3.1.1. SDG 2: Zero Hunger

Hunger and food insecurity continue to be major challenges, disproportionately impacting marginalized communities and hindering health, economic stability, and development efforts in the world’s most impoverished regions [24]. With the global population projected to reach approximately 9 billion by 2050, driven primarily by rapid growth in developing countries, food demands are escalating [5]. This population surge exacerbates global hunger, with nearly 821 million people currently experiencing food insecurity [25]. As with global trends, the population of Bangladesh is projected to experience significant changes by 2050, with estimates indicating a total population of approximately 200 million [26]. Tackling this challenge is essential for ensuring global food security, particularly as traditional food sources struggle to keep pace with growing demand. Fish and other aquatic foods from freshwater and coastal ecosystems play a crucial role in meeting global nutritional needs [7, 27, 28]. Aquaculture, the fastest-growing food production system, presents a promising solution to meet rising food demand and combat nutritional deficiencies. Alongside other animal-source foods, it plays a crucial role in ensuring global food security and nutrition [29–33]. Bangladesh is a developing country where aquaculture plays a crucial role in supporting livelihoods and food security for a significant portion of the population [34]. For decades, aquaculture has played a significant role in reducing hunger in Bangladesh by supplying an affordable, locally sourced animal protein. This is particularly crucial for a country where importing animal protein could pose a financial burden. Bangladesh has achieved self-sufficiency in aquaculture, with fish contributing 60% of the nation’s daily animal protein intake, averaging 67.8 g/day per capita in 2022 [11]. This country produced 2.85 million MT of aquaculture products in 2023–2024 [11], constituting 3.3% of the total aquaculture output in Asia [11], positioning it as a major contributor in the region behind China, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam [10]. The steady growth in aquaculture underscores its essential role in boosting national food security.

Extensive research in Bangladesh highlights the impacts of aquaculture in meeting food demands and advancing the goal of Zero Hunger. Increased fish production has established aquaculture as a crucial source of affordable animal protein, addressing dietary needs, and reducing malnutrition in both rural and urban areas [35] (Table 2). Continued sector growth has directly supported food security, benefiting poor, and marginalized populations [12, 50, 51]. Future projections indicate that aquaculture will play a pivotal role in meeting food demand as the population grows and nutritional needs increase [52]. Small-scale freshwater aquaculture has enhanced household food supply and strengthened local economies, fostering resilience and food accessibility. The contributions of aquaculture to food security in Bangladesh include increased fish availability, with homestead ponds accounting for over 43% of the total fish production for household consumption [42] (Table 2). According to Mondal et al. [36], the fish consumption rate before aquaculture participation was 33.66 g per capita per day in the Mymensingh division, Bangladesh. After participation in aquaculture of the same area, this consumption quantity increased to an average of 63 g per capita per day, marking a net increment of 29 g per capita per day, with a 47% increase. Production by the farmers from aquaculture has also resulted in more affordable fish, raising consumption rates among both the moderate and extremely poor [53]. Coastal shrimp farming plays a vital role, with 83% of fish produced in the southwest region retained domestically to support local food demands [40] (Table 2). The expansion of prawn and shrimp farming has improved food accessibility in coastal areas, where polyculture systems produce fish, prawn and shrimp for both domestic and export markets [54]. The growth of the aquaculture sector aligns with both national and global efforts to combat hunger, contributing to the progress of Bangladesh toward SDG 2. Further research and development may focus on optimizing aquaculture systems to address the growing food demands and nutritional needs of the increasing population. Emphasis should be placed on enhancing productivity through sustainable practices, integrating innovative technologies, and expanding small-scale and polyculture systems [55] that benefit poor communities.

3.1.2. SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being

Millions of people are suffering from different forms of malnutrition. Nearly 1.9 billion adults are overweight or obese, while 462 million are underweight. Among children, 52 million under-fives are suffering from wasting, where they have a low weight for height [56]. According to Dr. Francesco Branca (Director of the Department of Nutrition for Health and Development at the World Health Organization [WHO]), “Nutrition is the main cause of death and disease in the world” [57]. In Bangladesh, malnutrition and high levels of micronutrient deficiencies are still significant development challenges, where more than six million children are chronically malnourished [58, 59]. One in every three children under 5 years in Bangladesh is estimated to be stunted and underweight, one in every five adult women is undernourished, most children under 15 years live with higher levels of nutritional deficiencies, and millions of people are suffering micronutrient deficiencies [60, 61].

Inadequate intake of essential micronutrients, such as vitamin A, iron, and zinc remains a major public health concern in Bangladesh [62]. The objectives of SDG 3 include ensuring maternal health, ending preventable deaths of newborns, managing pollution-related diseases, controlling epidemics, reducing tobacco use, and supporting research for preventing and managing communicable and non-communicable diseases [63]. Fish and aquatic foods are recognized globally as rich sources of easily digestible protein, essential omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]), vitamins (A, B12, D), and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iodine, zinc, iron, and selenium) [29, 64]. These nutrients are critical for brain development, bone health, nervous system function, and disease prevention [65–67]. In Bangladesh, fish is the most affordable and nutritionally important animal-source food, contributing significantly to food and nutrition security, particularly among rural populations [37 ]. Small fish species commonly consumed whole, including head and bones, provide exceptionally high levels of essential micronutrients. These small indigenous species (SIS) can contribute more than 25% of the recommended intakes of iron, zinc, calcium, iodine, vitamin A, and vitamin B12 for pregnant and lactating women and infants [13]. In addition, commonly farmed species like catfish, common carp, and tilapia offer essential nutrients. For example, channel catfish provides 0.3 µg of vitamin A, 0.8 g of calcium, 0.2 mg of iron, 0.5 mg of zinc, 17 mg of EPA, and 57 mg of DHA per 100 g, while common carp is particularly rich in EPA (283 mg) and DHA (114 mg) along with 9 µg of vitamin A and 1.5 mg of zinc [67]. Although tilapia has relatively lower micronutrient levels, it still contributes meaningfully, offering 0.6 mg of iron and 86 mg of DHA per 100 g. Despite the recognized benefits, small fish species remain underutilized in aquaculture practices. Although there have been efforts to promote small-scale farming of nutrient-rich fish species, such initiatives are still limited [2, 28, 68].

Beyond improving nutrition, aquaculture plays a crucial role in enhancing household income, which in turn positively influences healthcare access. A study by Al Mahadi et al. [69] on 220 aquaculture farms in Mymensingh revealed that income from fish farming enabled 91% of farmers to access medium to high-quality healthcare services. Similarly, Akter et al. [70] found that fish farmers in Paba Upazila, Rajshahi, accessed healthcare from various providers: 42% relied on village doctors, 20% on upazila health complexes, and 38% on MBBS doctors. Al Asif and Habib [71] reported that 96% of aquaculture households sought care from certified MBBS doctors, indicating a positive shift toward professional healthcare. Fatema et al. [72] similarly found that 41% of households depended on village doctors and 39% on formal healthcare providers, while Ali et al. [73] observed that 97.5% of fish farmers in Tarakanda Upazila, Mymensingh, received treatment from certified doctors. Furthermore, the expansion of small-scale aquaculture in Bangladesh has improved food security and dietary diversity. Studies show that households engaged in aquaculture have better living conditions, increased income, and greater resilience against economic uncertainties. Research from Mymensingh [17] highlighted that income from aquaculture enabled families to improve food consumption, invest in better housing, access health services, support children’s education, and even purchase recreational items like mobile phones and televisions. In the future, research and development initiatives may focus on popularizing the nutritional value of aquaculture species, improving sustainable farming practices, and increasing access to micronutrient-rich small fish species to address persistent malnutrition, reduce micronutrient deficiencies, and support the achievement of SDG Goal 3.

3.1.3. SDG 14: Life Below Water

SDG 14: Life Below Water aims to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development.” It includes 10 specific targets that collectively emphasize reducing marine pollution, safeguarding aquatic ecosystems, preventing overexploitation, and ensuring effective governance through regulatory enforcement. This goal is closely interconnected with other SDGs, particularly those addressing hunger, economic prosperity, and global cooperation [74]. Rising population pressure has intensified the demand for marine resources [75, 76], leading to the depletion of many productive fisheries and negative impacts on marine biodiversity in regions like Bangladesh [77]. These developments highlight the urgent need for adopting sustainable and eco-friendly approaches in marine and coastal resource management [75, 78]. Aquaculture, particularly coastal aquaculture, plays a significant role in advancing SDG 14, “Life Below Water,” in Bangladesh. The continued increase of aquaculture as a share of global aquatic food contributes to a reduction in overfishing. Farming different types of aquatic species in coastal regions of Bangladesh can ensure the protection of marine resources by limiting the use of wild-caught fish and requiring that wild fish is sourced from responsibly managed fisheries in coastal areas [41]. Integrating practices like seaweed and bivalve farming helps filter water, absorb excess nutrients, and improve marine ecosystems [15]. Similarly, inland aquaculture in Bangladesh has grown 40-fold over the past 50 years, significantly alleviating pressure on wild fish stocks and improving the safety of underwater ecosystems. About 58.03% of the total fish production in Bangladesh comes from aquaculture [11]. If fish production from aquaculture could not be increased, there would be immense pressure on wild fish, particularly inland wild fish which could lead to the extinction of natural fish and other aquatic animals. Environmental impacts related to aquaculture practices in Bangladesh are significant but often neglected [79]. Aquaculture requires substantial water usage, with periodic water exchanges crucial to maintain farm health. Unfortunately, Bangladesh has minimal or no wastewater treatment facilities at hatcheries or culture farms, making the recycling or treatment of wastewater before environmental discharge nearly impossible at present. Typically, aquaculture wastewater containing residual chemicals, fertilizers, excreta, unused feed, detritus, and unwanted organisms is discharged untreated directly into nearby rivers and natural water bodies [80, 81]. These untreated effluents lead to severe consequences, including disease outbreaks, invasions by foreign or undesired aquatic species, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem imbalance [81]. Extensive use of various aquaculture chemicals further exacerbates environmental degradation, directly harming aquatic biodiversity. In Bangladesh, shrimp aquaculture farms still stock wild-caught juveniles rather than hatchery-reared post-larvae, leading to a significant loss of biodiversity [82]. Although hatchery-produced postlarvae are now widely available in many countries across Asia and Latin America, wild fry continue to serve as the primary source of seed in several regions. Shrimp farm owners often encourage local communities to collect wild spawn from estuaries and coastal areas to meet the demand for seed stock [82]. This unsustainable practice adversely affects Bangladesh’s progress toward achieving SDG 14 (Life Below Water), which emphasizes the conservation and sustainable use of aquatic ecosystems.

Particularly concerning is shrimp aquaculture in Bangladesh’s southwestern coastal regions, where significant areas of mangrove forests, wetlands, marshes, and low-lying floodplains have been converted into shrimp ponds [83, 84]. Although the exact scale of mangrove destruction is uncertain, the environmental impact remains profound. Moreover, shrimp farming involves regular water exchanges, approximately 0%–10% of pond water is discharged fortnightly, typically during full and new moons. This discharged water, containing dissolved pollutants and particulate matter, is released untreated through sluice gates into adjacent water bodies [80, 85]. Such practices significantly contribute to coastal and marine pollution in the Bay of Bengal, combining with municipal and agrochemical waste [86]. These pollutants adversely affect aquatic organisms, fish, and human health, highlighting the urgent need to address these environmental impacts comprehensively [87]. Different environmentally friendly methods, such as Recirculatory Aquaculture Systems (RAS), can limit waste discharge into oceans and freshwater environments, thereby mitigating water pollution [43] (Table 2). Breeding endangered species and avoiding invasive species farming help maintain aquatic biodiversity and restore populations [44]. Promoting sustainable aquaculture can empower coastal communities, creating employment opportunities without harming marine life [88]. Therefore, sustainable aquaculture practices and adequate wastewater management are essential to achieving SDG 14 (Life Below Water) by protecting aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem health, SDG 6 (Clean Water And Sanitation) by safeguarding freshwater resources, and SDG 12 (Sustainable Production) through responsible and environmentally conscious production methods. Relating specifically to SDG 14, research and development initiatives could further focus on improving sustainable aquaculture practices to reduce pollution, enhance resource management, and support the conservation of fish biodiversity.

3.2.1. SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

Clean water is fundamental to human health and survival. Despite the Earth’s abundance of freshwater resources, approximately 1.4 million people die annually due to inadequate access to safe drinking water, poor sanitation, and insufficient hygiene [89]. Proper sanitation is vital for public health, as inadequate sanitation and contaminated water are major contributors to the spread of diseases, such as diarrhea, cholera, neglected tropical diseases, and guinea worm disease [75, 90]. In 2021, more than two billion people lived in countries experiencing water stress, a situation expected to worsen in certain regions due to the combined effects of climate change and population growth [91]. Like the rest of the third-world countries, Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries, facing severe water pollution and sanitation problems. According to Water Aid¹ reports, approximately 3.3 million people in Bangladesh still lack access to clean water close to their homes. Additionally, around 70 million people, representing 41% of the population, lack safe and reliable water sources. Though Bangladesh is a riparian country, consisting of many large and small rivers, they are now choked by pollution due to various anthropogenic interventions [92]. SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) focuses on ensuring universal access to safe, affordable drinking water and adequate sanitation by 2030. Its key targets include improving water quality by reducing pollution, promoting sustainable water management, and protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems to ensure long-term water security. Aquaculture practices in Bangladesh contribute significantly to SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), not only by improving food security and livelihoods but also by enhancing access to clean water and promoting better sanitation. By providing sustainable livelihoods, especially in rural areas, aquaculture enables communities to afford clean water and sanitation infrastructure, which improves overall hygiene and public health. As incomes rise through aquaculture activities, households can invest in safe water systems, install tube wells at the household level, build proper sanitation facilities, and reduce reliance on unsafe water sources in rural areas of Bangladesh [36, 93].

Integrated aquaculture systems, such as pond-dike farming, have been shown to improve water management by encouraging the use of treated pond water for household activities like bathing and cleaning, thereby reducing reliance on polluted surface water sources and promoting safer, more sustainable water use [94]. In rural Bangladesh, households engaged in aquaculture are more likely to invest in water infrastructure due to the increased income generated from fish farming. For instance, a study by Al Asif and Habib [71] in Jhikargachha Upazila of Jessore district found that 100% of aquaculture farmers had access to good sanitation facilities. Similarly, Fatema et al. [72] reported that all aquaculture farmers in Parbatipur Upazila of Dinajpur district used their tube wells for safe drinking water. Ali et al. [95] found that in the Rajshahi district, 100% of fish farming households relied on tube wells for drinking water, with 88% owning private tube wells and the remaining 12% using neighbors’ tube wells. In Paba Upazila of Rajshahi district, Akter et al. [70] observed that 60% of aquaculture farmers used their tube wells, 30% used joint tube wells, and 88% practiced good sanitation. Households engaged in aquaculture have shown a greater tendency to invest in improved sanitation facilities. Shirajee et al. [17] found that aquaculture farmers were more likely to install improved latrines, contributing to better hygiene and sanitation outcomes. Recent findings from aquaculture-producing villages in Feni District further reinforce this trend. Dipty et al. [96] reported that ~93.33% of fish farmers accessed drinking water from their tube wells, a figure comparable to the national rural average of 94.98% [97]. Moreover, 96% of these farmers used pucca sanitary latrines, surpassing the national rural average of 90.91% [97].

Additionally, sustainable aquaculture practices promote responsible water management practices that minimize pollution and reduce water wastage, contributing to the achievement of the targets of SDG 6 (targets 3, 4, 5, and 7). Practices, such as RAS help reduce freshwater consumption by reusing water within closed loop systems, thus alleviating water stress in regions where water is scarce [98]. Integrated systems like Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) use natural processes to filter and clean water, reducing nutrient loads and preventing contamination of nearby water bodies [15, 16]. Environmentally friendly practices, such as RAS and IMTA help mitigate the impact of aquaculture on natural water systems by controlling effluent discharge and promoting the sustainable use of aquatic ecosystems.

Research is needed to explore the full potential of aquaculture in addressing water and sanitation challenges, particularly in densely populated and water-stressed regions like Bangladesh. Future studies should focus on the scalability of sustainable aquaculture practices, such as RAS and IMTA, and their role in improving water quality and reducing pollution. Moreover, there is a need to assess the socioeconomic impacts of aquaculture on rural livelihoods and its contribution to improving access to clean water and sanitation infrastructure. Investigating the integration of aquaculture with SDG 6 targets can help identify strategies to promote responsible water resource management and alleviate water stress. Furthermore, research on policy frameworks and community participation in aquaculture-driven solutions will be essential to ensure sustainable and inclusive outcomes.

3.2.2. SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

Bangladesh, endowed with abundant water resources, is one of the world’s leading fish-producing countries [11]. Aquaculture dominates this sector, with inland open water (capture) fisheries accounting for 28.15% (1.383 million MT) and inland closed water (aquaculture) fisheries contributing 58.03% (2.852 million MT). Over the past four decades, fish production has increased more than six-fold, from 0.754 million MT in 1983–1984 to 4.915 million MT in 2022–2023 [11]. Aquaculture, in particular, has been the most rapidly growing agro-food sector, with production more than doubling from 1.006 million MT in 2007–2008 to 2.852 million MT in 2022–2023. This remarkable growth underscores aquaculture’s potential to address the objectives of SDG 12, which emphasizes responsible consumption and production practices. Aquaculture aligns closely with SDG 12.1, which focuses on implementing sustainable consumption and production frameworks. By adopting resource-efficient practices, aquaculture in Bangladesh contributes to sustainable food production. Innovations in feed technology, such as substituting wild-caught fishmeal with plant-based or byproduct ingredients, have reduced the ecological footprint of fish farming [39, 99]. Researchers and feed manufacturers are exploring the use of locally available plant-based ingredients, insect meals, vegetable waste, and single-cell protein sources as eco-friendly alternatives to replace fishmeal in aquaculture feeds [100]. Despite recent improvements in the aquaculture, the use of antibiotics, pesticides, and other chemicals remains widespread in aquaculture production in Bangladesh, posing significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and food safety. However, recent advancements in the use of probiotics and fermented products have been associated with reduced disease occurrence and improved overall fish health. A survey by Rasul et al. [101] also revealed that the use of probiotics and fermented products had a more positive impact on fish production compared to aquaculture medicinal products (AMPs) and antibiotics. Though semi-intensive and intensive production systems are sources of nutrient-rich effluents, the intensification of these systems is positively correlated with eutrophication in the local freshwater pond [102]. However, recent advancements in the application of nanoparticles have shown potential to improve pond water quality [103, 104]. Additionally, refinement of feed management practices, including the use of high-quality, highly digestible feeds, has significantly contributed to reducing waste production and, consequently, lowering nutrient accumulation in aquaculture systems [105]. These practices directly contribute to achieving SDG 12.1 by promoting eco-friendly production processes. Waste management is another critical component of SDG 12, particularly under target 12.5, which aims to substantially reduce global waste generation. Globally, 7–10 billion MT of waste is produced annually, and Bangladesh is experiencing alarming rates of waste generation coupled with inadequate disposal services [106, 107]. Aquaculture offers innovative solutions to mitigate waste through responsible practices. For instance, RAS and IMTA systems recycle nutrients and convert organic waste into valuable byproducts like agricultural fertilizers or animal feed, thereby reducing overall waste [15, 108]. These measures align with SDG 12.5 (target) by ensuring efficient waste management and promoting a circular economy within the aquaculture sector. Aquaculture also supports SDG 12.4, which emphasizes the responsible management of chemicals and waste to minimize adverse environmental impacts. In Bangladesh, poor waste management and chemical pollution remain significant challenges [107]. However, aquaculture addresses these issues by integrating sustainable practices that reduce the use of harmful chemicals. Organic aquaculture, for example, prioritizes natural feeds and eco-friendly farming methods, improving water quality and safeguarding aquatic ecosystems [109]. Moreover, RAS and Integrated Agri-Aquaculture Systems (IAAS) offer increased productivity, reduced waste through nutrient recycling, and lower water and land use effectively manage waste by reducing effluent discharge and recycling nutrients, ensuring that chemical and waste outputs are minimized [108]. These practices contribute significantly to achieving SDG 12.4 by promoting environmentally responsible aquaculture. Research and development in sustainable aquaculture practices are essential for ensuring long-term environmental and economic viability, aligning with SDG 12 by fostering responsible production, efficient waste management, and reduced ecological impact in the rapidly expanding aquaculture sector of Bangladesh.

3.2.3. SDG 13: Climate Action

SDG 13 calls for urgent action to address climate change and its impacts by strengthening resilience, enhancing adaptive capacity, and incorporating climate action into national policies [1]. Climate change is one of the most significant global threats, affecting ecosystems, economies, and communities worldwide. With greenhouse gas emissions at record highs, SDG 13 aims to curb global warming and promote sustainable practices that minimize environmental impact [110]. The goal also emphasizes building resilience in vulnerable regions, which face disproportionate risks from rising sea levels, extreme weather, and biodiversity loss [111]. Like other developing and underdeveloped countries, Bangladesh is also increasingly vulnerable to the escalating impacts of climate change, largely due to its limited economic, social, technological, and institutional resources [112]. Aquaculture plays a pivotal role in advancing efforts of Bangladesh toward SDG 13. RAS, IMTA, Aquaponics, and Integrated Floating Cage Aquageoponics System (IFCAS) have the potential to achieve SDG 13 by reducing carbon emissions, optimizing resource efficiency, and enhancing resilience to climate impacts [15, 39, 79, 113–115]. Firstly, adopting low-carbon techniques, such as IMTA, reduces greenhouse gas emissions by optimizing resource efficiency and minimizing environmental impact, thereby lowering the carbon footprint of aquaculture operations [15] (Table 3). Secondly, climate-controlled systems like RAS enable year-round production, providing a buffer against fluctuating environmental conditions. This adaptability proves essential in coastal regions, where salinization threatens agriculture, as cultivating salt-tolerant species like shrimp and tilapia offers sustainable livelihoods while enhancing resilience to climate change [118]. Moreover, RAS conserves water by recycling up to 99% of its usage, while aquaponics integrates aquaculture and hydroponics, using fish waste to fertilize plants, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers, and preventing nutrient runoff [39].

Integrating fish farming with mangrove restoration creates effective carbon sinks, which not only sequester carbon but also protect against coastal erosion and storm surges, aligning with SDG 13 goals [117, 119]. However, the conversion of mangrove forests into shrimp farms significantly increases blue carbon emissions. Cutting down mangroves for shrimp aquaculture results in the release of substantial amounts of stored blue carbon from the soils and biomass of these ecosystems, thereby contributing significantly to atmospheric CO₂ emissions [120]. When mangroves are converted to shrimp ponds, the disturbance exposes and releases the previously sequestered carbon, directly linking shrimp farming to anthropogenic climate change. Bangladesh, with its extensive mangrove coverage, could become a major source of blue carbon emissions in the future if the destruction of blue carbon ecosystems, particularly mangrove forests, continues for shrimp cultivation [120]. The expansion of shrimp farming poses devastating threats to mangrove ecosystems, potentially accelerating blue carbon emissions. Increased emissions could exacerbate climate change, posing severe risks to coastal communities, especially given Bangladesh’s high vulnerability to climate impacts [121]. In the future, research and development may focus on advancing low-carbon aquaculture technologies to enhance climate resilience, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote resource-efficient practices in alignment with SDG 13.

3.2.4. SDG 15: Life on Land

As the human population continues to grow, the demand for land for habitation has risen, leading to the destruction of croplands and forests, as well as the loss of land biodiversity. Plants make up over 80% of the human diet, and nearly 80% of people in rural areas of developing nations rely on traditional plant-based medicines for basic healthcare. A total of approximately 2.6 billion people depend directly on agriculture for their livelihoods, while about 1.6 billion rely on forests. Covering around 30% of the Earth’s surface, forests serve as a habitat for nearly 80% of all terrestrial animal, plant, and insect species [122]. Aquaculture in Bangladesh minimizes the need for land-intensive agriculture by offering alternative protein sources. Innovative practices like integrated rice-fish farming improve land productivity without exerting extra pressure on arable land, thereby helping to preserve forests and natural habitats [15, 38]. Rice field-based fish seed production in northwest Bangladesh increased fish productivity by 60%, enhanced rice yields with lower production costs, and improved income and food security for households across socioeconomic groups [123–125].

By shifting protein production from land to controlled aquaculture systems, RAS and aquaponics reduce reliance on terrestrial agriculture, helping to prevent deforestation and habitat degradation [39]. Moreover, sustainable aquaculture decreases dependance on wild fisheries, alleviating pressure on both freshwater and marine ecosystems. This, in turn, supports healthier aquatic environments, which contribute to maintaining water quality and nutrient cycles essential for adjacent terrestrial ecosystems. Furthermore, aquaculture offers alternative livelihoods in rural areas with challenging farming conditions, creating sustainable income without compromising land resources [22]. Aquaculture supports human needs and environmental health by conserving arable land for ecosystem restoration. In this way, sustainable aquaculture aligns with SDG 15, balancing food production with land conservation in Bangladesh. However, as land is becoming increasingly scarce in Bangladesh, further research and development on integrated aquaculture–agriculture systems and recirculating aquaculture are important to optimize land use and enhance sustainable aquaculture productivity.

3.3.1. SDG 1: No Poverty

Poverty is a significant economic and social challenge affecting a large portion of the global population, manifesting in various forms, such as inadequate income and productive resources for sustainable livelihoods, chronic hunger, malnutrition, homelessness, lack of essential goods, poor health, limited access to clean water and education, low life expectancy, social exclusion, discrimination, high unemployment rates, elevated infant and maternal mortality, and restricted participation in decision making [126]. As of today, 8.5% of the global population lives in extreme poverty, surviving on less than $2.15 per person per day [127]. It is the most vital enemy of human civilization, and reducing it is the top agenda throughout the world for achieving SDGs for the sustainable existence of the present and future generations [25]. SDG 1 (end poverty in all forms everywhere) is particularly important in middle-income countries as well as for Bangladesh [12]. In several countries, including Bangladesh, measures are already being implemented to combat extreme poverty and improve the standards of living of impoverished communities, with steady progress being realized in several cases. Of the different global food production systems, aquaculture is widely perceived as an important food production weapon in the global fight against poverty, particularly within developing countries [104]. Poverty reduction through aquaculture in recent years has been emphasized, particularly by both the government and the international development partners, as few sectors in Bangladesh demonstrate the development potential for socioeconomic emancipation and rural poverty reduction than aquaculture [14, 94]. Studies from different regions of Bangladesh have shown varied and significant results regarding the impact of aquaculture on poverty alleviation, highlighting its diverse benefits across the country. Aquaculture plays a crucial role in poverty reduction by generating income and employment for millions of people, particularly in rural areas. It offers livelihood opportunities through fish farming, processing, and trading, directly improving the economic conditions of smallholder farmers and laborers [14, 36, 54, 70, 93]. In recent years, the transformation of the aquaculture value chain has created employment opportunities and contributed to reducing rural poverty [128]. According to Razi et al. [129], the income profiles of aquaculture farmers in Bangladesh indicate that they are not income-poor, with an average per capita daily income of BDT 1500 (US $18.8), significantly exceeding the World Bank’s poverty threshold of US $1.90. While large-scale farmers earned about 10 times more than small-scale farmers, even smaller producers reported daily incomes of US $4.9, more than double the international poverty line, highlighting the potential of aquaculture for economic empowerment across scales. The growth of feed importer companies and pharmaceuticals in Bangladesh’s aquaculture sector has significantly contributed to poverty alleviation by creating diverse employment opportunities and boosting the rural economy. These industries support small-scale fish farmers with affordable inputs and innovative solutions, enhancing productivity, and reducing production risks. The availability of high-quality feed and drugs has improved fish health and yield, leading to increased income for farming households. In addition, the expansion of these industries strengthens value chains, benefiting workers, suppliers, and local businesses, thereby uplifting livelihoods and fostering socioeconomic development. [31, 34, 53]. The establishment of successful private sector hatcheries for riverine carp species and the emergence of informal local markets for trading live fingerlings have been key factors stimulating commercialization in northwest Bangladesh. There are over 1100 hatcheries in both the private and government sectors in Bangladesh [11], employing a significant workforce, which in turn contributes to poverty reduction by creating sustainable livelihoods for many people. Since poverty is a dynamic condition, continuous research should be conducted on its various aspects to different aquaculture practices, and development projects should be designed accordingly.

3.3.2. SDG 4: Quality Education

Literacy remains a significant challenge in Asia, especially in south and southeast Asia, where millions of children lack basic reading and writing skills. According to UNESCO [130], south Asia has one of the highest rates of learning poverty, which is defined as children unable to read and understand a simple text by age 10, with more than 50% of children affected. Gender disparities in literacy persist across many Asian countries, with young girls frequently facing barriers to education due to cultural norms and economic constraints [130]. The COVID-19 pandemic has further impacted child literacy across Asia. Prolonged school closures and limited access to online resources set back literacy progress, particularly in rural areas without digital infrastructure. Aquaculture in Bangladesh drives socioeconomic development, supporting access to Quality Education (SDG 4) for communities engaged in this sector. By generating income and creating stable employment opportunities, aquaculture empowers families, particularly in rural and coastal areas, to invest in their children’s education and ensure their access to schooling [131, 132] (Table 4). Increased household income from sustainable fish farming enables parents to afford school fees, educational materials, and extracurricular learning opportunities, enhancing children’s access to quality education. According to Baki et al. [133], most children of aquaculture farmers are literate, with 84% completing primary education. Among them, 54% attained primary level education, 30% reached secondary level, 2% were only capable of signing their names, and 6% were illiterate. Different studies show that aquaculture-related income boosts overall community resilience, allowing families to prioritize education even during economic downturns or environmental challenges [134]. Furthermore, aquaculture cooperatives and community-based programs often reinvest profits into local educational facilities, improving infrastructure and resources for schools [135]. There is limited research on the direct and indirect role of aquaculture in the education system within aquaculture-producing communities in Bangladesh. Therefore, studies should be conducted to gain a clear understanding of its impact and guide future planning.

3.3.3. SDG 5: Gender Equality

Globally, gender inequality persists across crucial areas, such as economic participation, education, and political representation. In Bangladesh, aquaculture contributes significantly to advancing SDG 5 (Gender Equality) by fostering women’s empowerment and enhancing their involvement in economic activities. Women play an active role in different stages of aquaculture, including pond management, fish feeding, and processing, which not only generates income but also strengthens their decision-making power within households [35]. According to Ahmed et al. [136], women possess considerable expertise in managing aquaculture production, including tasks, such as scheduling, harvesting, determining feeding frequency, and removing unused feed. They are actively involved in cage construction, maintenance, identifying male and female prawns, procuring quality seed, and stocking fish. In some programs, women have also taken on the role of selling fish independently, primarily at farm gates, local markets, or to middlemen. A significant positive outcome of their participation is the increase in family income, which is predominantly allocated to essential needs, such as food, health, and education, contributing to overall household well-being. Njogu et al. [137] reported that the participation of women in aquaculture in Bangladesh was predominantly focused on feed preparation (72%), feeding (66%), and guarding ponds (47%) (Table 4). Additionally, 13% of women were involved in tasks, such as pond preparation, organic manure application, stocking fingerlings, dike cropping, and supervising labor, while 10% participated in water quality management, disease checking, and marketing fish. Overall, 82% of women engaged in at least three aquaculture activities, based on a survey of 1653 households in the Rangpur and Rajshahi districts. Studies highlight the significant role of women in aquaculture, showcasing its potential to advance SDG 5 in Bangladesh. Shirajee et al. [17] reported high levels of women’s involvement in aquaculture in Mymensingh. According to Siddiqa [141], women are actively participating in aquaculture activities in 74% of households in Khulna, Sathkhira, and Bagerhat districts, with higher involvement in homestead-based aquaculture (89%) compared to other forms of aquaculture. According to Islam [142], there are around 20,000 women were employed in shrimp processing factories in the southern region of Bangladesh for 6 months of the year. In recent years, this number has been steadily increasing as the shrimp industry expands, creating more employment opportunities for women. This growth not only contributes to economic development but also plays a crucial role in promoting gender equality by integrating more women into the formal workforce, enhancing their financial independence, and strengthening their social empowerment in coastal communities. In recent years, numerous factories specializing in crab fattening have emerged in the southern coastal regions of Bangladesh, driven by the growing profitability of crab exports. This expansion has led to increased crab production and aquaculture development. Consequently, rural women whether educated or semi-educated, skilled or semiskilled are finding employment opportunities in private and project-based aquaculture industries. These industries enable women to earn a higher cash income, empowering them to participate in additional income-generating activities within their households [143]. While multiple studies highlight the potential of women’s involvement in aquaculture to foster social and economic empowerment, significant barriers and restrictions still persist. Further research and development may focus on assessing the impact of women’s participation in aquaculture on household well-being, identifying barriers to their involvement in higher-value activities, and designing targeted interventions to enhance their economic empowerment and contribution to advancing SDG 5.

3.3.4. SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

SDG 8 aims to promote sustainable and inclusive economic growth, ensuring full and productive employment, and decent work for all by 2030. Addressing high unemployment rates, job insecurity, and poor working conditions, particularly in developing nations, is essential to achieving this goal. The International Labour Organization (ILO) highlights the need to create 470 million jobs globally by 2030 to meet workforce demands, especially in emerging economies [144]. Aquaculture contributes significantly to this agenda by providing vast employment opportunities across the supply chain, from production and processing to marketing and distribution [145]. In Bangladesh, aquaculture and fisheries sectors together is a cornerstone of economic growth and employment, engaging over 17 million people [138]. This sector makes a significant contribution, representing approximately 25% of the agricultural GDP and 4% of the national GDP while employing around 11% of the population. Between 2009 and 2022, Bangladesh saw an impressive 142% growth in aquaculture production [138]. Coastal districts, such as Barisal (95%), Khulna (89%), and Chittagong (87%), have particularly high participation rates in aquaculture by fishermen, as reported by Razi et al. [129]. While inland districts like Rangpur (67%), Sylhet (53%), and Dhaka (52%) show lower engagement, aquaculture remains a critical livelihood source across these regions. The sector’s labor-intensive nature offers diverse job opportunities, including fish farming, hatchery management, processing, and quality control, accommodating workers of varying skill levels [36, 116] (Table 4). Shrimp farming, a booming industry, exemplifies aquaculture’s role in job creation, directly employing 87,000 individuals in farming activities and supporting an additional 5000–6000 families in shrimp processing and ancillary industries [146]. Moreover, aquaculture drives foreign exchange earnings through exports, supporting national GDP growth and providing funds for infrastructure and social programs. It also promotes rural development by creating jobs in areas where traditional agriculture is limited by environmental challenges, stabilizing communities, and reducing urban migration [52]. Aquaculture in Bangladesh generates diverse employment opportunities where the feed industry, with over 100 feed mills, employs workers in production, quality control, and distribution. Jobs in research, sales, and supply chains are created by the drugs and chemicals sector, while fish processing and marketing offer roles in cleaning, packaging, and logistics. Export-oriented operations and support services like equipment supply further boost employment, with research institutions fostering innovation and sustainability [70, 139]. By diversifying income sources and fostering sustainable local livelihoods, aquaculture can strengthen the economic stability of Bangladesh and contribute directly to SDG 8 by ensuring decent work and sustained economic growth. Various employment opportunities are emerging across different segments of the aquaculture value chain; however, there are no available statistics on this. While the Department of Fisheries (DoF) is responsible for monitoring such developments, it currently only records fish production data. Therefore, initiatives should be undertaken to ensure continuous monitoring of decent employment opportunities generated by the aquaculture value chain.

3.3.5. SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities

Achieving successful and sustainable global development requires addressing the inequalities that exist within and between nations [75]. SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities specifically aims to reduce disparities in income, opportunities, and access to resources, particularly for marginalized and vulnerable populations [1, 75 ]. Promoting equality among nations involves eliminating poverty in developing and underdeveloped countries, enabling them to actively and equitably participate in global financial and environmental decision-making. In Bangladesh, aquaculture supports SDG 10 by promoting economic inclusion and sustainable livelihoods for marginalized populations, particularly in rural and coastal areas [54, 123] (Table 4). By providing accessible income opportunities, aquaculture narrows income disparities between rural and urban communities, a central goal of SDG 10. The growth of commercial fish hatcheries in the rural areas developed huge employment opportunities of the people of different socioeconomic classes such as poor, medium, better-off, illiterate, literate, young, old, man, women, etc. [112]. In Bangladesh and other developing countries, small-scale aquaculture development projects have helped low-income households increase their incomes and achieve greater financial stability, reducing economic inequality in urban areas [12] (Table 4). This form of economic inclusion enables vulnerable populations to gain independence, contributing to SDG 10^′s target of income growth for the bottom 40% of the population. Aquaculture also plays a role in social inclusion, particularly for women and ethnic minorities, by offering accessible employment and empowering them to enter economic roles [136]. Research in Bangladesh highlights that when women participate in aquaculture, household incomes improve, and investments in health and education increase, supporting a more equitable quality of life for all family members [137, 140]. This aligns with SDG 10’s emphasis on reducing inequalities through equal access to economic resources and participation. Training and development programs within the aquaculture sector further enhance economic resilience by targeting disadvantaged communities and equipping them with skills to operate and manage fish farms [135]. By fostering inclusive growth and reducing barriers to economic participation, aquaculture aligns closely with SDG 10’s mission to reduce inequalities within and among countries, promoting resilience and sustainable economic development. Aquaculture significantly contributes to reducing inequalities by creating diverse employment opportunities across farms, feed companies, and the drugs and chemical sectors. Women and marginalized groups are increasingly engaged in roles, such as pond management, feed production, and fish processing, ensuring their active participation in the economic value chain [128]. Furthermore, fair wage practices and inclusive hiring in marketing and distribution enable equitable income generation and promote social inclusion. Research and development initiatives may focus on inclusive aquaculture practices that empower poor communities, promote equitable income distribution, and expand training programs to strengthen economic resilience, aligning with the goals of SDG 10.

3.4.1. SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

The Industrial Revolution, which began in the mid-eighteenth century, marked a transformative era by surpassing the limitations of human and animal labor. It revolutionized electricity generation, goods production, and transportation, significantly enhancing productivity and convenience [75]. However, the widespread adoption of new energy sources also brought substantial environmental consequences [147]. With the global population projected to reach 9 billion by 2050, the demand for essential resources, such as food, water, housing, consumer goods, energy, and transportation is expected to rise sharply [75]. This surge in energy consumption will likely exacerbate environmental challenges, underscoring the urgent need for a new industrial revolution, one grounded in sustainable, affordable, and eco-friendly energy solutions [148]. In Bangladesh, pond aquaculture significantly contributes to SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) by promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy integration. Traditional pond systems rely on natural sunlight and ecosystem services, reducing the need for external energy inputs. Solar-powered pumps and aerators are increasingly being adopted, lowering operational costs and minimizing fossil fuel dependency [149, 150]. Moreover, nutrient-rich pond water is reused for agriculture, optimizing resource use and reducing energy-intensive fertilizer requirements. Nutrient recycling through the reuse of pangasius pond sediments as fertilizer enhances sustainable farming by improving nutrient efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. This integration supports para-grass cultivation for dairy fodder, promoting sustainable intensification, and nutrition security in Bangladesh [18]. These practices enhance the sustainability and affordability of aquaculture while supporting local communities by providing accessible protein sources and reducing energy demands associated with transportation.

3.4.2. SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

SDG 9 is based on three interconnected pillars—Infrastructure, Industry, and Innovation. These pillars all share the objective of achieving socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable economic development. Realizing SDG 9 by 2030 will require overcoming resource constraints, building and strengthening developing countries’ capacities, exploring innovative ways to solve development challenges, build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation. Aquaculture in Bangladesh significantly contributes to SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) through industrial growth, technological advancements, and infrastructure development. The expansion of aquaculture has led to the establishment of numerous ancillary industries, including 112 government and 1027 private hatcheries [151], feed mills, over 130 processing plants, the equipment industry, and cold storage facilities. These industries add value to aquaculture products and generate employment opportunities, stimulating economic growth. For instance, the development of private sector hatcheries and feed mills has been instrumental in supplying high-quality seeds and pelleted feeds, essential for the industry’s sustainability.

A wide range of technological advancements have been introduced to enhance aquaculture and fisheries production in Bangladesh [152]. Among these, integrated systems, such as fish-poultry, fish-horticulture [153] have gained popularity due to their resource-efficient approach. The mixed culture of carps [154] and the composite farming of carps with freshwater prawn [155] are also widely practiced to maximize yield. Modern aquaculture practices have seen the adoption of cage and pen culture [156, 157], mono-sex tilapia production [158], and advanced systems like RAS [159] and aquaponics [19].

Advancements in hatchery operations have been particularly notable, with emphasis on induced breeding techniques to boost seed production efficiency [160]. Efforts to diversify nutrient sources have also led to the adoption of mixed culture systems involving carps and nutrient-dense small fish, such as Amblypharyngodon mola [161]. Complementing these practices are innovative feed solutions, including the use of black soldier fly larvae [162]. Moreover, the implementation of biofloc systems [163] and the development of indoor Artemia culture [164] have contributed to improved feed utilization and overall productivity. However, Geographic Information System (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), and remote sensing are now used for fish stock forecasting [165], while machine learning applications are improving the speed and accuracy of aquaculture data collection [166, 167]. In addition to aquaculture systems, numerous supportive innovations have been implemented [152]. Digital kit boxes for detecting formalin in fish [168] and tools like sperm cryopreservation [169] aid in breeding programs, while molecular diagnostics assist in virus detection in shrimp [21]. Collectively, these innovations are transforming aquaculture into more productive, sustainable, and technologically advanced sectors in Bangladesh. The National Aquaculture Development Strategy and Action Plan of Bangladesh (2013–2020) outlines a roadmap for sustained action to develop the sector, emphasizing the importance of infrastructure development. Through industrial growth, technological innovation, and infrastructure development, aquaculture in Bangladesh significantly contributes to achieving SDG 9. These advancements bolster the economy and enhance the sector’s sustainability and resilience, aligning with the broader objectives of sustainable development. Furthermore, research and development initiatives should focus on optimizing innovative aquaculture technologies, improving infrastructure, and fostering industrial growth to enhance the sustainability and resilience of aquaculture in Bangladesh, thereby accelerating progress toward achieving SDG 9.

3.4.3. SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

Sustainable cities and communities focus on making urban areas inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. With urbanization increasing globally, this goal emphasizes improving housing, transportation, and infrastructure to foster sustainable urban development. It also aims to reduce the environmental impact of cities, including waste management and air quality, and to enhance accessibility to green spaces. SDG 11 encourages building resilient communities that can withstand economic, social, and environmental challenges, ensuring a better quality of life for urban residents [170]. Aquaculture in Bangladesh supports SDG 11 by contributing to urban food security and promoting sustainable food systems within cities. Fish consumption data from 2016 to 2022 highlights a notable reliance of capital cities and other divisional cities on rural aquaculture [171]. Although the population density in urban areas is higher than in rural areas, rural aquaculture plays a crucial role in supplying fish to urban demand, resulting in higher fish consumption rates in urban areas. While rural daily per capita fish consumption slightly decreased from 68.2 g in 2016–67.7 g in 2022, urban consumption increased from 60.6 g to 67.9 g during the same period [171]. This reflects the crucial role of rural aquaculture in ensuring a consistent and abundant fish supply to urban populations, contributing to their higher consumption rates. Urban aquaculture and aquaponics allow for fresh, local food production, reducing reliance on long-distance food transport and the associated carbon emissions [19]. These systems integrate fish farming with hydroponic plant growth, enabling cities to produce vegetables and fish compactly and sustainably. Urban aquaculture also addresses food scarcity in low-income urban neighborhoods, improving access to affordable, nutritious food and supporting community well-being [45]. RAS efficiently recycles water, making it ideal for urban fish production, lowering transport emissions, and minimizing waste, while biofloc technology uses bacteria to convert waste into microbial protein, reducing feed needs and enabling compact and sustainable urban aquaculture [172]. Moreover, aquaculture offers economic opportunities within urban areas, creating local jobs in production, processing, and sales, strengthening community resilience. Urban aquaculture can be incorporated into green buildings and rooftop gardens, enhancing city resilience, and providing green spaces that contribute to better air quality and community engagement. By making fresh food accessible, creating jobs, and promoting sustainable practices, aquaculture aligns closely with SDG 11’s vision of sustainable, resilient, and inclusive cities and communities.

3.4.4. SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

This goal focuses on fostering inclusive, peaceful, and just societies as a foundation for sustainable development [75]. Although global homicide rates have declined, incidents of violent conflict have increased in recent decades [173]. Persistent issues, such as poverty, food insecurity, and limited access to education continue to hinder development outcomes and contribute to social instability [174, 175]. Although aquaculture does not have a direct link to peace, it may, however, significantly contribute to maintaining a peaceful society, fostering socioeconomic stability, creating equitable livelihoods, and reducing conflicts over resources. In Bangladesh, aquaculture serves as an alternative income source, particularly in areas where overfishing has strained wild fish stocks, thereby reducing competition and tensions over aquatic resources [132]. The financial stability provided by aquaculture in Bangladesh diminishes reliance on volatile, resource-dependent livelihoods, bolstering community resilience, and mitigating poverty-driven conflicts [176]. Inclusive management practices in the aquaculture sector of Bangladesh bring together local communities, government bodies, and organizations, fostering equitable resource governance, and strengthening trust among stakeholders. These partnerships ensure that communities benefit economically from aquaculture while transparent regulations and fair access to resources promote stronger institutions and peaceful cooperation in managing fisheries [22]. By driving equitable development, aquaculture in Bangladesh contributes to SDG 16’s vision of creating peaceful, justice, and resilient societies. Aquaculture fosters collaboration among a diverse network of actors and institutions. Hatchery owners, growers, feed traders, drug and chemical suppliers, fish traders, and equipment suppliers are all interconnected within the aquaculture value chain, creating a robust institutional framework. This network promotes stability and economic opportunities, contributing to social peace and harmonious relationships among stakeholders. The DoF is actively conducting regular training programs to enhance the skills and capacities of individuals involved in aquaculture and fisheries development. In the fiscal year 2023–2024, a total of 51,460 beneficiaries, along with 3900 officers and employes of the DoF, received training on various subjects under the revenue sector [151]. Furthermore, through various projects supervised by the DoF, training has been provided to an additional 58,906 beneficiaries, of which 11,697 are women. These initiatives aim to strengthen the capacity and effectiveness of officers and employes, thereby improving institutional capabilities, and ensuring responsive and accountable governance that effectively addresses the needs of stakeholders [151]. The number of aquaculture farmers in every village across Bangladesh is steadily increasing. However, the lack of sufficient number of fisheries officers at the Upazila (subdistrict) level has resulted in a significant shortage of personnel to provide essential guidance on fish farming, nutrition, and disease management. To address this gap, the DoF should expand its workforce by establishing government fisheries offices at the union level.

3.4.5. SDG 17: Partnerships for Sustainable Development

Aquaculture contributes to SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals by fostering collaborations among governments, private industry, research institutions, universities, and communities to promote sustainable development and responsible resource use in Bangladesh. These partnerships drive innovation and sustainable practices through joint initiatives that enhance productivity, share technology, and improve environmental management. For example, collaborations between research institutions and aquaculture producers have led to the development of advanced technologies like RAS, aquaponics, biofloc systems, and IMTA, which promote resource efficiency and environmental sustainability. International partnerships play a critical role in Bangladesh by facilitating knowledge transfer, training, and capacity building. Programs led by the World Bank, FAO, WorldFish, and regional organizations provide essential resources to help communities adopt sustainable aquaculture practices, boosting local economies, and food security [22]. Additionally, public–private partnerships ensure access to financing, market linkages, and certifications, enabling small-scale farmers to enter global markets. These multilevel collaborations support SDG 17 by addressing shared global challenges and advancing sustainable, inclusive growth.

Several institutions in Bangladesh actively promote research and development (R&D), contributing significantly to innovation and sustainable development. The Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC) coordinates agricultural research, emphasizing improved food security and sustainable farming. The BFRI advances R&D in fisheries and aquaculture, introducing innovative technologies like RAS and IMTA. Universities, like Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) conducts research in agricultural sciences, biotechnology, and aquaculture, while organizations like IFPRI Bangladesh focus on policy-driven solutions to food security and nutrition challenges. Moreover, around 20 public and private universities have established undergraduate and postgraduate programs in fisheries and aquaculture, often collaborating with local and international institutions on a range of research initiatives. Officially, BFRI, DoF, and Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation (BFDC), under the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, work collaboratively to advance fisheries and aquaculture activities through research, development, management, and commercial initiatives. Meanwhile, the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), addresses critical public health issues like malnutrition and waterborne diseases. Private sector entities, including feed manufacturers and hatcheries, contribute to productivity and sustainability by investing in innovative solutions. International collaborations with organizations like WorldFish and FAO provide technical support and funding to enhance R&D in fisheries and aquaculture. Together, these institutions and partnerships drive progress in science, technology, and innovation, advancing the SDGs of Bangladesh. Aquaculture in Bangladesh holds immense potential for sustainable development through strategic partnerships, as it integrates multiple sectors, such as fisheries, environmental science, biotechnology, and economics. However, effective aquaculture development requires continued collaborative efforts from universities, government agencies, and private organizations to address challenges, such as resource management, disease control, and technological advancements. By facilitating cross-sectoral cooperation, aquaculture contributes significantly to food security, economic growth, and the livelihoods of millions in Bangladesh.