Original Article
Prevalence of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Nonclinical Samples: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression
Sarah V. Swannell PhD,
Graham E. Martin MD, FRANZCP, DPM,
Andrew Page PhD,
Penelope Hasking PhD,
Nathan J. St John,
Corresponding Author
Sarah V. Swannell PhD
School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
Address correspondence to Sarah V. Swannell, K Floor, Mental Health Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Qld 4006, Australia; E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorGraham E. Martin MD, FRANZCP, DPM
School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorAndrew Page PhD
Deans Unit-School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorPenelope Hasking PhD
School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
Search for more papers by this authorNathan J. St John
School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorSarah V. Swannell PhD,
Graham E. Martin MD, FRANZCP, DPM,
Andrew Page PhD,
Penelope Hasking PhD,
Nathan J. St John,
Corresponding Author
Sarah V. Swannell PhD
School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
Address correspondence to Sarah V. Swannell, K Floor, Mental Health Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Qld 4006, Australia; E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorGraham E. Martin MD, FRANZCP, DPM
School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorAndrew Page PhD
Deans Unit-School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorPenelope Hasking PhD
School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
Search for more papers by this authorNathan J. St John
School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorWe are grateful to library support staff for assisting with database search procedures. The corresponding author had access to all data from the study (both reported and unreported) and had complete freedom to direct its analysis and its reporting without influence from the sponsors. The corresponding author also affirms that there was no editorial direction or censorship from the sponsors and no employees of the sponsor contributed to preparation of drafts of manuscripts. All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design or analysis and interpretation of data and substantial contributions to drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content. All authors have approved the final version submitted for publication. There are no conflict of interests. The principal investigator takes full responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis, and all authors had full access to all the data in the study. There was no financial support for writing this paper. No author has any financial relationship with commercial interests.
Abstract
Published prevalence estimates of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among nonclinical samples are highly heterogeneous, raising concerns about their reliability and hindering attempts to explore the alleged increase in NSSI over time. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of methodological factors on heterogeneity in NSSI prevalence estimates, explore changes over time, and estimate overall international NSSI prevalence. Results showed that methodological factors contributed over half (51.6%) of the heterogeneity in prevalence estimates, and, after adjusting for these factors, NSSI prevalence did not increase over time. Overall, pooled NSSI prevalence was 17.2% among adolescents, 13.4% among young adults, and 5.5% among adults. Clearly, development of standardized methodology in NSSI research is crucial if accurate estimates are desired.
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