Summary

1. Introduction

Schwannomas are the most common tumors of the peripheral nerves, originating from their support cells, the Schwann cells [1]. They are relatively rare, accounting for approximately 5% of benign soft tissue tumors in adults [2]. The main sites of concentration are the cervical plexus and peroneal, ulnar, and vagus nerves [3]. Most lesions are solitary, asymptomatic, and characterized by slow growth [4]. Malignant transformation of tumors can be considerable, occurring in up to 13% of lesions [5]. Surgery is the definitive treatment for peripheral nerve schwannoma [6]. However, as it is an intrinsic tumor of the nerve, its removal poses a risk of new neurological deficits [7]. This fact, along with the observation that tumor growth is slow in approximately 60% of cases. Lubelski et al. [8] report this finding, which may support a more conservative approach in some situations.

If, in general, schwannomas are infrequent tumors, their occurrence in the cervical portion of the vagus nerve is even less common and, due to its rarity, a frequent subject of case reports [9]. Unlike neural sheath tumors of the extremities, vagus nerve schwannomas occur in a critical area in terms of important anatomical structures that are related to the lesion, such as the internal carotid artery [10]. On the one hand, this location leads to greater risks of direct injury to these important structures; on the other hand, there is a greater tendency to adopt surgical treatment even in minor and incidental lesions, reducing the morbidity of surgery.

In this context, we present the case of a patient with an incidental schwannoma of the cervical portion of the vagus nerve in order to discuss whether, due to the peculiarities of the location of this lesion, early surgery in asymptomatic cases is indicated.

2. Case History and Examination

A 38-year-old female patient who, during a cervical extension movement, noticed a right upper cervical nodule (Figure 1). There were no associated symptoms, including altered swallowing and phonation or any neurological complaints such as shock, burning, or numbness.

On examination, it was possible to identify an elliptical nodule with a fibroelastic consistency in the posterior triangle of the neck on the right side, approximately 4 cm in diameter, anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and extending to the angle of the mandible, which could be mobilized, with a negative Tinel’s sign. Examination of the oropharynx showed no alterations, and assessment of the cranial nerves was normal. Dermatological lesions were not observed.

3. Investigation and Treatment

Magnetic resonance imaging showed a fusiform, well-defined expansive lesion with predominantly defined limits in the right carotid space, measuring 4.5 cm × 3.0 cm × 1.7 cm in the longest axes. It showed increased signal on MRI T1 and T2 sequences (Figure 2), intense and progressive contrast uptake, especially in the central region, and no restriction to water diffusion. The lesion was located on the topography of the vagus nerve and displaced the internal carotid artery anteromedially and the internal jugular vein laterally, which was compressed by the lesion (Figure 3). It maintained contact with the medial pterygoid muscle, mandibular ramus, anterolateral margin of C2, deep margin of the parotid gland, paravertebral musculature, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle, with no signs of involvement of these structures (Figure 3).

Surgery was carried out 2 months after diagnosis through a high transverse cervical incision in the posterior triangle of the neck (transcervical approach). During access to the carotid space, a wine-colored mass with a fibroelastic consistency measuring around 4 cm × 3.5 cm was identified (Figure 4). Proximal and distal dissection made it possible to establish the origin of the lesion in the vagus nerve (Figure 5). An epineurotomy was performed in the most superficial area of the tumor, in which no fascicles were identified. Low-intensity electrical stimulation did not result in any muscle contractions or electrocardiographic changes in this area. The tumor was progressively isolated after opening its pseudocapsule longitudinally until the plane of the true capsule was identified, which allowed circumferential dissection of the tumor and identification of the origin and exit fascicles. These fascicles were sectioned to allow complete intracapsular enucleation of the tumor (intracapsular excision) (Figure 6). Viable fascicles are displaced posteriorly and preserved.

4. Outcome and Follow-up

Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of benign schwannoma. No symptoms that might suggest nerve involvement, such as nausea, vomiting, heart rhythm symptoms, altered swallowing, or hoarseness, were observed. However, after surgery, the patient had paresis related to the depressor muscle of the angle of the mouth and depressor of the lower lip, probably due to damage to the mandibular branch of the facial nerve as a result of the separation. He also experienced paresthesia in the lower part of the ear pinna. Three months after surgery, the symptoms resolved completely, and 12 months after surgery, the patient was asymptomatic.

5. Discussion

Schwannomas of the cervical portion of the vagus nerve are rare, and their incidence in the general population varies according to the origin of the clinical series, which is reduced in series that include tumors distributed throughout the body and increased in series limited to neck tumors. In a series of 234 cases of solitary schwannoma that underwent surgery, no vagus nerve schwannoma was diagnosed [1], while in the series by Guha et al. [11] with 201 benign and malignant neural sheath tumors, only one case of vagus nerve schwannoma was reported (0.4%). In 442 cases of benign neural sheath tumors of the cervical region and extremities, the incidence of vagus nerve schwannoma was 0.9% [12]. Considering only extracranial schwannomas of the head and neck, Leu and Chang [13] reported 2 out of a total of 52 patients (3.8%).

The incidence of schwannomas in the cervical region is already low; however, when considering nonvestibular schwannomas, the incidence is even lower. Therefore, the presence of these lesions can pose a diagnostic challenge, as differential diagnoses include paraganglioma, branchial cleft cyst, inflammatory adenopathies, malignant lymphoma, metastatic cervical lymphadenopathies, submandibular salivary gland tumors, carotid artery aneurysm, lipoma, hemangioma, and dermoid cyst [14–16].

In this case, we believe that surgery is the most prudent measure because of the risk of ischemic stroke due to compression of the common carotid and vertebral arteries. Vertebral artery stroke is associated with a high mortality rate and a high risk of neurological sequelae.

The present case brings up a very interesting discussion about whether to perform asymptomatic and carotid and vertebral compressions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report with compression of both arteries leading to an imminent risk of mortality.

In this case, the authors intend to elucidate that tumors in the cervical region should always be investigated with imaging examinations with vessel studies; in case of obvious compression, the best measure is to operate while asymptomatic, especially if the anterior and posterior circulation is compromised.

In a series that included peripheral nerve schwannomas distributed throughout the body, Sandler et al. [10] reported that, until 2019, only 235 cases had been reported.

Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of this report in accordance with the journal’s patient consent policy.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Author Contributions

Roberto Sergio Martins: conceptualization, methodology, writing–original draft, resources, supervision, validation. Adilson J. M. de Oliveira: conceptualization, supervision, validation. Evander Lucas: resources, software, writing–review and editing. Mário Gilberto Siqueira: conceptualization, methodology, writing–original draft, resources, supervision, validation.

Funding

This work received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.