Candidaemia in Central Slovenia: A 12-year retrospective survey
Tadeja Matos
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Conceptualization (lead), Supervision (lead), Writing - original draft (lead), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorTatjana Lejko Zupanc
Department for Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Conceptualization (supporting), Formal analysis (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorAndreja Skofljanec
Zdravstveni zavod Zdravje, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorAnja Jazbec
University Medical Centre Ljubljana Division of Internal Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorErika Matos
Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorPolona Maver Vodičar
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - original draft (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorJulija Germ
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - original draft (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorTadeja Ciglar
Department for Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorRok Tomazin
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - original draft (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorRomina Kofol
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorManica Mueller Premru
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Mateja Pirs
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Correspondence
Mateja Pirš, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Formal analysis (lead), Writing - original draft (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorTadeja Matos
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Conceptualization (lead), Supervision (lead), Writing - original draft (lead), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorTatjana Lejko Zupanc
Department for Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Conceptualization (supporting), Formal analysis (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorAndreja Skofljanec
Zdravstveni zavod Zdravje, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorAnja Jazbec
University Medical Centre Ljubljana Division of Internal Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorErika Matos
Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorPolona Maver Vodičar
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - original draft (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorJulija Germ
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - original draft (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorTadeja Ciglar
Department for Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorRok Tomazin
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - original draft (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorRomina Kofol
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorManica Mueller Premru
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Investigation (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Mateja Pirs
Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Correspondence
Mateja Pirš, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Formal analysis (lead), Writing - original draft (supporting), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Background
Candida bloodstream infections (BSI) became an important invasive disease in the late 20th century, in particular among immunocompromised patients. Although considerable progress has been made in the management of patients with invasive mycoses, Candida BSI are still widespread among hospitalised patients and are associated with relatively high mortality.
Objectives
We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate patient characteristics, incidence, species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of BSI isolates of Candida spp. as well as outcomes of Candida BSI from 2001 to 2012, before the widespread use of echinocandins. This is the first epidemiological study of Candida BSI in Slovenia so far.
Methods
All documented candidaemia cases from 2001 to 2012 in two major hospitals—University Medical Centre and Institute of Oncology in Ljubljana, Slovenia—were taken into consideration. Candida BSI were identified in 422 patients (250 male, 172 female). Laboratory and clinical data of these patients were retrospectively analysed. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables and Fisher's exact test or chi-squared test for categorical variables.
Results and conclusions
The average incidence of Candida BSI was 0.524/10.000 patient-days (0,317/1000 admissions); 16/422 were younger than 1 year and 251/422 patients were over 60 years old. The most commonly isolated species were Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, followed by Candida parapsilosis. Majority of the patients had a single episode of Candida BSI, multiple episodes of Candida BSI occurred in 18/434 patients (4.1%); in 25/434 patients (5.8%) mixed Candida BSI were observed. Crude 30-day case-fatality rate was 55.4%.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
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