Measurement of In Vivo Sunscreen Immune Protection Factors in Humans
Diona L. Damian
Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorRoss StC. Barnetson
Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Gary M. Halliday
Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
*Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia. Fax: (612) 9515 6863; e-mail:[email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDiona L. Damian
Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorRoss StC. Barnetson
Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Gary M. Halliday
Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
*Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia. Fax: (612) 9515 6863; e-mail:[email protected]Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
This study investigates the level of protection provided by sunscreens against solar-simulated UV radiation-induced immunosuppression in humans. The in vivo immune protection factors (IPF) of two broad-spectrum sunscreens were determined by assessing their ability to prevent UV-induced suppression of nickel contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in 15 nickel-allergic volunteers. Each volunteer was irradiated on unprotected skin of the back with different doses of UV daily for 4 days. Multiples of these UV doses were concurrently delivered to sunscreen-treated sites on the contralateral back. Nickel patches were then applied to both irradiated sites and adjacent, unirradiated control sites. Nickel-induced erythema at each site was measured 72 h later with a reflectance spectrometer. Comparison of the nickel reactions of irradiated and unirradiated skin revealed linear UV dose–responses for immunosuppression in both unprotected and sunscreen-treated skin. The minimum level of immunosuppression that can be reliably detected with this method is 20%. Therefore, the UV dose that reduces mean nickel CHS by 20% is the minimal immune suppression dose (MISD). Sunscreen IPF were determined by dividing the mean MISD of sunscreen-treated skin by that of unprotected skin. The sunscreens, with sun protection factors of 9 and 24, had IPF of 6.5 and >25, respectively.
References
- 1 Streilein, J. W., J. R. Taylor, V. Vincek, I. Kurimoto, J. Richardson, C. Tie, J.-P. Medema and C. Golomb (1994) Relationship between ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. J. Invest. Dermatol 103, 107S–111S.
- 2 Hersey, P., M. MacDonald, C. Burns, S. Schibeci, H. Matthews and F. J. Wilkinson (1987) Analysis of the effect of a sunscreen agent on the suppression of natural killer cell activity induced in human subjects by radiation from solarium lamps. J. Invest. Dermatol. 88, 271–276.
- 3 Van Praag, M. C. G., C. Out-Luyting, F. H. J. Claas, B.-J. Ver-meer and A. M. Mommaas (1991) Effect of topical sunscreens on the UV-radiation-induced suppression of the alloactivating capacity in human skin in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol. 97, 629–633.
- 4 Whitmore, S. E. and W. L. Morison (1995) Prevention of UVB-induced immunosuppression in humans by a high sun protection factor sunscreen. A re h. Dermatol. 131, 1128–1133.
- 5 Serre, I., J. P. Cano, M.-C. Picot, J. Meynadier and L. Meunier (1997) Immunosuppression induced by acute solar-simulated ultraviolet exposure in humans: prevention by a sunscreen with sun protection factor of 15 and high UVA protection. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 37, 187–194.
- 6 Hayag, M. V., T. Chattier, J. DeVoursney, C. Tie, B. Machler and J. R. Taylor (1997) A high SPF sunscreen's effects on UVB-induced immunosuppression of DNCB contact hypersensitivity. J. Dermatol. Sci. 16, 31–37.
- 7 Moyal. D., C. Courbiere, Y. Le Corre, O. de Lacharriére and C. Hourseau (1997) Immunosuppression induced by chronic solar-simulated irradiation in humans and its prevention by sunscreens. Eur. J. Dermatol. 7, 223–225.
- 8 Damian, D. L., G. M. Halliday and R. StC. Barnetson (1997) Broad-spectrum sunscreens provide greater protection against ultraviolet radiation-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity to a recall antigen in humans. J. Invest. Dermatol. 109, 146–151.
- 9 Davenport, V., J. F. Morris and A. C. Chu (1997) Immunologic protection afforded by sunscreens in vitro. J. Invest. Dermatol. 108, 859–863.
- 10 Fedler, R. and K. Stromer (1993) Nickel sensitivity in atopics, psoriatics and healthy subjects. Contact Dermatitis 29, 65–69.
- 11 Fitzpatrick, T. B. (1988) The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Arch. Dermatol, 124, 869–871.
- 12 Adams, R. M. (1981) Patch testing–a recapitulation. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 5, 629–643.
- 13 Damian, D. L., R. StC. Barnetson and G. M. Halliday (1999) Low-dose UVA and UVB have different time-courses for suppression of contact hypersensitivity to a recall antigen in humans. J. Invest. Dermatol. 112, 939–944.
- 14 Sternberg, C. and O. Larko (1985) Sunscreen application and its importance for the sun protection factor. Arch. Dermatol. 121, 1400–1402.
- 15 Bestak, R., R. StC. Barnetson, M. R. Nearn and G. M. Halliday (1995) Sunscreen protection of contact hypersensitivity responses from chronic solar-simulated ultraviolet irradiation correlates with the absorption spectrum of the sunscreen. J. Invest. Dermatol. 105, 345–351.
- 16 Damian, D. L., G. M. Halliday, C. A. Taylor and R. St C. Barnetson (1998) Ultraviolet radiation induced suppression of Man-toux reactions in humans. J. Invest. Dermatol. 110, 824–827.
- 17 Yoshikawa, T., V. Rae, W. Bruins-Slot, J.-W. Van den Berg, R. J. Taylor and J. W. Streilein (1990) Susceptibility to effects of UVB radiation on induction of contact hypersensitivity as a risk factor for skin cancer in humans. J. Invest. Dermatol. 95, 530–536.
- 18 Taylor, J. R., G. J. Schmieder, T. Shimizu, C. Tie and J. W. Streilein (1994) Interrelationship between ultraviolet light and recurrent herpes simplex infections in man. J. Dermatol. Sci. 8, 224–232.
- 19 Donawho, C. K., H. K. Muller, C. D. Bucana and M. L. Kripke (1996) Enhanced growth of murine melanoma in ultraviolet-irradiated skin is associated with local inhibition of immune effector mechanisms. J. Immunol. 157, 781–786.
- 20
Czarnecki, D.,
J. Zalcberg,
E. Kulinskaya and
T. Kay (1995) Impaired cell-mediated immunity of apparently normal patients who had multiple skin cancers.
Cancer
76, 228–231.
10.1002/1097-0142(19950715)76:2<228::AID-CNCR2820760211>3.0.CO;2-N PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 21 Czarnecki, D., A. Mar and E. Kulinskaya (1996) Cell-mediated immunity of patients who have had basal cell carcinomas. Acta Dermato-Venereol. (Stoclch.) 76, 28–30.
- 22 Bouwes Bavinck, J. N., A. De Boer, B. J. Vermeer, M. M. Har-tevelt, F. J. van der Woude, F. H. J. Claas, R. Wolterbeek and J. P. Vandenbroucke (1993) Sunlight, keratotic skin lesions and skin cancer in renal transplant recipients. Br. J. Dermatol. 129, 242–249.
- 23 de Villiers, E.-M. (1998) Dossier: virus and cancer–part II. Human papillomavirus infections in skin cancers. Biomed. Pharmacother. 52, 26–33.
- 24 Harwood, C. A., P. J. Spink, T. Surentheran, I. M. Leigh, J. L. M. Hawke, C. M. Proby, J. Breuer and J. M. McGregor (1998) Detection of human papillomavirus in PUVA-associated non-melanoma skin cancers. J. Invest. Dermatol. 111, 123–127.
- 25 Thompson, S. C., D. Jolley and R. Marks (1993) Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use. N. Engl. Med. J. 329, 1147–1151.
- 26 Vermeer, M., G. J. Schmieder, T. Yoshikawa, J. W. van den Berg, M. S. Metzman, J. R. Taylor and J. W. Streilein (1991) Effects of ultraviolet B light on cutaneous immune responses of humans with deeply pigmented skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 97, 729–734.
- 27 Roberts, L. K. and D. G. Beasley (1995) Commercial sunscreen lotions prevent ultraviolet radiation-induced immune suppression of contact hypersensitivity. J. Invest. Dermatol. 105, 339–344.
- 28 Wolf, P. and M. L. Kripke (1998) Immunologic protection afforded by sunscreens beyond the designated sun protection factors? [Letter] J. Invest. Dermatol. 110, 184.
- 29 Bestak, R. and G. M. Halliday (1996) Chronic low-dose UVA irradiation induces local suppression of contact hypersensitivity, Langerhans cell depletion and suppressor cell activation in C3H/ HeJ mice. Photochem. Photobiol. 64, 969–974.
- 30 Roberts, L. K., D. G. Beasley, D. B. Learn, L. D. Giddens, J. Beard and J. W. Stanneld (1996) Ultraviolet spectral energy differences affect the ability of sunscreen lotions to prevent ultraviolet-radiation-induced immunosuppression. Photochem. Photobiol. 63, 874–884.
- 31 Wolf, P., C. K. Donawho and M. L. Kripke (1993) Analysis of the protective effect of different sunscreens on ultraviolet radiation-induced local and systemic suppression of contact hypersensitivity and inflammatory responses in mice. J. Invest. Dermatol. 100, 254–259.
