The factors influencing burnout and job satisfaction among critical care nurses: a study of Saudi critical care nurses
Corresponding Author
Jalal Alharbi DipNsg, RN,BN(UNE), MPHIL(UNE)
Master of Philosophy in Nursing
Health Service Strengthening, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
Correspondence
Jalal Alharbi
University of New England
School of Health
Armidale
NSW 2351
Australia
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRhonda Wilson RN, BNSc (JCU), MNurs(Hons), (UNE), PhD (UNE)
Lecturer in Mental Health Nursing
Health Service Strengthening, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCindy Woods BEd (Hons), PhD
Senior Research Officer
Health Service Strengthening, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorKim Usher RN, RPN, A/DipNEd, BA, BHSc, MNSt, PhD, FACN, FACMHN
Head of School
School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jalal Alharbi DipNsg, RN,BN(UNE), MPHIL(UNE)
Master of Philosophy in Nursing
Health Service Strengthening, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
Correspondence
Jalal Alharbi
University of New England
School of Health
Armidale
NSW 2351
Australia
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRhonda Wilson RN, BNSc (JCU), MNurs(Hons), (UNE), PhD (UNE)
Lecturer in Mental Health Nursing
Health Service Strengthening, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCindy Woods BEd (Hons), PhD
Senior Research Officer
Health Service Strengthening, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorKim Usher RN, RPN, A/DipNEd, BA, BHSc, MNSt, PhD, FACN, FACMHN
Head of School
School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Aim
The aim of the study was to explore the prevalence of burnout and job satisfaction among Saudi national critical care nurses.
Background
Burnout is caused by a number of factors, including personal, organisational and professional issues. Previous literature reports a strong relationship between burnout and job satisfaction among critical care nurses. Little is known about this phenomenon among Saudi national critical care nurses.
Methods
A convenience sample of 150 Saudi national critical care nurses from three hospitals in Hail, Saudi Arabia were included in a cross-sectional survey.
Results
Saudi national critical care registered nurses reported moderate to high levels of burnout in the areas of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. Participants also reported a feeling of ambivalence and dissatisfaction with their jobs but were satisfied with the nature of their work.
Conclusions
Saudi national critical care nurses experience moderate to high levels of burnout and low levels of job satisfaction. Burnout is a predictor of job satisfaction for Saudi national critical care nurses.
Implications for nursing and health policy
These results provide clear evidence of the need for nurse managers and policy makers to devise strategies to help nurses better cope with a stressful work environment, thereby also improving job satisfaction among Saudi national critical care nurses.
References
- Abu-Zinadah S. (2011) Saudi nursing is still absent from the development plans. Retrieved November 27, 2013, from http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=43&article=613154&issueno=11799#.UpV5nNKmiSo
- Abu-Zinadah S. (2004) The situation of Saudi nursing. Health Forum 52, 42–43.
- Adwan J.Z. (2014) Pediatric nurses' grief experience, burnout and job satisfaction. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 29, 329–336.
- Aiken L.H., Clarke S.P., Sloane D.M., Sochaiski J. & Silber J.H. (2002) Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. Journal of the American Medical Association 288 (16), 1987–1993.
- Alamri A., Rasheed M. & Alfawzan N. (2006) Reluctance of Saudi Youth toward the Nursing Profession and the High Rate of Unemployment in Saudi Arabia: Causes and Effects. King Saud University, Riyadh.
- Al-Hussami M. (2008) A study of nurses' job satisfaction: the relationship to organizational commitment, perceived organizational support, transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and level of education. European Journal of Scientific Research 22 (2), 286–295.
- Almalki M., Fitzgerald G. & Clark M. (2011) The nursing profession in Saudi Arabia: an overview. International Nursing Review 58, 304–311.
- Al-Omar B.A. (2003) Sources of work-stress among hospital staff at the Saudi MOH. Economics and Administration, 17 (1), 3–16.
- Alotaibi J., Paliadelis P.S. & Valenzuela F.R. (2015) Factors that affect the job satisfaction of Saudi Arabian nurses. Journal of Nursing Management 24 (3), 275–282.
- Al-Sa'd A. (2007) Quantum leap for Saudi nursing. Health Forum 79, 39.
- Al-Turki H.A., Al-Turki R.A., Al-Dardas H.A. et al. (2010) Burnout syndrome among multinational nurses working in Saudi Arabia. Annals of African Medicine 9 (4), 226–229.
- Arabi Y. & Al Shimemeri A. (2006) Critical care medicine in Saudi Arabia. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 12 (1/2), 225–230.
- Awa W.L., Plaumann M. & Walter U. (2010) Burnout prevention: a review of intervention programs. Patient Education and Counseling 78, 184–190.
- Büttner P. & Muller R. (2011) Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Cai C. & Zhou Z. (2009) Structural empowerment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention of Chinese clinical nurses. Nursing and Health Sciences 11, 397–403.
- Chou Y.C., Fu L.Y., Kroeger T. & Chiu R.Y. (2011) Job satisfaction and quality of life among home care workers: a comparison of home care workers who are and who are not informal carers. International Psychogeriatrics 23, 814–825.
- Davis B.A., Ward C., Woodall M., Shultz S. & Davis H. (2007) Comparison of job satisfaction between experienced medical-surgical nurses and experienced critical care nurses. MedSug Nursing 16 (5), 311–316.
- Embriaco N., Papazian L., Kentish-Barnes N., Pochard F. & Azoulay E. (2007) Burnout syndrome among critical care healthcare workers. Current Opinion in Critical Care 13, 482–488.
- Epps K. (2012) Burnout in critical care nurses: a literature review. Dynamics 23 (4), 25–31.
- Faul F., Erdfelder E., Buchner A. & Lang A.-G. (2009) Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods 41, 1149–1160.
- Felps W., Mitchell T.R., Hekman D.R., Lee T.W., Holtom B.C. & Harman W.S. (2009) Turnover contagion: how coworkers' job embeddedness and job search behaviors influence quitting. Academy of Management Journal 52 (3), 545–561.
- Franek M. & Vecera J. (2008) Personal characteristics and job satisfaction. Ekonomika A Management 4, 63–76.
- Guntupalli K.K., Wachtel S., Mallampalli A. & Surani S. (2014) Burnout in the intensive care unit professionals. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 18 (3), 139–143.
- Iglesias M. & Vallejo R. (2013) Prevalence and relationship between burnout, job satisfaction, stress, and clinical manifestations in Spanish critical care nurses. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing 32 (3), 130–137.
- Khamisa N., Peltzer K. & Oldenburg B. (2013) Burnout in relation to specific contributing factors and health outcomes among nurses: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, 2214–2240.
- Kloppers H.C., Coetzee S.K., Pretorius R. & Bester P. (2012) Practice environment, job satisfaction and burnout of critical care nurses in South Africa. Journal of Nursing Management 20, 685–695.
- Lautizi M., Laschinger H.K.S. & Ravazzolo S. (2009) Workplace empowerment, job satisfaction and job stress among Italian mental health nurses: an exploratory study. Journal of Nursing Management 17 (4), 446–452.
- Lee J.S.Y. & Akhtar S. (2011) Effects of the workplace social context and job content on nurse burnout. Resource Management 50 (2), 227–245.
- Machado D.A., Louro T.Q., de Figueiredo N.M.A. & Vianna L.M.A. (2012) The exhaustion of nursing: an integrative review of the burnout syndrome in ICU. Revista de Pesquisa: Cuidado é Fundamental Online 4 (4), 2765–2775.
- Mahon P.R. (2014) A critical ethnographic look at paediatric intensive care nurses and the determinants of nurses' job satisfaction. Intensive Critical Care Nursing 30 (1), 45–53.
- Maslach C., Jackson S. & Leiter M. (1986) Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual, 2nd edn. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto.
- Maslach C., Schaufeli W.B. & Leiter M.P. (2001) Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology 52, 397–422.
- Mealer M.L., Shelton A., Berg B., Rothbaum B. & Moss M. (2007) Increased prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in critical care nurses. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 175 (7), 693–697.
- Mealer M., Burnham E., Goode C., Rothbaum B. & Moss M. (2009) The prevalence and impact of post traumatic stress disorder and burnout syndrome in nurses. Depression and Anxiety 26 (12), 1118–1126.
- Medland J., Howard-Ruben J. & Whitaker E. (2004) Fostering psychosocial wellness in oncology nurse: addressing burnout and social support in the workplace. Oncology Nursing Forum 31, 47–54.
- MoH (2011) Health Statistical Year Book. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Monte P.F., Lima F.E.T., Neves F.M.O., Studart R.M.B. & Dantas R.T. (2013) Stress among professional nurses working in intensive care units. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem 26 (5), 421–427.
- Myhren H., Ekeberg O. & Stokland O. (2013) Job satisfaction and burnout among intensive care unit nurses and physicians. Critical Care Research and Practice Article ID 786176, 1–6, DOI:10.1155/2013/786176
10.1155/2013/786176 Google Scholar
- Neuman W.L. (2003) Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
- Ohue T., Moriyama M. & Nakaya T. (2011) Examination of a cognitive model of stress, burnout and intention to resign for Japanese nurses. Japanese Journal of Nursing Science 8, 76–86.
- Özden D., Karagözoğlu Ş. & Yildirim G. (2013) Intensive care nurses' perception of futility: job satisfaction and burnout dimensions. Nurse Ethics 20 (4), 436–447.
- Polit D.F. & Beck C.T. (2012) Nursing Research: Principles and Methods. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
- Quenot J.P., Rigaud J.P., Prin S. et al. (2012) Suffering among carers working in critical care can be reduced by an intensive communication strategy on end-of-life practices. Intensive Care Medicine 8, 55–61.
- Raftopoulos V., Charalambous A. & Talias M. (2012) The factors associated with the burnout syndrome and fatigue in Cypriot nurses: a census report. BMC Public Health 12, 457.
- Reader T.W., Cuthbertson B.H. & Decruyenaere J. (2008) Burnout in the ICU: potential consequences for staff and patient well-being. Intensive Care Medicine 34, 4–6.
- Spector P.E. (1997) Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes, and Consequences. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
10.4135/9781452231549 Google Scholar
- Teixeira C., Ribeiro O., Fonseca A.M. & Carvalho A.S. (2013) Burnout in intensive care units – a consideration of the possible prevalence and frequency of new risk factors: a descriptive correlational multicentre study. BMC Anesthesiology 13, 38–52.
- Zhang A., Tao H., Ellenbecker C.H. & Liu X. (2013) Job satisfaction in mainland China: comparing critical care nurses and general ward nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing 69 (8), 1725–1736.
- Zhang X., Huang D. & Guan P. (2014) Job burnout among critical care nurses from 14 adult intensive care units in North-Eastern China: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open 4, e004813.