ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Longitudinal Associations Among Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Symptoms, Body Dissatisfaction, Restriction, and Suicide Ideation Among Adolescents
Reza N. Sahlan,
Rachel Frietchen,
Marley G. Billman Miller,
Wendy Troop-Gordon,
April Smith,
Reza N. Sahlan
Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, New York, USA
Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Methodology (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorRachel Frietchen
Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
Contribution: Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorMarley G. Billman Miller
Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
Contribution: Formal analysis (lead), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorWendy Troop-Gordon
Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
Contribution: Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
April Smith
Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
Correspondence:
April Smith ([email protected])
Contribution: Supervision (lead), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorReza N. Sahlan,
Rachel Frietchen,
Marley G. Billman Miller,
Wendy Troop-Gordon,
April Smith,
Reza N. Sahlan
Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, New York, USA
Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Methodology (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorRachel Frietchen
Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
Contribution: Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorMarley G. Billman Miller
Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
Contribution: Formal analysis (lead), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorWendy Troop-Gordon
Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
Contribution: Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
April Smith
Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
Correspondence:
April Smith ([email protected])
Contribution: Supervision (lead), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 08 July 2025
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
ABSTRACT
Objective
Although previous research has established bidirectional links between many eating disorder (ED) symptoms and suicidal ideation (SI), no research has examined how symptoms of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) longitudinally relate to SI, which is the current study's aim.
Methods
Iranian adolescents completed questionnaires assessing ARFID symptoms, other ED symptoms, and SI across three timepoints (T1 [N = 1243], T2 [n = 856], T3 [n = 639]). We used a latent growth curve model with structured residuals to examine reciprocal associations across time.
Result
Most between-subject associations were significant. Within-person analyses showed body dissatisfaction, cognitive restraint, restriction, and SI predicted increases in each other over time, but ARFID symptoms did not predict other changes. In the ARFID subsample, some associations were nonsignificant; ARFID symptoms still did not predict other symptoms, while other key variables continued to predict each other.
Conclusions
ED symptoms were temporally linked, with SI consistently predicting all ED symptoms, including ARFID. In the ARFID subsample, ARFID symptoms did not predict other ED behaviors but were predicted by prior SI and body dissatisfaction. Findings suggest ED symptoms may help regulate affect in adolescents with SI, warranting further research.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding or first author upon reasonable request.
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