Prevalence and treatment strategies regarding temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents—A systematic review
Corresponding Author
Nikolaos Christidis
Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
Correspondence
Nikolaos Christidis, Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorElisande Lindström Ndanshau
Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorAmanda Sandberg
Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorGeorgios Tsilingaridis
Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
Center of Pediatric Oral Health, Stockholm, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Nikolaos Christidis
Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
Correspondence
Nikolaos Christidis, Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorElisande Lindström Ndanshau
Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorAmanda Sandberg
Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorGeorgios Tsilingaridis
Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
Center of Pediatric Oral Health, Stockholm, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
Aims
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in children/adolescents are very common. Yet, there is a lack of consensus regarding which clinical interventions are appropriate. The aim of this systematic review was to gather and assess the quality of the available literature on the prevalence and evidence-based treatment strategies in children and adolescents suffering from TMD.
Methods
A systematic literature review was conducted including articles from 1992 to 2016. A total of 2293 articles were found. Eight were included, six regarding prevalence and two regarding treatment. Simple or multiple conjunctions of different search words: “temporomandibular disorder”, “temporomandibular joint disorder”, “prevalence”, “children” “adolescents”, “occlusal appliance”, “jaw exercise” and “relaxation” were used on the databases PubMed and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria were (a) scientific articles or randomised controlled clinical trials evaluating prevalence, choice of therapy and treatment outcome for children and/or adolescents with TMD published in Swedish or English and (b) a TMD diagnosis according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD or Diagnostic Criteria for TMD.
Results
Prevalence (ages 10-19 years) varied between 7.3 and 30.4%, and the most common diagnoses were myofascial pain and anterior disc displacement with reduction. Only two articles were found regarding treatment in adolescents (ages 12-18 years). The stabilising occlusal appliance had superior treatment outcome compared to relaxation therapy or brief information.
Conclusion
The general absence of standardised studies concerning children/adolescents with TMD pain states the evident need for further systematic prevalence and treatment evaluations. Considering this, it is not possible to achieve any evidence-based treatment strategies or guidelines for children and adolescents with TMD.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
REFERENCES
- 1Sessle BJ. The pain crisis: what it is and what can be done. Pain Res Treat. 2012; 2012: 703947.
- 2Chantaracherd P, John MT, Hodges JS, Schiffman EL. Temporomandibular joint disorders’ impact on pain, function, and disability. J Dent Res. 2015; 94: 79S-86S.
- 3Okeson JP, Attanasio R, Mohl ND. Temporomandibular disorders: past, present, and future. J Craniomandib Disord. 1992; 6: 103-106.
- 4American Academy of Orofacial P, Okeson JP. Orofacial Pain: Guidelines for Assessment, Classification, and Management. Chicago, IL; London: Quintessence Pub. Co., Inc; 1996.
- 5Motghare V, Kumar J, Kamate S, et al. Association between harmful oral habits and sign and symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders among adolescents. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015; 9: ZC45-ZC48.
- 6Okeson JP. Temporomandibular Joint Pains. In Bell's Oral and Facial Pain, 7th edn. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing; 2014.
- 7Steenks MH. The gap between dental education and clinical treatment in temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain. J Oral Rehabil. 2007; 34: 475-477.
- 8Al-Khotani A, Bjrnsson O, Naimi-Akbar A, Christidis N, Alstergren P. Study on self- assessment regarding knowledge of temporomandibular disorders in children/adolescents by Swedish and Saudi Arabian dentists. Acta Odontol Scand. 2014; 73: 522-529.
- 9Thomas SP. A phenomenologic study of chronic pain. West J Nurs Res. 2000; 22: 683-699; discussion 699–705.
- 10Jedel E, Carlsson J, Stener-Victorin E. Health-related quality of life in child patients with temporomandibular disorder pain. Eur J Pain. 2007; 11: 557-563.
- 11List T, Wahlund K, Larsson B. Psychosocial functioning and dental factors in adolescents with temporomandibular disorders: a case-control study. J Orofac Pain. 2001; 15: 218-227.
- 12List T, Wahlund K, Wenneberg B, Dworkin SF. TMD in children and adolescents: prevalence of pain, gender differences, and perceived treatment need. J Orofac Pain. 1999; 13: 9-20.
- 13Newacheck PW, Taylor WR. Childhood chronic illness: prevalence, severity, and impact. Am J Public Health. 1992; 82: 364-371.
- 14Rabbitts JA, Holley AL, Groenewald CB, Palermo TM. Association between widespread pain scores and functional impairment and health-related quality of life in clinical samples of children. J Pain. 2016; 17: 678-684.
- 15McClain BASS. Ch 3: theories on common adolescent pain syndromes. In: J MacLaren, KC Chorney, BC McClain, eds. Handbook of Pediatric Chronic Pain: Current Science and Integrative Practice. London: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC; 2011: 27-44.
10.1007/978-1-4419-0350-1 Google Scholar
- 16Ciancaglini R, Radaelli G. The relationship between headache and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder in the general population. J Dent. 2001; 29: 93-98.
- 17Manfredini D, Guarda-Nardini L, Winocur E, Piccotti F, Ahlberg J, Lobbezoo F. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review of axis I epidemiologic findings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011; 112: 453-462.
- 18Dworkin SF, LeResche L. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: review, criteria, examinations and specifications, critique. J Craniomandib Disord. 1992; 6: 301-355.
- 19Schiffman E, Ohrbach R, Truelove E, et al. Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) for clinical and research applications: recommendations of the International RDC/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group†. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2014; 28: 6-27.
- 20Casanova-Rosado JF, Medina-Solis CE, Vallejos-Sanchez AA, Casanova-Rosado AJ, Hernandez-Prado B, Avila-Burgos L. Prevalence and associated factors for temporomandibular disorders in a group of Mexican adolescents and youth adults. Clin Oral Invest. 2006; 10: 42-49.
- 21Sena MF, Mesquita KS, Santos FR, Silva FW, Serrano KV. Prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction in children and adolescents. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2013; 31: 538-545.
- 22da Silva CG, Pacheco-Pereira C, Porporatti AL, et al. Prevalence of clinical signs of intra-articular temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2016; 147: 10-18 e18.
- 23Posadzki P, Lee MS, Ernst E. Osteopathic manipulative treatment for pediatric conditions: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2013; 132: 140-152.
- 24Mejare IA, Klingberg G, Mowafi FK, Stecksen-Blicks C, Twetman SH, Tranaeus SH. A systematic map of systematic reviews in pediatric dentistry–what do we really know? PLoS ONE. 2015; 10: e0117537.
- 25Tegelberg A, List T, Wahlund K, Wenneberg B. Temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: a survey of dentists’ attitudes, routine and experience. Swed Dent J. 2001; 25: 119-127.
- 26Fricton J, Look JO, Wright E, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating intraoral orthopedic appliances for temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 2010; 24: 237.
- 27Beecroft EV, Durham J, Thomson P. Retrospective examination of the healthcare ‘journey’ of chronic orofacial pain patients referred to oral and maxillofacial surgery. Br Dent J. 2013; 214: E12.
- 28Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009; 6: e1000097.
- 29Shamliyan TA, Kane RL, Ansari MT, et al. Development quality criteria to evaluate nontherapeutic studies of incidence, prevalence, or risk factors of chronic diseases: pilot study of new checklists. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 64: 637-657.
- 30Nordenström J. Värdebaserad vård: är vi så bra vi kan bli? Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet University Press; 2014.
- 31Nilsson I-M. Reliability, Validity, Incidence and Impact of Temporomandibular Pain Disorders in Adolescents. Malmö: Malmö Högskola; 2007.
- 32Franco-Micheloni AL, Fernandes G, de Godoi Goncalves DA, Camparis CM. Temporomandibular disorders in a young adolescent Brazilian population: epidemiologic characterization and associated factors. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2015; 29: 242-249.
- 33Graue AM, Jokstad A, Assmus J, Skeie MS. Prevalence among adolescents in Bergen, Western Norway, of temporomandibular disorders according to the DC/TMD criteria and examination protocol. Acta Odontol Scand. 2016; 74: 449-455.
- 34Al-Khotani A, Naimi-Akbar A, Albadawi E, Ernberg M, Hedenberg-Magnusson B, Christidis N. Prevalence of diagnosed temporomandibular disorders among Saudi Arabian children and adolescents. J Headache Pain. 2016; 17: 41.
- 35Wahlund K, List T, Larsson B. Treatment of temporomandibular disorders among adolescents: a comparison between occlusal appliance, relaxation training, and brief information. Acta Odontol Scand. 2003; 61: 203-211.
- 36Wahlund K, Nilsson IM, Larsson B. Treating temporomandibular disorders in adolescents: a randomized, controlled, sequential comparison of relaxation training and occlusal appliance therapy. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2015; 29: 41-50.
- 37Wu N, Hirsch C. Temporomandibular disorders in German and Chinese adolescents. J Orofac Orthop. 2010; 71: 187-198.
- 38Wahlund K, List T, Dworkin SF. Temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: reliability of a questionnaire, clinical examination, and diagnosis. J Orofac Pain. 1998; 12: 42-51.
- 39Nilsson IM, List T, Drangsholt M. Incidence and temporal patterns of temporomandibular disorder pain among Swedish adolescents. J Orofac Pain. 2007; 21: 127-132.
- 40Nilsson IM, List T, Drangsholt M. The reliability and validity of self-reported temporomandibular disorder pain in adolescents. J Orofac Pain. 2006; 20: 138-144.
- 41Nilsson IM, List T, Drangsholt M. Prevalence of temporomandibular pain and subsequent dental treatment in Swedish adolescents. J Orofac Pain. 2005; 19: 144-150.
- 42Vanderas AP. Prevalence of craniomandibular dysfunction in children and adolescents: a review. Pediatr Dent. 1987; 9: 312-316.
- 43 American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Dental School. Treatment of temporomandibular disorders in children: summary statements and recommendations. J Am Dent Assoc. 1990; 120: 265, 267, 269.
- 44Goodman JE, McGrath PJ. The epidemiology of pain in children and adolescents: a review. Pain. 1991; 46: 247-264.
- 45Nydell A, Helkimo M, Koch G. Craniomandibular disorders in children–a critical review of the literature. Swed Dent J. 1994; 18: 191-205.
- 46Feteih RM. Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and oral parafunctions in urban Saudi Arabian adolescents: a research report. Head Face Med. 2006; 2: 25.
- 47Tecco S, Crincoli V, Di Bisceglie B, et al. Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders in Caucasian children and adolescents. Cranio. 2011; 29: 71-79.
- 48LeResche L. Epidemiology of temporomandibular disorders: implications for the investigation of etiologic factors. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1997; 8: 291-305.
- 49Toscano P, Defabianis P. Clinical evaluation of temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: a review of the literature. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2009; 10: 188-192.
- 50Dworkin SF. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: current status & future relevance 1. J Oral Rehabil. 2010; 37: 734-743.
- 51Wahlund K, Larsson B. Long-term treatment outcome for adolescents with temporomandibular pain. Acta Odontol Scand. 2018; 76: 153-160.
- 52Lindfors E, Tegelberg A, Magnusson T, Ernberg M. Treatment of temporomandibular disorders – knowledge, attitudes and clinical experience among general practising dentists in Sweden. Acta Odontol Scand. 2016; 74: 460-465.
- 53Nagata K, Maruyama H, Mizuhashi R, et al. Efficacy of stabilisation splint therapy combined with non-splint multimodal therapy for treating RDC/TMD axis I patients: a randomised controlled trial. J Oral Rehabil. 2015; 42: 890-899.
- 54Nilsson IM, Willman A. Treatment seeking and self-constructed explanations of pain and pain management strategies among adolescents with temporomandibular disorder pain. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2016; 30: 127-133.
- 55Truelove E, Huggins KH, Mancl L, Dworkin SF. The efficacy of traditional, low-cost and nonsplint therapies for temporomandibular disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006; 137: 1099-1107; quiz 1169.
Citing Literature
