Acute Stress Effects Over Time on the Stress Axis in the Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Brain
This article is part of Special Issue:
Constanze Pietsch,
Paulina Pawlak,
Jonathan Konrad,
Corresponding Author
Constanze Pietsch
Institute of Agronomy , School of Agricultural , Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL) , Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH) , Zollikofen , 3052 , Switzerland , bfh.ch
ProFishCare GmbH , Bösch 43, Hünenberg , 6331 , Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorPaulina Pawlak
Institute of Agronomy , School of Agricultural , Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL) , Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH) , Zollikofen , 3052 , Switzerland , bfh.ch
Search for more papers by this authorJonathan Konrad
Institute of Agronomy , School of Agricultural , Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL) , Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH) , Zollikofen , 3052 , Switzerland , bfh.ch
Search for more papers by this authorConstanze Pietsch,
Paulina Pawlak,
Jonathan Konrad,
Corresponding Author
Constanze Pietsch
Institute of Agronomy , School of Agricultural , Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL) , Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH) , Zollikofen , 3052 , Switzerland , bfh.ch
ProFishCare GmbH , Bösch 43, Hünenberg , 6331 , Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorPaulina Pawlak
Institute of Agronomy , School of Agricultural , Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL) , Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH) , Zollikofen , 3052 , Switzerland , bfh.ch
Search for more papers by this authorJonathan Konrad
Institute of Agronomy , School of Agricultural , Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL) , Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH) , Zollikofen , 3052 , Switzerland , bfh.ch
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 21 March 2025
Abstract
This study investigates gene expression profiles over time in the brain of juvenile carp subjected to several acute stressors, which have not yet been investigated in such detail in this fish species so far. A stress trial with carp was conducted aiming at identifying relevant differences in gene expressions 30, 60, and 90 min after treatment. Using quantitative real-time PCR, the expression of hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI)-related axis genes and immediate early genes (IEGs) across four different brain parts (telencephalon, hypothalamus, optic tectum, rhombencephalon). Our findings show that acute stress resulted in pronounced effects on the gene expression patterns in all brain parts between control fish or fish sampled 30, 60, or 90 min after stress application. Furthermore, the gene regulation patterns in feed rewarded and feed control fish frequently show differences to the gene expression patterns of confined and air-exposed fish. These results provide new insights into the dynamics of stress-induced gene regulation in fish, emphasizing the complexity and specificity of the HPI axis response to different stressors over time.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in a repository at https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/PCR_Carp_V2_Acute_Stress/27342339?file=50086011.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| are1121460-sup-0001-f1.docxWord 2007 document , 14 KB | Supporting Information 1 Table S1: Mean water parameters determined by the system of Minosys GmbH (Bönigen, Switzerland), whereby the temperature logging data were only available for 9 days of the experiment, which explains the discrepancy to the manual water parameter monitoring shown in Table S2. |
| are1121460-sup-0002-f2.docxWord 2007 document , 14.7 KB | Supporting Information 2 Table S2: Mean manual water parameters at each of the sampling days measured in each of the eight experimental tanks. Values obtained from a Hach Lange GmbH (Rheineck, Switzerland) device and Merck tests (Merck group, Switzerland) for ammonia (Cat.no. 1147520001), nitrite (Cat.no. 1147760002), and nitrate (Cat.no. 1097130002) summarized for the carp experiment. |
| are1121460-sup-0003-f3.docxWord 2007 document , 13.6 KB | Supporting Information 3 Table S3: Timing of carp sampling in minutes and seconds. |
| are1121460-sup-0004-f4.docxWord 2007 document , 2.6 MB | Supporting Information 4 Table S4: Comprehensive gene stability as assessed by RefFinder (https://www.ciidirsinaloa.com.mx/RefFinder-master/) based on the algorithms of the Delta CT method, the Best Keeper method, normFinder, and GeNorm. |
| are1121460-sup-0005-f5.docxWord 2007 document , 39 KB | Supporting Information 5 Figure S1: Morphological characteristics for each treatment group exposed to air (air), treated by chasing (chasing) or confinement (confine), control fish (contr), fish without feeding (feedctr), or fish fed in the morning (feed); TL = total body length, SL = standard body length, condition = Fulton’s condition factor, BMI = body mass index, n = 6 for each group. |
| are1121460-sup-0006-f6.docxWord 2007 document , 14.2 KB | Supporting Information 6 Table S5: ANOVA tables for the morphological characteristics of the fish. |
| are1121460-sup-0007-f7.docxWord 2007 document , 12.8 MB | Supporting Information 7 Figure S2. Gene expression profile in the telencephalon of control fish (group 1) and fish after the treatment (30 min = 2; 60 min = 3; 90 min = 4), whereby the following different treatments have been applied as described in Section 2: feed rewarding, feed control, chasing, confinement and air exposure, marginal means ± SEM; n = 6 per treatment, means of groups with the same letters are not significantly different from each other, p > 0.05). Figure S3: Gene expression profile in the hypothalamus of control fish (group 1) and fish after the treatment (30 min = 2; 60 min = 3; 90 min = 4), whereby the following different treatments have been applied as described in Section 2: feed rewarding, feed control, chasing, confinement and air exposure, marginal means ± SEM; n = 6 per treatment, means of groups with the same letters are not significantly different from each other, p > 0.05). Figure S4: Gene expression profile in the optic tectum of control fish (group 1) and fish after the treatment (30 min = 2; 60 min = 3; 90 min = 4), whereby the following different treatments have been applied as described in Section 2: feed rewarding, feed control, chasing, confinement and air exposure, marginal means ± SEM; n = 6 per treatment, means of groups with the same letters are not significantly different from each other, p > 0.05). Figure S5: Gene expression profile in the rhombencephalon of control fish (group 1) and fish after the treatment (30 min = 2; 60 min = 3; 90 min = 4), whereby the following different treatments have been applied as described in Section 2: feed rewarding, feed control, chasing, confinement and air exposure, marginal means ± SEM; n = 6 per treatment, means of groups with the same letters are not significantly different from each other, p > 0.05). |
| are1121460-sup-0008-f8.docxWord 2007 document , 637.7 KB | Supporting Information 8 Figure S6: Gene expression analysis based on principal component analyses (PCAs) for the most contributing genes in each of the telencephalons showing their representation on the factor map as cos2 values for the five most important dimensions of the PCA of fish 0, 30, 60, and 90 min after treatment; n = 6 per treatment. |
| are1121460-sup-0009-f9.docxWord 2007 document , 773.9 KB | Supporting Information 9 Figure S7: Gene expression analysis based on principal component analyses (PCAs) for the most contributing genes in each of the hypothalamus showing their representation on the factor map as cos2 values for the five most important dimensions of the PCA of fish 0, 30, 60, and 90 min after treatment; n = 6 per treatment. |
| are1121460-sup-0010-f10.docxWord 2007 document , 568.6 KB | Supporting Information 10 Figure S8: Gene expression analysis based on principal component analyses (PCAs) for the most contributing genes in each of the optic tectum showing their representation on the factor map as cos2 values for the five most important dimensions of the PCA of fish 0, 30, 60, and 90 min after treatment; n = 6 per treatment. |
| are1121460-sup-0011-f11.docxWord 2007 document , 838.2 KB | Supporting Information 11 Figure S9: Gene expression analysis based on principal component analyses (PCAs) for the most contributing genes in each of the rhombencephalons showing their representation on the factor map as cos2 values for the five most important dimensions of the PCA of fish 0, 30, 60, and 90 min after treatment; n = 6 per treatment. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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