Removal of teeth results in both horizontal and vertical changes of hard and soft tissue dimensions. The magnitude of these changes is important for decision-making and comprehensive treatment planning, with provisions for possible solutions to expected complications during prosthetic rehabilitation.

Objectives

To review all English dental literature to assess the magnitude of dimensional changes of both the hard and soft tissues of the alveolar ridge up to 12 months following tooth extraction in humans.

Methods

An electronic MEDLINE and CENTRAL search complemented by manual searching was conducted to identify randomized controlled clinical trials and prospective cohort studies on hard and soft tissue dimensional changes after tooth extraction. Only studies reporting on undisturbed post-extraction dimensional changes relative to a fixed reference point over a clearly stated time period were included. Assessment of the identified studies and data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Data collected were reported by descriptive methods. Weighted means and percentages of the dimensional changes over time were calculated where appropriate.

Results

The search provided 3954 titles and 238 abstracts. Full text analysis was performed for 104 articles resulting in 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria. In human hard tissue, horizontal dimensional reduction (3.79 ± 0.23 mm) was more than vertical reduction (1.24 ± 0.11 mm on buccal, 0.84 ± 0.62 mm on mesial and 0.80 ± 0.71 mm on distal sites) at 6 months. Percentage vertical dimensional change was 11–22% at 6 months. Percentage horizontal dimensional change was 32% at 3 months, and 29–63% at 6–7 months. Soft tissue changes demonstrated 0.4–0.5 mm gain of thickness at 6 months on the buccal and lingual aspects. Horizontal dimensional changes of hard and soft tissue (loss of 0.1–6.1 mm) was more substantial than vertical change (loss 0.9 mm to gain 0.4 mm) during observation periods of up to 12 months, when study casts were utilized as a means of documenting the changes.

Conclusions

Human re-entry studies showed horizontal bone loss of 29–63% and vertical bone loss of 11–22% after 6 months following tooth extraction. These studies demonstrated rapid reductions in the first 3–6 months that was followed by gradual reductions in dimensions thereafter.

References

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List of included articles:

Aimetti, M., Romano, F., Griga, F.B. & Godio, L. (2009) Clinical and histologic healing of human extraction sockets filled with calcium sulfate. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 24: 902–929.
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Barone, A., Aldini, N.N., Fini, M., Giardino, R., Calvo Guirado, J.L. & Covani, U. (2008) Xenograft versus extraction alone for ridge preservation after tooth removal: a clinical and histomorphometric study. Journal of Periodontology 79: 1370–1377.
10.1902/jop.2008.070628
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Bragger, U., Schild, U. & Lang, N.P. (1994) Effect of chlorhexidine (0.12%) rinses on periodontal tissue healing after tooth extraction. (II). Radiographic parameters. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 21: 422–430.
10.1111/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00740.x
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Camargo, P.M., Lekovic, V., Weinlaender, M., Klokkevold, P.R., Kenney, E.B., Dimitrijevic, B., Nadic, M., Jancovic, S. & Orsini, M. (2000) Influence of bioactive glass on changes in alveolar process dimensions after exodontia. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology & Endodontology 90: 581–586.
10.1067/moe.2000.110035
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Carlsson, G.E. & Persson, G. (1967) Morphologic changes of the mandible after extraction and wearing of dentures. A longitudinal, clinical, and x-ray cephalometric study covering 5 years. Odontologisk Revy 18: 27–54.
PubMed Google Scholar
Crespi, R., Cappare, P. & Gherlone, E. (2009) Magnesium-enriched hydroxyapatite compared to calcium sulfate in the healing of human extraction sockets: radiographic and histomorphometric evaluation at 3 months. Journal of Periodontology 80: 210–218.
10.1902/jop.2009.080400
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Fiorellini, J.P., Howell, T.H., Cochran, D., Malmquist, J., Lilly, L.C., Spagnoli, D., Toljanic, J., Jones, A. & Nevins, M. (2005) Randomized study evaluating recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for extraction socket augmentation. Journal of Periodontology 76: 605–613.
10.1902/jop.2005.76.4.605
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Iasella, J.M., Greenwell, H., Miller, R.L., Hill, M., Drisko, C., Bohra, A.A. & Scheetz, J.P. (2003) Ridge preservation with freeze-dried bone allograft and a collagen membrane compared to extraction alone for implant site development: a clinical and histologic study in humans. Journal of Periodontology 74: 990–999.
10.1902/jop.2003.74.7.990
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Kerr, E.N., Mealey, B.L., Noujeim, M.E., Lasho, D.J., Nummikoski, P.V. & Mellonig, J.T. (2008) The effect of ultrasound on bone dimensional changes following extraction: a pilot study. Journal of Periodontology 79: 283–290.
10.1902/jop.2008.070289
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Lekovic, V., Camargo, P.M., Klokkevold, P.R., Weinlaender, M., Kenney, E.B., Dimitrijevic, B. & Nedic, M. (1998) Preservation of alveolar bone in extraction sockets using bioabsorbable membranes. Journal of Periodontology 69: 1044–1049.
10.1902/jop.1998.69.9.1044
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Lekovic, V., Kenney, E.B., Weinlaender, M., Han, T., Klokkevold, P., Nedic, M. & Orsini, M. (1997) A bone regenerative approach to alveolar ridge maintenance following tooth extraction. Report of 10 cases. Journal of Periodontology 68: 563–570.
10.1902/jop.1997.68.6.563
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Moya-Villaescusa, M.J. & Sanchez-Pérez, A. (2010) Measurement of ridge alterations following tooth removal: a radiographic study in humans. Clinical Oral Implants Research 21: 237–242.
10.1111/j.1600-0501.2009.01831.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Oghli, A.A. & Steveling, H. (2010) Ridge preservation following tooth extraction: a comparison between atraumatic extraction and socket seal surgery. Quintessence International 41: 605–609.
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Pelegrine, A.A., da Costa, C.E., Correa, M.E. & Marques, J.F. Jr (2010) Clinical and histomorphometric evaluation of extraction sockets treated with an autologous bone marrow graft. Clinical Oral Implants Research 21: 535–542.
10.1111/j.1600-0501.2009.01891.x
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Rasperini, G., Canullo, L., Dellavia, C., Pellegrini, G. & Simion, M. (2010) Socket grafting in the posterior maxilla reduces the need for sinus augmentation. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 30: 265–273.
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Rodd, H.D., Malhotra, R., O'Brien, C.H., Elcock, C., Davidson, L.E. & North, S. (2007) Change in supporting tissue following loss of a permanent maxillary incisor in children. Dental Traumatology 23: 328–332.
10.1111/j.1600-9657.2006.00466.x
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Saldanha, J.B., Casati, M.Z., Neto, F.H., Sallum, E.A. & Nociti, F.H. Jr (2006) Smoking may affect the alveolar process dimensions and radiographic bone density in maxillary extraction sites: a prospective study in humans. Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 64: 1359–1365.
10.1016/j.joms.2006.05.021
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Schropp, L., Wenzel, A., Kostopoulos, L. & Karring, T. (2003) Bone healing and soft tissue contour changes following single-tooth extraction: a clinical and radiographic 12-month prospective study. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 23: 313–323.
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Serino, G., Biancu, S., Iezzi, G. & Piattelli, A. (2003) Ridge preservation following tooth extraction using a polylactide and polyglycolide sponge as space filler: a clinical and histological study in humans. Clinical Oral Implants Research 14: 651–658.
10.1034/j.1600-0501.2003.00970.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Yilmaz, S., Efeoglu, E. & Kilic, A.R. (1998) Alveolar ridge reconstruction and/or preservation using root form bioglass cones. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 25: 832–839.
10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02378.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

List of excluded full text articles and the reason for exclusion:

Agbaje, J.O., Jacobs, R., Michiels, K., Abu-Ta'a, M. & van Steenberghe, D. (2009) Bone healing after dental extractions in irradiated patients: a pilot study on a novel technique for volume assessment of healing tooth sockets. Clinical Oral Investigations 13: 257–261.
10.1007/s00784-008-0231-7
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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

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PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Alissa, R., Esposito, M., Horner, K. & Oliver, R. (2010) The influence of platelet-rich plasma on the healing of extraction sockets: an explorative randomised clinical trial. European Journal of Oral Implantology 3: 121–134.
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Altundal, H. & Guvener, O. (2004) The effect of alendronate on resorption of the alveolar bone following tooth extraction. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 33: 286–293.
10.1006/ijom.2002.0472
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Alves-Rezende, M.C. & Okamoto, T. (1997) Effects of fibrin adhesive material (tissucol) on alveolar healing in rats under stress. Brazilian Dental Journal 8: 13–19.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Amemori, H. (1966) An experimental study of changes in the form of the mandible after extraction of lower posterior teeth. I. The areal change of mandibular frontal sections.. Bulletin of Tokyo Medical & Dental University 13: 59–74.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: study carried out on animals.

Anitua, E. (1999) Plasma rich in growth factors: preliminary results of use in the preparation of future sites for implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 14: 529–535.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Araujo, M., Linder, E., Wennstrom, J. & Lindhe, J. (2008) The influence of bio-oss collagen on healing of an extraction socket: an experimental study in the dog. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 28: 123–135.
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Araujo, M.G. & Lindhe, J. (2005) Dimensional ridge alterations following tooth extraction. An experimental study in the dog.. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 32: 212–218.
10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00642.x
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: only measured relative difference in height between buccal and lingual plates of the alveolus.

Araujo, M.G. & Lindhe, J. (2009a) Ridge alterations following tooth extraction with and without flap elevation: an experimental study in the dog. Clinical Oral Implants Research 20: 545–549.
10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01703.x
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: no baseline data available for comparison, thus unable to arrive at an estimate of dimensional change over time.

Araujo, M.G. & Lindhe, J. (2009b) Ridge preservation with the use of bio-oss collagen: a 6-month study in the dog. Clinical Oral Implants Research 20: 433–440.
10.1111/j.1600-0501.2009.01705.x
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: sample did not include untreated/undisturbed extraction sockets left to heal spontaneously.

Araujo, M.G., Sukekava, F., Wennstrom, J.L. & Lindhe, J. (2005) Ridge alterations following implant placement in fresh extraction sockets: an experimental study in the dog. Journal of Clin Periodontology 32: 645–652.
10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00726.x
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: sample did not include untreated/undisturbed extraction sockets left to heal spontaneously.

Ashman, A. & Bruins, P. (1985) Prevention of alveolar bone loss postextraction with htr grafting material. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine & Oral Pathology 60: 146–153.
10.1016/0030-4220(85)90282-8
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Exclusion criteria: descriptive report on procedure/technique; commentary.

Ashman, A. & Bruins, P. (1987) Prevention of alveolar bone loss postextraction with htr polymer grafting material. Journal of Oral Implantology 13: 270–281.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: descriptive report on procedure/technique; commentary.

Bahat, O., Deeb, C., Golden, T. & Komarnyckij, O. (1987) Preservation of ridges utilizing hydroxyapatite. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 7: 34–41.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: sample did not include untreated/undisturbed extraction sockets left to heal spontaneously.

Bergstedt, H., Wictorin, L. & Lundquist, G. (1973) Transplantation of bone treated with ethylenediamine into tooth sockets in immediate denture patients. Sven Tandlak Tidskr 66: 39–48.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: study subjects had immediate dentures after extraction, hence they did not have undisturbed healing post-extraction.

Berkovitz, B.K. (1971) The healing process in the incisor tooth socket of the rat following root resection and exfoliation. Archives of Oral Biology 16: 1045–1054.
10.1016/0003-9969(71)90209-3
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Bianchi, J., Fiorellini, J.P., Howell, T.H., Sekler, J., Curtin, H., Nevins, M.L. & Friedland, B. (2004) Measuring the efficacy of rhbmp-2 to regenerate bone: a radiographic study using a commercially available software program. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 24: 579–587.
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Boyes-Varley, J.G., Cleaton-Jones, P.E. & Lownie, J.F. (1988) Effect of a topical drug combination on the early healing of extraction sockets in the vervet monkey. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 17: 138–141.
10.1016/S0901-5027(88)80169-3
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (e.g. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Boyne, P.J. (1995) Use of htr in tooth extraction sockets to maintain alveolar ridge height and increase concentration of alveolar bone matrix. General Dentistry 43: 470–473.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Brandao, A.C., Brentegani, L.G., Novaes, A.B. Jr, Grisi, M.F., Souza, S.L., Taba Junior, M. & Salata, L.A. (2002) Histomorphometric analysis of rat alveolar wound healing with hydroxyapatite alone or associated to bmps. Brazilian Dental Journal 13: 147–154.
10.1590/S0103-64402002000300001
PubMed Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Cardaropoli, G., Araujo, M., Hayacibara, R., Sukekava, F. & Lindhe, J. (2005) Healing of extraction sockets and surgically produced – augmented and non-augmented – defects in the alveolar ridge. An experimental study in the dog.. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 32: 435–440.
10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00692.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Carlsson, G.E., Thilander, H. & Hedegard, B. (1967) Histologic changes in the upper alveolar process after extractions with or without insertion of an immediate full denture. Acta Odontolologica Scandinavica 25: 21–43.
10.3109/00016356709072521
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Carmagnola, D., Adriaens, P. & Berglundh, T. (2003) Healing of human extraction sockets filled with bio-oss. Clinical Oral Implants Research 14: 137–143.
10.1034/j.1600-0501.2003.140201.x
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Dayan, D., Bodner, L. & Horowitz, I. (1992) Effect of salivary gland hypofunction on the healing of extraction wounds: a histomorphometric study in rats. Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 50: 354–358.
10.1016/0278-2391(92)90397-I
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Fickl, S., Zuhr, O., Wachtel, H., Bolz, W. & Huerzeler, M. (2008b) Tissue alterations after tooth extraction with and without surgical trauma: a volumetric study in the beagle dog. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35: 356–363.
10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01209.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: study carried out on animals.

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10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01305.x
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Exclusion criteria: study carried out on animals.

Fickl, S., Zuhr, O., Wachtel, H., Bolz, W. & Huerzeler, M.B. (2008c) Hard tissue alterations after socket preservation: an experimental study in the beagle dog. Clinical Oral Implants Research 19: 1111–1118.
10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01575.x
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Exclusion criteria: no baseline data available for comparison, thus unable to arrive at an estimate of dimensional change over time.

Gauthier, O., Boix, D., Grimandi, G., Aguado, E., Bouler, J.M., Weiss, P. & Daculsi, G. (1999) A new injectable calcium phosphate biomaterial for immediate bone filling of extraction sockets: a preliminary study in dogs. Journal of Periodontology 70: 375–383.
10.1902/jop.1999.70.4.375
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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Green, L.J., Gong, J.K. & Neiders, M.E. (1969) Relationship between sr85 uptake and histological changes during healing in dental extraction wounds in rats. Archives of Oral Biology 14: 865–872.
10.1016/0003-9969(69)90264-7
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Guglielmotti, M.B. & Cabrini, R.L. (1985) Alveolar wound healing and ridge remodeling after tooth extraction in the rat: a histologic, radiographic, and histometric study. Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 43: 359–364.
10.1016/0278-2391(85)90257-5
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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Guglielmotti, M.B., Ubios, A.M. & Cabrini, R.L. (1985) Alveolar wound healing alteration under uranyl nitrate intoxication. Journal of Oral Pathology 14: 565–572.
10.1111/j.1600-0714.1985.tb00530.x
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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Guglielmotti, M.B., Ubios, A.M. & Cabrini, R.L. (1986) Alveolar wound healing after x-irradiation: a histologic, radiographic, and histometric study. Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 44: 972–976.
10.1016/S0278-2391(86)80051-9
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Exclusion criteria: no baseline data available for comparison, thus unable to arrive at an estimate of dimensional change over time.

Hahn, E., Sonis, S., Gallagher, G. & Atwood, D. (1988) Preservation of the alveolar ridge with hydroxyapatite-collagen implants in rats. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 60: 729–734.
10.1016/0022-3913(88)90408-8
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Exclusion criteria: study carried out on animals.

Hars, E. & Massler, M. (1972) Effects of fluorides, cortico-steroids and tetracyclines on extraction wound healing in rats. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 30: 511–522.
10.3109/00016357209019786
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Horn, Y., Sela, M.N., Shlomi, B., Ulmansky, M. & Sela, J. (1979) Effect of irradiation-timing on the initial socket healing in rats. International Journal of Oral Surgery 8: 457–461.
10.1016/S0300-9785(79)80085-X
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Hsieh, Y.D., Devlin, H. & McCord, F. (1995) The effect of ovariectomy on the healing tooth socket of the rat. Archives of Oral Biology 40: 529–531.
10.1016/0003-9969(94)00197-J
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Exclusion criteria: no baseline data available for comparison, thus unable to arrive at an estimate of dimensional change over time.

Huebsch, R.F. & Hansen, L.S. (1969) A histopathologic study of extraction wounds in dogs. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine & Oral Pathology 28: 187–196.
10.1016/0030-4220(69)90286-2
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Iino, G., Nishimura, K., Omura, K. & Kasugai, S. (2008) Effects of prostaglandin e1 application on rat incisal sockets. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 23: 835–840.
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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Iizuka, T., Miller, S.C. & Marks, S.C. Jr (1992) Alveolar bone remodeling after tooth extraction in normal and osteopetrotic (ia) rats. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 21: 150–155.
10.1111/j.1600-0714.1992.tb00092.x
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Exclusion criteria: sample did not include untreated/undisturbed extraction sockets left to heal spontaneously.

Indovina, A. Jr & Block, M.S. (2002) Comparison of 3 bone substitutes in canine extraction sites. Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 60: 53–58.
10.1053/joms.2002.00001
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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Kangvonkit, P., Matukas, V.J. & Castleberry, D.J. (1986) Clinical evaluation of durapatite submerged-root implants for alveolar bone preservation. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 15: 62–71.
10.1016/S0300-9785(86)80012-6
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Exclusion criteria: study subjects had immediate dentures after extraction, hence they did not have undisturbed healing post-extraction.

Lavelle, C.L. (1985) Preliminary study of mandibular shape after tooth loss. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 53: 726–730.
10.1016/0022-3913(85)90033-2
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Librus, H., Pietrokovski, J., Ulmanski, M. & Gedalia, I. (1973) The effect of fluoride on molar socket healing in the rat. Archives of Oral Biology 18: 1283–1289.
10.1016/0003-9969(73)90041-1
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Lindeboom, J.A., Tjiook, Y. & Kroon, F.H. (2006) Immediate placement of implants in periapical infected sites: a prospective randomized study in 50 patients. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology & Endodontology 101: 705–710.
10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.08.022
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Exclusion criteria: sample did not include untreated/undisturbed extraction sockets left to heal spontaneously.

Loo, W.D. (1968) Ridge preservation with immediate treatment dentures. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 19: 5–11.
10.1016/0022-3913(68)90004-8
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Exclusion criteria: descriptive report on procedure/technique; commentary.

Luvizuto, E.R., Queiroz, T.P., Dias, S.M., Okamoto, T., Dornelles, R.C., Garcia, I.R. Jr & Okamoto, R. (2010) Histomorphometric analysis and immunolocalization of rankl and opg during the alveolar healing process in female ovariectomized rats treated with oestrogen or raloxifene. Archives of Oral Biology 55: 52–59.
10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.11.001
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Magro Filho, O. & de Carvalho, A.C. (1990) Application of propolis to dental sockets and skin wounds. Journal of Nihon University School of Dentistry 32: 4–13.
10.2334/josnusd1959.32.4
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Magro-Ernica, N., Magro-Filho, O. & Rangel-Garcia, I. (2003) Histologic study of use of microfibrillar collagen hemostat in rat dental sockets. Brazilian Dental Journal 14: 12–15.
10.1590/S0103-64402003000100002
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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

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10.1111/j.1834-7819.1989.tb00700.x
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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Matsumoto, M. (1968) Changes in residual ridge of the mandible after extraction and wearing extension saddle type of removable partial dentures. (a longitudinal, clinical and roentgenographic investigation). Bulletin of Tokyo Medical & Dental University 15: 67–89.
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Exclusion criteria: length of observation period not reported.

Michael, C.G. & Barsoum, W.M. (1976) Comparing ridge resorption with various surgical techniques in immediate dentures. Journal of Prosthetic Dentisty 35: 142–155.
10.1016/0022-3913(76)90273-0
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Exclusion criteria: study subjects had immediate dentures after extraction, hence they did not have undisturbed healing post-extraction.

Minsk, L. (2005) Extraction-site ridge preservation. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 26: 272.
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Exclusion criteria: descriptive report on procedure/technique; commentary.

Mizutani, H. & Ishihata, N. (1976) Decrease and increase in residual ridges after extraction of teeth in monkeys (part I). Bulletin of Tokyo Medical & Dental University 23: 157–168.
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Exclusion criteria: study carried out on animals.

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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

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Exclusion criteria: sample did not include untreated/undisturbed extraction sockets left to heal spontaneously.

Normando, A.D., Maia, F.A., Ursi, W.J. & Simone, J.L. (2010) Dentoalveolar changes after unilateral extractions of mandibular first molars and their influence on third molar development and position. World Journal of Orthodontics 11: 55–60.
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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Olson, H.M. & Hagen, A. (1982) Inhibition of post-extraction alveolar ridge resorption in rats by dichloromethane diphosphonate. Journal of Periodontal Research 17: 669–674.
10.1111/j.1600-0765.1982.tb01188.x
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Exclusion criteria: study carried out on animals.

Olson, R.A., Roberts, D.L. & Osbon, D.B. (1982) A comparative study of polylactic acid, gelfoam, and surgicel in healing extraction sites. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine & Oral Pathology 53: 441–449.
10.1016/0030-4220(82)90453-4
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Oltramari, P.V., Navarro Rde, L., Henriques, J.F., Taga, R., Cestari, T.M., Janson, G. & Granjeiro, J.M. (2007) Evaluation of bone height and bone density after tooth extraction: an experimental study in minipigs. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology & Endodontology 104: 9–16.
10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.06.015
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Exclusion criteria: study carried out on animals.

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10.1016/j.bjoms.2005.12.010
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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Pessoa, R.S., Oliveira, S.R., Menezes, H.H. & de Magalhaes, D. (2009) Effects of platelet-rich plasma on healing of alveolar socket: split-mouth histological and histometric evaluation in cebus apella monkeys. Indian Journal of Dental Research 20: 442–447.
10.4103/0970-9290.59448
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Exclusion criteria: no baseline data available for comparison, thus unable to arrive at an estimate of dimensional change over time.

Pietrokovski, J. (1967) Healing of the socket following tooth extraction. Alpha Omegan 60: 126–129.
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Pietrokovski, J. & Massler, M. (1967a) Alveolar ridge resorption following tooth extraction. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 17: 21–27.
10.1016/0022-3913(67)90046-7
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Exclusion criteria: length of observation period not reported.

Pietrokovski, J. & Massler, M. (1967b) Ridge remodeling after tooth extraction in rats. Journal of Dental Research 46: 222–231.
10.1177/00220345670460011501
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Pietrokovski, J. & Massler, M. (1971) Residual ridge remodeling after tooth extraction in monkeys. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 26: 119–129.
10.1016/0022-3913(71)90041-2
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Pinto, J.R., Bosco, A.F., Okamoto, T., Guerra, J.B. & Piza, I.G. (2002) Effects of nicotine on the healing of extraction sockets in rats. A histological study. Brazilian Dental Journal 13: 3–9.
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Puia, S.A., Renou, S.J., Rey, E.A., Guglielmotti, M.B. & Bozzini, C.E. (2009) Effect of bismuth subgallate (a hemostatic agent) on bone repair; a histologic, radiographic and histomorphometric study in rats. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 38: 785–789.
10.1016/j.ijom.2009.03.003
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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Quinn, J.H. & Kent, J.N. (1984) Alveolar ridge maintenance with solid nonporous hydroxylapatite root implants. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine & Oral Pathology 58: 511–521.
10.1016/0030-4220(84)90071-9
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Richardson, A. (1965) The pattern of alveolar bone resorption following extraction of anterior teeth. Dental Practitioner & Dental Record 16: 77–80.
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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Rothamel, D., Schwarz, F., Herten, M., Engelhardt, E., Donath, K., Kuehn, P. & Becker, J. (2008) Dimensional ridge alterations following socket preservation using a nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite paste: a histomorphometrical study in dogs. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 37: 741–747.
10.1016/j.ijom.2008.04.017
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Exclusion criteria: no baseline data available for comparison, thus unable to arrive at an estimate of dimensional change over time.

Sattayasanskul, W., Brook, I.M. & Lamb, D.J. (1988) Dense hydroxyapatite root replica implantation: measurement of mandibular ridge preservation. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 3: 203–207.
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Exclusion criteria: study subjects had immediate dentures after extraction, hence they did not have undisturbed healing post-extraction.

Scheer, P. & Boyne, P.J. (1987) Maintenance of alveolar bone through implantation of bone graft substitutes in tooth extraction sockets. Journal of the American Dental Association 114: 594–597.
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Exclusion criteria: descriptive report on procedure/technique; commentary.

Sclar, A.G. (1999) Preserving alveolar ridge anatomy following tooth removal in conjunction with immediate implant placement. The bio-col technique. Atlas of the Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America 7: 39–59.
10.1016/S1061-3315(18)30050-7
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Exclusion criteria: descriptive report on procedure/technique; commentary.

Serino, G., Rao, W., Iezzi, G. & Piattelli, A. (2008) Polylactide and polyglycolide sponge used in human extraction sockets: bone formation following 3 months after its application. Clinical Oral Implants Research 19: 26–31.
10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01311.x
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Sharan, A. & Madjar, D. (2008) Maxillary sinus pneumatization following extractions: a radiographic study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 23: 48–56.
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Shi, B., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y.N. & Cheng, X.R. (2007) Alveolar ridge preservation prior to implant placement with surgical-grade calcium sulfate and platelet-rich plasma: a pilot study in a canine model. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 22: 656–665.
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Exclusion criteria: study carried out on animals.

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10.1111/j.1834-7819.1974.tb02789.x
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Teofilo, J.M., Brentegani, L.G. & Carvalho, T.L. (2001) A histometric study in rats of the effect of the calcium antagonist amlodipine on bone healing after tooth extraction. Archives of Oral Biology 46: 375–379.
10.1016/S0003-9969(00)00132-1
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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Teofilo, J.M., Leonel, D.V. & Lamano, T. (2010) Cola beverage consumption delays alveolar bone healing: a histometric study in rats. Brazilian Oral Research 24: 177–181.
10.1590/S1806-83242010000200009
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Thilander, H. & Astrand, P. (1973) The effect of tetracyclines on socket healing. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 31: 131–139.
10.3109/00016357309004619
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Exclusion criteria: no measurements of alveolar dimensional changes (eg. description of healing process or bony shape change, or histology only).

Ubios, A.M., Jares Furno, G. & Guglielmotti, M.B. (1991) Effect of calcitonin on alveolar wound healing. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 20: 322–324.
10.1111/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00938.x
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Exclusion criteria: reported parameters not relevant or not useful.

Wu, Z., Liu, C., Zang, G. & Sun, H. (2008) The effect of simvastatin on remodelling of the alveolar bone following tooth extraction. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 37: 170–176.
10.1016/j.ijom.2007.06.018
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: sample did not include untreated/undisturbed extraction sockets left to heal spontaneously.

Yugoshi, L.I., Sala, M.A., Brentegani, L.G. & Lamano Carvalho, T.L. (2002) Histometric study of socket healing after tooth extraction in rats treated with diclofenac. Brazilian Dental Journal 13: 92–96.
10.1590/S0103-64402002000200003
PubMed Google Scholar

Exclusion criteria: sample did not include untreated/undisturbed extraction sockets left to heal spontaneously.

Citing Literature

Volume23, Issues5

Special Issue:Osteology Foundation, 6^th Expert Meeting

February 2012

Pages 1-21

A systematic review of post-extractional alveolar hard and soft tissue dimensional changes in humans

Abstract

Background

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

References

List of included articles:

List of excluded full text articles and the reason for exclusion:

Citing Literature

References

Information

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A systematic review of post-extractional alveolar hard and soft tissue dimensional changes in humans

Abstract

Background

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

References

List of included articles:

List of excluded full text articles and the reason for exclusion:

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information