nurses in Iraq. In line with this purpose, we sought answers to the following questions: “What is the PD level of hospital nurses?” “According to which descriptive characteristics does the PD level of hospital nurses differ?”

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample

The population of the study consisted of 1750 nurses working in Hilla Training Hospital, Al Imam Al Sadiq Training Hospital, and Murjan Medical City in Babil, Iraq. Inclusion criteria for the study were working as a nurse in the hospitals where the research would be conducted, being a native Arabic speaker, and volunteering to participate in the research. Exclusion criteria were having been diagnosed with psychological/psychiatric/chronic disease or not filling out the data collection tools completely. The sample size of the study was calculated using the simple random sampling formula based on a confidence interval of 95%, a sampling error of 0.05, and a theoretical t-value of 1.96 [18] and found as at least 315 subjects that could represent a population of 1750 people. The power of the study was calculated on the G.Power-3.1.9.2 software package. As a result of the analysis including a sample size of 315 subjects, the effect size was found as 0.348 at α = 0.05, and the power of the study, which was calculated as post hoc, was found as 0.85. The minimum required power value for post hoc analysis is 0.67. Accordingly, the power obtained in this study was at an acceptable level and the size of the data was adequate. The research was completed with 315 volunteer nurses.

2.2. Data Collection Tools

A Sociodemographic Characteristics Form was prepared by the researchers following a review of the literature. It consists of 12 questions about nurses’ age, gender, marital status, number of children, education level, department, and status of shift work.

The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) was developed by Kessler et al. [19] and adapted into Arabic by Easton et al. [20]. It is used to measure the frequency of mental health symptoms in the past month. Items are scored on a five-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always). The K6 consists of two subdimensions: depression and anxiety. A minimum of six and a maximum of 30 points can be obtained from the scale. A high total score on the scale indicates possibly impaired psychology. The cutoff point for psychological disorders is 16.25, and a mean score of 12.87 ± 4.02 from the scale is considered a mild to moderate PD indicator. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the K6 is 0.81 [20]. In the current study, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.949 for the total K6, 0.902 for the anxiety subdimension, and 0.916 for the depression subdimension.

2.3. Data Collection Process

Nurses were contacted between January and May 2022 in the clinics of the hospitals where they worked, and the research was conducted. A total of 954 nurses were contacted. Of these nurses, 386 did not meet the inclusion criteria and 253 refused to participate in the study. Data were collected using the face-to-face interview method from 315 nurses who had agreed to participate voluntarily in the study and had been given information about the research. The research data were collected by the first researcher. The response time to the data collection tools was 15–20 min.

2.4. Data Analysis

Data were analyzed on the SPSS 22.0 software package. Descriptive statistical methods (numbers, percentages, min-max, mean, and standard deviation values) were used in data analysis. Whether the variables showed a normal distribution was examined using visual (histogram and probability graphs) and analytical methods (skewness and kurtosis). For quantitative data that did not show a normal distribution, the Mann–Whitney U test was used for the comparison of two independent groups, and the Kruskal–Wallis H test was used for the comparison of more than two independent groups. The statistical significance level was accepted as p < 0.05.

2.5. Ethical Considerations

The approval of the Ministry of Health Babylon Health Directorate in Iraq (protocol number: 72, Date 28\12\2021) and the institutional permission of the hospitals where the research was conducted were obtained. Also, the permission of the author of the scale to be used in the study was obtained. Sufficient information was provided about the purpose the study to the participants, and there was a section regarding the approval of participation in the research. Only nurses who consented to participate in the research were allowed to answer the research questions.

3. Results

The descriptive characteristics of the nurses participating in the study are presented in Table 1. Of the nurses in the study, 57.8% were female and 54% were married. The mean age was 30.85 ± 8.22, the mean working years were 8.81 ± 8.93, and the mean weekly working hours were 45.34 ± 6.55. Also, 6.7% of the nurses had graduate education and 65.4% worked in specialized units such as intensive care and operating rooms.

Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of the nurses participating in the research (n = 315).

Variables		n	%
Age (mean ± SD: 30.85 ± 8.22)	20–25	100	31.7
	26–30	106	33.7
	31–35	32	10.2
	36–40	37	11.7
	41–57	40	12.7

Gender	Male	133	42.2
Gender	Female	182	57.8

Marital status	Single	145	46.0
Marital status	Married	170	54.0

Number of children	None	158	50.2
	One	52	16.5
	Two	47	14.9
	Three or more	58	18.4

Education	Nursing college level	176	55.9
	Nursing institute	118	37.5
	Masters + PhD	21	6.7

Perception of economic status	Income < expenses	172	54.6
	Income = expenses	92	29.2
	Income > expenses	51	16.2

Total work experience (year) (mean ± SD: 8.81 ± 8.93)	≤ 1	51	16.2
	2–4	83	26.3
	5–7	63	20.0
	8–10	27	8.6
	11–44	91	28.9

Weekly working hours (mean ± SD: 45.34 ± 6.55)	≤ 40	180	57.1
Weekly working hours (mean ± SD: 45.34 ± 6.55)	> 40	135	42.9

Department	Specialized units ^∗	206	65.4
Department	Inpatient services	109	34.6

Status of shift work	Continuous day shift	122	38.7
	Continuous night shift	107	34.0
	Rotating shifts	86	27.3

^∗Respiratory care unit, intensive care unit, neonatal care unit, renal dialysis ward, renal dialysis, operation room, women’s room, emergency ward, women’s emergency ward, emergency, cardiopulmonary resuscitation unit, cardiac catheterization ward, and specialized center for gastroenterology.

In Table 2, participants’ scores on the total and the subdimensions of the K6 are presented. As seen in the table, their mean scores on the K6 were 19.26 ± 6.14 for the total scale, 6.34 ± 2.13 for the anxiety subdimension, and 13.92 ± 4.17 for the depression subdimension.

Table 2. Distribution of the scores of the nurses participating in the study on the total and subdimensions of the K6 (n = 315).

Total scale and subdimensions	Min	Max	Mean	SD
K6	6.00	30.00	19.26	6.14
Anxiety	2.00	10.00	6.34	2.13
Depression	4.00	20.00	13.92	4.17

The comparison of participants’ scores on the K6 with some of their sociodemographic characteristics is presented in Table 3. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the quantitative data of two independent groups, and the Kruskal–Wallis H test was employed for the comparison of more than two independent groups. A statistically significant difference was determined between the K6 scores according to participants’ age (p < 0.05). Bonferroni correction was used to find the group that caused the difference. The mean scores of the nurses in the 20–25 age range were lower than the scores of other age groups, and the scores of those in the 26–30 age range were lower than the scores of those in the 36–40 and 41–57 age ranges. The mean scores of the nurses aged 41–57 were higher than the scores of those in the 31–35 and 36–40 age ranges. A statistically significant difference was found between the K6 scores according to participants’ gender (p < 0.05). Male participants had higher scores than female participants.

Table 3. The comparison of nurses’ mean K6 scores according to some of their sociodemographic characteristics.

Variables		K6			Test value	p	Post hoc
Variables			SD	Median	Test value	p	Post hoc
Age	20–25¹	15.60	4.79	14.00	118.799^KW	0.001 ^∗	2, 3, 4, 5 > 1 4, 5 > 2 5 > 3, 4
	26–30²	18.26	5.64	17.00
	31–35³	20.38	5.34	22.00
	36–40⁴	22.65	4.93	24.00
	41–57⁵	27.05	1.88	27.50

Gender	Male	21.44	6.11	23.00	−5.618^z	0.001 ^∗	—
Gender	Female	17.67	5.67	16.00	−5.618^z	0.001 ^∗	—

Total work experience (year)	≤ 1¹	14.33	4.65	13.00	113.765^KW	0.001 ^∗	3, 5 > 1, 2
	2–4²	16.51	4.48	15.00
	5–7³	19.92	5.60	22.00
	8–10⁴	18.41	6.22	18.00
	11–44⁵	24.34	4.60	26.00

Weekly working hours	≤ 40	21.12	5.54	22.00	−5.973^z	0.001 ^∗	—
Weekly working hours	> 40	16.79	6.05	15.00	−5.973^z	0.001 ^∗	—

Department	Specialized units	19.50	6.28	21.00	−0.934^z	0.001 ^∗	—
Department	Inpatient services	18.82	5.89	19.00	−0.934^z	0.001 ^∗	—

Status of shift work	Continuous day shift¹	20.25	5.58	22.00	61.542^KW	0.001 ^∗	3 > 1, 2 1 > 2
	Continuous night shift²	15.59	5.53	14.00
	Rotating shifts³	22.43	5.33	24.00

^zMann–Whitney U test.
^KWKruskal–Wallis H test.
^∗p < 0.05.

There was a statistically significant difference between the K6 scores of the participants according to their total work experience (p < 0.05). Bonferroni correction was used to find the group that caused the difference. Nurses with a total work experience of 5–7 years and 11–44 years had higher mean scores than those with a work experience of one year or less and 2–4 years. A statistically significant difference was determined between the K6 scores according to participants’ weekly working hours (p < 0.05). Nurses who worked 40 h or less a week had higher mean scores than those who worked more than 40 h a week. There was also a statistically significant difference between participants’ K6 scores according to their department (p < 0.05). The scores of nurses working in specialized units were higher than the scores of those working in inpatient services.

A statistically significant difference was determined between participants’ mean K6 scores according to their shift work status (p < 0.05). Bonferroni correction was used to reveal the group that caused the difference. The scores of the nurses who worked rotating shifts were higher than the scores of those who worked day shifts continuously and those who worked night shifts continuously. Also, the scores of nurses who worked day shifts continuously were higher than the scores of those who worked night shifts continuously.

4. Discussion

In this study, which was conducted to examine the PD in nurses working in hospitals in Iraq, participants’ mean K6 score was found to be 19.26 ± 6.14. The PD level of nurses differed according to age, gender, total work experience, weekly working hours, department, and shift work characteristics.

The mean K6 score of the nurses participating in the study was 19.26 ± 6.14, and it can be said that their PD level was high. This finding is notable in that it highlights the challenges nurses face in their work environment and underscores the necessity of developing support systems that can enhance their psychological resilience to help them cope with these challenges. This finding is consistent with the findings of studies by Al-Yateem et al. [13], Carazo et al. [14], and Côté et al. [16], but it is contrary to the finding of the study by Wang et al. [21]. The difference between the study findings may be due to the differences in work environment characteristics and the difficulties faced by nurses. In this study, 65.4% of nurses work in specialized units such as intensive care units and operating rooms. Additionally, 61.3% work either in permanent day shifts or rotating shifts.

In the study, it was determined that nurses’ PD levels increased as their age increased. The mean age of the nurses was 30.85 ± 8.22, and the PD level was lower in young nurses but higher in older nurses. This finding is consistent with the findings of the studies conducted by Hasan and Tumah [22] and Wang et al. [23], in which the mean age of nurses was similar, but it is contrary to the findings of studies by Sugawara et al. [24], Yoshizawa et al. [25], and Mukaihata et al. [26], in which nurses’ mean age was 40 and over. The difference between the study findings may be due to the total work experience of the nurses. In this study, the mean working years of nurses were 8.81 ± 8.93. Younger nurses may have had higher job satisfaction and higher job engagement than older nurses, who had been nursing for a long time. Therefore, they may have been better able to cope with the psychological difficulties they faced at work. In the study conducted by Mukaihata et al. [26], it was determined that nurses’ PD levels decreased as their job satisfaction and job dedication increased.

Another finding of the study was that male nurses had a higher PD level. This finding is not consistent with the findings of studies by Côté et al. [15], Wang et al. [27], Mukaihata et al. [26], and Liu, Yang, and Zou [28]. Generally, women have higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms [29]. The reason for this finding of our study may have been due to the questioning of gender by male nurses working in a female-dominant profession. The meaning attributed to gender roles can be effective in this questioning.

In the study, it was determined that nurses’ PD levels increased as their working years increased. Unlike this finding of our study, Wang et al. [27] found that the PD levels of psychiatric nurses in China did not differ according to their total work experience. This difference may have been due to the nurses’ different working areas. In the current study, 65.4% of the nurses worked in specialized units such as intensive care and operating rooms, while in the study of Wang et al. [27], nurses worked in the psychiatry department. Nurses working in the field of psychiatry may be more skilled in dealing with psychological difficulties. Wang et al. [27] found a negative correlation between positive coping styles and PD according to the results of multiple regression analysis (B = −0.15, P < 0.01).

Another finding of this study was that the PD level of nurses increased as their weekly working hours decreased. This finding is inconsistent with the findings of the study by Altınöz and Demir [30] that intensive care nurses who worked more than 40 h a week had high PD levels. This difference between study findings can be explained by the perception of the working environment. In the current study, 65.4% of the nurses participating in the research worked in specialized units such as intensive care and operating rooms. Although weekly working hours were low, it is thought that coping with the difficulties brought on by the stressful working environment may have increased the psychological burden.

In the study, it was determined that the PD level of nurses working in specialized units such as intensive care and the operating room was higher than the levels of those working in inpatient services. There was no study on the comparison of the PD levels of nurses working in specialized units and the levels of those working in inpatient services. However, Ghawadra et al. [31] found that nurses working in pediatric clinics experienced higher levels of depression than nurses working in other units such as intensive care and surgery. This difference between the study findings may have been due to the differences in working environment characteristics and the difficulties faced by nurses.

Another finding of this study was that the PD level of nurses working in rotating shifts was higher. This finding is consistent with the finding of the study by Wang et al. [27] but inconsistent with the findings of Altınöz and Demir [29] and Ghawadra et al. [31]. The difference between the study findings can be explained by nurses’ satisfaction with the working environment. It has been emphasized that distressed relationships and various dangers in the working environment affect psychological health and that satisfaction with a healthy working environment is important [32].

4.1. Limitations

The findings of this research can be generalized to nurses working in hospitals. The nurses who participated in this study worked in different units and on different shifts, which posed a significant challenge to data collection.

5. Conclusions

In this study, which was conducted to examine the PD in nurses working in hospitals in Iraq, it was determined that nurses’ PD level was high. There was a statistically significant difference between nurses’ mean scores on the K6 according to their ages, working years, weekly working hours, departments, and shift work status (p < 0.05). Understanding nurses’ PD levels can contribute positively to conducting mental health protection and improvement interventions early before they lead to the development of mental disorders and therefore to their health, work efficiency, and provision of adequate care for individuals. In addition, the results of this study may contribute to the design of mental health protection studies and psychological support programs in the workplace by drawing attention to the PD experienced by Iraqi nurses, who directly take on patient care roles. Future research areas should focus on nurses’ psychological difficulties and factors that may be associated with these difficulties.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Funding

No funds, grants, or other support was received.

Open Research

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

1 World Health Organization, World Mental Health Report: Transforming Mental Health for All, 2023, https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1433523/retrieve.
Google Scholar
2 AltunY Ö. M. and Kuloğlu M. M., Turkish Adaptation of Kessler Psychological Distress Scale: Validity and Reliability Study, Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry. (2019) 20, no. 1, 23–31.
Google Scholar
3 Yarmohammadi H., Pourmohammadi A., Sohrabi Y. et al., Work Shift and Its Effect on Nurses’ Health and Welfare, Social Sciences. (2016) 11, no. 9, 2337–2341.
Google Scholar
4 Drapeau A., Marchand A., and Beaulieu-Prevost D., L. L’Abate, Epidemiology of Psychological Distress, Mental Illnesses-Understanding, Prediction and Control, 2011, 105–134.
Google Scholar
5 Selye H., Stress Without Distress, 1974, J.B. Lippincott Co, Philadelphia, PA.
Google Scholar
6 Saberinia A., Abdolshahi A., Khaleghi S. et al., Investigation of Relationship Between Occupational Stress and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Nurses, Iranian Journal of Public Health. (2020) 49, no. 10, 1954–1958, https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49i10.4699.
10.18502/ijph.v49i10.4699
PubMed Google Scholar
7 Poursadeghiyan M., Khammar A., Amjad R. et al., Survey of Shift Work Disorders and Occupational Stress Among Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study, Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. (2017) 10, no. 4, 978–984, https://doi.org/10.4103/atmph.atmph_305_17, 2-s2.0-85033239832.
10.4103/ATMPH.ATMPH_305_17
Google Scholar
8 Farrokhi M., Poursadeghiyan M., Moghimian M. et al., Effects on Job Stress on Iranian Clinical Nurses, Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. (2017) 10, no. 4, 985–988, https://doi.org/10.4103/atmph.atmph_306_17, 2-s2.0-85033211696.
10.4103/ATMPH.ATMPH_306_17
Google Scholar
9 American Psychological Association, Psychological Distress, Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. (2023) https://dictionary.apa.org/psychological-distressPublished2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_303486.
10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_303486
Google Scholar
10 World Health Organization and International Labour Organization, Mental Health at Work, 2022, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/publication/wcms_856976.pdf.
Google Scholar
11 Al-Maqbali M., Al Sinani M., and Al-Lenjawi B., Prevalence of Stress, Depression, Anxiety and Sleep Disturbance Among Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Journal of Psychosomatic Research. (2021) 141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110343.
10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110343
PubMed Google Scholar
12 Aktura S. Ç and Özden G., Psychological Effects of the Epidemic: Nurses of COVID-19, The Journal of International Social Research. (2020) 13, no. 73, 1146–1152.
Google Scholar
13 Al-Yateem N., Ahmed F. R., Alameddine M. et al., Psychological Distress Among the Nursing Workforce in the United Arab Emirates: Comparing Levels Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Nursing Forum. (2022) 57, no. 6, 1314–1320, https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12808.
10.1111/nuf.12808
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
14 Carazo S., Pelletier M., Talbot D., Jauvin N., De Serres G., and Vézina M., Psychological Distress of Healthcare Workers in Québec (Canada) during the Second and the Third Pandemic Waves, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. (2022) 64, no. 6, 495–503, https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000002487.
10.1097/JOM.0000000000002487
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
15 Côté J., Aita M., Chouinard M. C. et al., Psychological Distress, Depression Symptoms and Fatigue Among Quebec Nursing Staff during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study, Nursing Open. (2022) 9, no. 3, 1744–1756, https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1199.
10.1002/nop2.1199
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
16 Kirabira J., Forry J. B., Ssebuufu R. et al., Psychological Distress and Associated Factors Among Hospital Workers in Uganda During the COVID-19 Lockdown–A Multicentre Study, Heliyon. (2022) 8, no. 1, 1–8.
10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08807
Google Scholar
17 Al-Hamawendy M. K. S. and Açıkgöz S., Perceived Stress and Related Factors Among Nurses Working in Hopsitals in Kirkuk, Iraq, 12th International Medicine and Health Sciences Researches Congress, March 2023, Ankara, Turkey.
Google Scholar
18 Karasar N., Scientific Research Methods: Concepts, Techniques and Principles, 2014, Nobel Publishing.
Google Scholar
19 Kessler R. C., Andrews G., Colpe L. J. et al., Short Screening Scales to Monitor Population Prevalences and Trends in Non-specific Psychological Distress, Psychological Medicine. (2002) 32, no. 6, 959–976, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702006074, 2-s2.0-0036668015.
10.1017/S0033291702006074
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
20 Easton S. D., Safadi N. S., Wang Y., and Hasson R. G., The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale: Translation and Validation of an Arabic Version, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. (2017) 15, 215–217, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0783-9, 2-s2.0-85032337599.
10.1186/s12955-017-0783-9
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
21 Wang M., Wei Z., Wang Y., and Sun L., Mediating Role of Psychological Distress in the Associations Between Medical Errors, Adverse Events, Suicidal Ideation and Plan Among Operating Room Nurses in China: a Cross-Sectional Study, BMJ Open. (2023) 13, no. 6, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069576.
10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069576
Google Scholar
22 Hasan A. A. and Tumah H., The Correlation between Occupational Stress, Coping Strategies, and the Levels of Psychological Distress Among Nurses Working in Mental Health Hospital in Jordan, Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. (2019) 55, no. 2, 153–160, https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12292, 2-s2.0-85047659787.
10.1111/ppc.12292
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
23 WangSM L.C. Y., Chang Y. Y., Huang C. Y., Zauszniewski J. A., and Yu C. Y., The Relationships Among Work Stress, Resourcefulness, and Depression Level in Psychiatric Nurses, Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. (2015) 29, no. 1, 64–70.
10.1016/j.apnu.2014.10.002
PubMed Google Scholar
24 Sugawara N., Danjo K., Furukori H. et al., Work–Family Conflict as a Mediator Between Occupational Stress and Psychological Health Among Mental Health Nurses in Japan, Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. (2017) 13, 779–784, https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s127053, 2-s2.0-85015757251.
10.2147/NDT.S127053
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
25 Yoshizawa K., Sugawara N., Yasui-Furukori N. et al., Relationship Between Occupational Stress and Depression Among Psychiatric Nurses in Japan, Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health. (2016) 71, no. 1, 10–15, https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2014.927345, 2-s2.0-84955348434.
10.1080/19338244.2014.927345
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
26 Mukaihata T., Greiner C., and Fujimoto H., Testing the Relationship between Patient-Related Stressor, Psychological Distress, Work Engagement, Job Satisfaction and Recovery Attitude Among Psychiatric Nurses in Japan, Journal of Advanced Nursing. (2022) 78, no. 5, 1348–1365, https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15061.
10.1111/jan.15061
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
27 Wang J., Zheng Z., Tang Y. et al., Psychological Distress and Its Influencing Factors Among Psychiatric Nurses in China: A Cross-Sectional Study, Frontiers in Psychiatry. (2022) 13, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.948786.
10.3389/fpsyt.2022.948786
Google Scholar
28 Liu Y., Yang C., and Zou G., Self-Esteem, Job Insecurity, and Psychological Distress Among Chinese Nurses, BMC Nursing. (2021) 20, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00665-5.
10.1186/s12912-021-00665-5
Google Scholar
29 Pappa S., Sakkas N., and Sakka E., A Year in Review: Sleep Dysfunction and Psychological Distress in Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Sleep Medicine. (2022) 91, 237–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.009.
10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.009
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
30 Altınöz Ü and Demir S., Intensive Care Nurses’ Perceptions of Their Work Environment, Psychological Distress and the Factors that Affect Them, Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. (2017) 8, no. 2, 95–101.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
31 Ghawadra S. F., Abdullah K. L., Choo W. Y., and Phang C. K., Psychological Distress and Its Association With Job Satisfaction Among Nurses in a Teaching Hospital, Journal of Clinical Nursing. (2019) 28, no. 21-22, 4087–4097, https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14993, 2-s2.0-85070080438.
10.1111/jocn.14993
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
32 Özgür G., Gümüş A. B., and Gürdağ Ş, Investigation of Psychiatric Symptoms in Nurses Working in a Hospital/Hastanede Çalışan Hemşirelerde Ruhsal Belirtilerin Incelenmesi, Dusunen Adam. (2011) 248, 296–305, https://doi.org/10.5350/dajpn2011240405, 2-s2.0-84455167957.
10.5350/DAJPN2011240405
Google Scholar

All articles

The Examination of Psychological Distress in Hospital Nurses in Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample

2.2. Data Collection Tools

2.3. Data Collection Process

2.4. Data Analysis

2.5. Ethical Considerations

3. Results

4. Discussion

4.1. Limitations

5. Conclusions

Conflicts of Interest

Funding

Open Research

Data Availability Statement

References

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

The Examination of Psychological Distress in Hospital Nurses in Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample

2.2. Data Collection Tools

2.3. Data Collection Process

2.4. Data Analysis

2.5. Ethical Considerations

3. Results

4. Discussion

4.1. Limitations

5. Conclusions

Conflicts of Interest

Funding

Open Research

Data Availability Statement

References

References

Related

Information