Systematic Reviews
A systematic review on survival and success rates of implants placed immediately into fresh extraction sockets after at least 1 year
Niklaus P. Lang,
Lui Pun,
Ka Yee Lau,
Ka Yan Li,
May CM Wong,
Niklaus P. Lang
The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
Search for more papers by this authorLui Pun
The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Ka Yee Lau
The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
Corresponding author:
Ka Yee Lau
The University of Hong Kong
Faculty of Dentistry
Prince Philip Dental Hospital
Hong Kong
SAR
China
Tel.: +85 294 876 677
e-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorKa Yan Li
The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
Search for more papers by this authorMay CM Wong
The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
Search for more papers by this authorNiklaus P. Lang,
Lui Pun,
Ka Yee Lau,
Ka Yan Li,
May CM Wong,
Niklaus P. Lang
The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
Search for more papers by this authorLui Pun
The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Ka Yee Lau
The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
Corresponding author:
Ka Yee Lau
The University of Hong Kong
Faculty of Dentistry
Prince Philip Dental Hospital
Hong Kong
SAR
China
Tel.: +85 294 876 677
e-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorKa Yan Li
The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
Search for more papers by this authorMay CM Wong
The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Background
Type I immediate implant placement has gained popularity because it may reduce treatment time, number of surgeries and post-extraction bone loss. However, this is potentially challenged by inadequate keratinized mucosa for flap adaptation and difficulties in achieving primary stability. Moreover, it has been proven that post-extraction bone loss is an inevitable biological process, which affects treatment outcomes.
Objectives
To estimate survival and success rates of implants and the implant-supported prostheses, the prevalence of biological, technical and aesthetic complications, and the magnitude of soft and hard tissue changes following implant placement immediately into fresh extraction sockets.
Material and methods
An electronic search in MEDLINE (PubMed) and the Cochrane Library from 1991 to July 2010 was performed to include prospective studies on immediate implants with a mean follow-up time of at least 1 year. The survival rates were computed using the STATA statistical software. Weighted means of soft and hard tissue changes were obtained by the inverse variance method.
Results
A total of 46 prospective studies, with a mean follow-up time of 2.08 years, were included. The annual failure rate of immediate implants was 0.82% (95% CI: 0.48–1.39%), translating into the 2-year survival rate of 98.4% (97.3–99%). Among the five factors analysed (reasons for extraction, antibiotic use, position of implant [anterior vs. posterior, maxilla vs. mandible), type of loading], only the regimen of antibiotic use affected the survival rate significantly. Lower failure rates were found in groups that were provided with a course of post-operative antibiotics. The success of implant therapy was difficult to assess due to scarce reporting on biological, technical and aesthetic complications. Soft tissue changes occurred mostly in the first 3 months after the provision of restoration, and then stabilized towards end of the first year. Marginal bone loss predominantly took place in the first year after implant placement, with a magnitude generally less than 1 mm. Controversy on hard tissue preservation with platform-switching technique remained unsolved.
Conclusions
Despite the high survival rate observed, more long-term studies are necessary to determine the success of implant treatment provided immediately after tooth extraction. Special attention has to be given to aesthetic outcomes.
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List of excluded full text articles and the reason for exclusion
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- Barone, A., Cornelini, R., Ciaglia, R. & Covani, U. (2008) Implant placement in fresh extraction sockets and simultaneous osteotome sinus floor elevation: a case series. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 28: 283–289. Exclusion criteria: simultaneous implant placement and transalveolar sinus lift.
- Becker, W., Dahlin, C., Lekholm, U., Bergstrom, C., van Steenberghe, D., Higuchi, K. & Becker, B.E. (1999) Five-year evaluation of implants placed at extraction and with dehiscences and fenestration defects augmented with eptfe membranes: results from a prospective multicenter study. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 1: 27–32. Exclusion criteria: unaccounted high drop-outs (≥20%).
- Becker, W., Sennerby, L., Bedrossian, E., Becker, B.E. & Lucchini, J.P. (2005) Implant stability measurements for implants placed at the time of extraction: a cohort, prospective clinical trial. Journal of Periodontology 76: 391–397. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up time < 1 year.
- Becker, W. & Wong, J. (2003) Early functional loading in the fully edentulous mandible after mandibular resection and reconstruction due to an ameloblastoma: case report. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 5: 47–51. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Belser, U.C., Grutter, L., Vailati, F., Bornstein, M.M., Weber, H.P. & Buser, D. (2009) Outcome evaluation of early placed maxillary anterior single-tooth implants using objective esthetic criteria: a cross-sectional, retrospective study in 45 patients with a 2- to 4-year follow-up using pink and white esthetic scores. Journal of Periodontology 80: 140–151. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Bersani, E., Coppede, A.R. & de Paula Pinto Prata, H.H. (2010) Immediate loading of implants placed in fresh extraction sockets in the molar area with flapless and graftless procedures: a case series. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 30: 291–299. Exclusion criteria: unknown mean follow-up time.
- Block, M.S., Mercante, D.E., Lirette, D., Mohamed, W., Ryser, M. & Castellon, P. (2009) Prospective evaluation of immediate and delayed provisional single tooth restorations. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 67: 89–107. Exclusion criteria: unknown number of implants in the immediate implant group that were being followed up.
- Blus, C. & Szmukler-Moncler, S. (2006) Split-crest and immediate implant placement with ultra-sonic bone surgery: a 3-year life-table analysis with 230 treated sites. Clinical Oral Implants Research 17: 700–707. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Buchs, A.U., Levine, L. & Moy, P. (2001) Preliminary report of immediately loaded altiva natural tooth replacement dental implants. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 3: 97–106. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Calandriello, R., Tomatis, M. & Rangert, B. (2003a) Immediate functional loading of branemark system implants with enhanced initial stability: a prospective 1- to 2-year clinical and radiographic study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 5(Suppl 1): 10–20. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Calandriello, R., Tomatis, M., Vallone, R., Rangert, B. & Gottlow, J. (2003b) Immediate occlusal loading of single lower molars using branemark system wide-platform tiunite implants: an interim report of a prospective open-ended clinical multicenter study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 5(Suppl. 1): 74–80. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Cannizzaro, G. & Leone, M. (2003) Restoration of partially edentulous patients using dental implants with a microtextured surface: a prospective comparison of delayed and immediate full occlusal loading. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 18: 512–522. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Cannizzaro, G., Leone, M., Consolo, U., Ferri, V. & Esposito, M. (2008a) Immediate functional loading of implants placed with flapless surgery versus conventional implants in partially edentulous patients: a 3-year randomized controlled clinical trial. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 23: 867–875. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Cannizzaro, G., Leone, M. & Esposito, M. (2008b) Immediate versus early loading of two implants placed with a flapless technique supporting mandibular bar-retained overdentures: a single-blinded, randomised controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Oral Implantology 1: 33–43. Exclusion criteria: unknown survival rate of immediate implants; no separate report of the survival rate of immediate implants from other types of implant placement.
- Cannizzaro, G., Torchio, C., Felice, P., Leone, M. & Esposito, M. (2010) Immediate occlusal versus non-occlusal loading of single zirconia implants. A multicentre pragmatic randomised clinical trial. European Journal of Oral Implantology 3: 111–120. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Cannizzaro, G., Torchio, C., Leone, M. & Esposito, M. (2008c) Immediate versus early loading of flapless-placed implants supporting maxillary full-arch prostheses: a randomised controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Oral Implantology 1: 127–139. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Casap, N., Zeltser, C., Wexler, A., Tarazi, E. & Zeltser, R. (2007) Immediate placement of dental implants into debrided infected dentoalveolar sockets. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 65: 384–392. Exclusion protocol: unknown loading protocol.
- Castellon, P. & Yukna, R.A. (2004) Immediate dental implant placement in sockets augmented with htr synthetic bone. Implant Dentistry 13: 42–48. Exclusion criteria: unknown mean follow-up time.
- Chaushu, G., Chaushu, S., Tzohar, A. & Dayan, D. (2001) Immediate loading of single-tooth implants: Immediate versus non-immediate implantation. A clinical report. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 16: 267–272. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up time < 1 year.
- Chen, S.T., Darby, I.B. & Reynolds, E.C. (2007) A prospective clinical study of non-submerged immediate implants: clinical outcomes and esthetic results. Clinical Oral Implants Research 18: 552–562. Exclusion criteria: no report on the survival rate of immediate implants.
- Chiapasco, M., Abati, S., Romeo, E. & Vogel, G. (2001) Implant-retained mandibular overdentures with branemark system mkii implants: a prospective comparative study between delayed and immediate loading. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 16: 537–546. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Cooper, L.F., Rahman, A., Moriarty, J., Chaffee, N. & Sacco, D. (2002) Immediate mandibular rehabilitation with endosseous implants: simultaneous extraction, implant placement, and loading. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 17: 517–525. Exclusion criteria: unknown mean follow-up time.
- Cornelini, R., Cangini, F., Covani, U., Barone, A. & Buser, D. (2004) Immediate restoration of single-tooth implants in mandibular molar sites: a 12-month preliminary report. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 19: 855–860. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Cornelini, R., Cangini, F., Covani, U., Barone, A. & Buser, D. (2006) Immediate loading of implants with 3-unit fixed partial dentures: A 12-month clinical study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 21: 914–918. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Crespi, R., Cappare, P. & Gherlone, E. (2009b) Dental implants placed in extraction sites grafted with different bone substitutes: radiographic evaluation at 24 months. Journal of Periodontology 80: 1616–1621. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- da Cunha, H.A., Francischone, C.E., Filho, H.N. & de Oliveira, R.C. (2004) A comparison between cutting torque and resonance frequency in the assessment of primary stability and final torque capacity of standard and tiunite single-tooth implants under immediate loading. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 19: 578–585. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate imiplants.
- Danza, M., Guidi, R. & Carinci, F. (2009) Spiral family implants inserted in postextraction bone sites. Implant Dentistry 18: 270–278. Exclusion criteria: unknown number of subjects with immediate implant.
- Degidi, M., Iezzi, G., Perrotti, V. & Piattelli, A. (2009) Comparative analysis of immediate functional loading and immediate nonfunctional loading to traditional healing periods: a 5-year follow-up of 550 dental implants. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 11: 257–266. Exclusion criteria: unknown number of subjects with immediate implant.
- Degidi, M., Piattelli, A. & Carinci, F. (2006a) Parallel screw cylinder implants: comparative analysis between immediate loading and two-stage healing of 1,005 dental implants with a 2-year follow up. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 8: 151–160. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Degidi, M., Piattelli, A., Gehrke, P., Felice, P. & Carinci, F. (2006b) Five-year outcome of 111 immediate nonfunctional single restorations. Journal of Oral Implantology 32: 277–285. Exclusion criteria: patients of age < 18 years were included.
- Donati, M., La Scala, V., Billi, M., Di Dino, B., Torrisi, P. & Berglundh, T. (2008) Immediate functional loading of implants in single tooth replacement: a prospective clinical multicenter study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 19: 740–748. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Drago, C.J. & Lazzara, R.J. (2004) Immediate provisional restoration of osseotite implants: a clinical report of 18-month results. The nternational Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 19: 534–541. Exclusion criteria: Sample size (subject) <10 in the immediate implant group.
- Erakat, M.S., Chuang, S.K., Yoo, R.H., Weed, M. & Dodson, T.B. (2008) Immediate loading of splinted locking-taper implants: 1-year survival estimates and risk factors for failure. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 23: 105–110. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up time < 1 year.
- Ericsson, I., Nilson, H., Lindh, T., Nilner, K. & Randow, K. (2000) Immediate functional loading of Branemark single tooth implants. An 18 months’ clinical pilot follow-up study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 11: 26–33. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Fischer, K., Backstrom, M. & Sennerby, L. (2009) Immediate and early loading of oxidized tapered implants in the partially edentulous maxilla: a 1-year prospective clinical, radiographic, and resonance frequency analysis study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 11: 69–80. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Francetti, L., Agliardi, E., Testori, T., Romeo, D., Taschieri, S. & Del Fabbro, M. (2008) Immediate rehabilitation of the mandible with fixed full prosthesis supported by axial and tilted implants: Interim results of a single cohort prospective study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 10: 255–263. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Fugazzotto, P.A. (2002b) Immediate implant placement following a modified trephine/osteotome approach: success rates of 116 implants to 4 years in function. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 17: 113–120. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Fugazzotto, P.A. (2006) Implant placement at the time of maxillary molar extraction: technique and report of preliminary results of 83 sites. Journal of Periodontology 77: 302–309. Exclusion criteria: simultaneous implant placement and transalveolar sinus lift.
- Galli, F., Capelli, M., Zuffetti, F., Testori, T. & Esposito, M. (2008) Immediate non-occlusal vs. Early loading of dental implants in partially edentulous patients: a multicentre randomized clinical trial. Peri-implant bone and soft-tissue levels. Clinical Oral Implants Research 19: 546–552. Exclusion criteria: unknown survival rate of immediate implants; no separate report of the survival rate of immediate implants from other types of implant placement.
- Ganeles, J., Zollner, A., Jackowski, J., ten Bruggenkate, C., Beagle, J. & Guerra, F. (2008) Immediate and early loading of straumann implants with a chemically modified surface (slactive) in the posterior mandible and maxilla: 1-year results from a prospective multicenter study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 19: 1119–1128. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Gatti, C. & Chiapasco, M. (2002) Immediate loading of branemark implants: a 24-month follow-up of a comparative prospective pilot study between mandibular overdentures supported by conical transmucosal and standard mk ii implants. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 4: 190–199. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Gatti, C., Haefliger, W. & Chiapasco, M. (2000) Implant-retained mandibular overdentures with immediate loading: a prospective study of iti implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 15: 383–388. Exclusion criteria: Sample size (subject) <10 in the immediate implant group.
- Glauser, R., Ree, A., Lundgren, A., Gottlow, J., Hammerle, C.H. & Scharer, P. (2001) Immediate occlusal loading of branemark implants applied in various jawbone regions: a prospective, 1-year clinical study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 3: 204–213. Exclusion criteria: unknown survival rate of immediate implants; no separate report of the survival rate of immediate implants from other types of implant placement.
- Glauser, R., Ruhstaller, P., Windisch, S., Zembic, A., Lundgren, A., Gottlow, J. & Hammerle, C.H. (2005) Immediate occlusal loading of branemark system tiunite implants placed predominantly in soft bone: 4-year results of a prospective clinical study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 7(Suppl. 1): S52–59. Exclusion criteria: unknown number of subjects with immediate implant.
- Glauser, R., Zembic, A., Ruhstaller, P. & Windisch, S. (2007) Five-year results of implants with an oxidized surface placed predominantly in soft quality bone and subjected to immediate occlusal loading. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 97: S59–68. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Gomez-Roman, G., Kruppenbacher, M., Weber, H. & Schulte, W. (2001) Immediate postextraction implant placement with root-analog stepped implants: surgical procedure and statistical outcome after 6 years. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 16: 503–513. Exclusion criteria: unknown survival rate of implants in extraction sockets; no separate report of the survival rate of implants in extraction sockets from implants at explantation sites.
- Groisman, M., Frossard, W.M., Ferreira, H.M., de Menezes Filho, L.M. & Touati, B. (2003) Single-tooth implants in the maxillary incisor region with immediate provisionalization: 2-year prospective study. Practical Procedures & Aesthetic Dentistry 15: 115–122; quiz 126. Exclusion criteria: unknown age of the patients.
- Grunder, U., Polizzi, G., Goene, R., Hatano, N., Henry, P., Jackson, W.J., Kawamura, K., Kohler, S., Renouard, F., Rosenberg, R., Triplett, G., Werbitt, M. & Lithner, B. (1999) A 3-year prospective multicenter follow-up report on the immediate and delayed-immediate placement of implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 14: 210–216. Exclusion protocol: unknown loading protocol.
- Guncu, M.B., Aslan, Y., Tumer, C., Guncu, G.N. & Uysal, S. (2008) In-patient comparison of immediate and conventional loaded implants in mandibular molar sites within 12 months. Clinical Oral Implants Research 19: 335–341. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Guncu, G.N., Tozum, T.F., Guncu, M.B., Yamalik, N. & Tumer, C. (2009) A 12-month evaluation of nitrite oxide metabolism around immediate and conventionally loaded dental implants. Implant Dentistry 18: 27–37. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Hall, J.A., Payne, A.G., Purton, D.G., Torr, B., Duncan, W.J. & De Silva, R.K. (2007) Immediately restored, single-tapered implants in the anterior maxilla: prosthodontic and aesthetic outcomes after 1 year. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 9: 34–45. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Hassan, K.S. (2009) Autogenous bone graft combined with polylactic polyglycolic acid polymer for treatment of dehiscence around immediate dental implants. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics 108: e19–25. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up time < 1 year.
- Hassan, K.S., Kassim, A. & Al Ogaly, A.U. (2008) A comparative evaluation of immediate dental implant with autogenous versus synthetic guided bone regeneration. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics 106: e8–e15. Exclusion protocol: unknown loading protocol.
- Horwitz, J., Zuabi, O. & Machtei, E. (2008) Radiographic changes around immediately restored dental implants in periodontally susceptible patients: 1-year results. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 23: 531–538. Exclusion criteria: unknown number of subjects with immediate implant.
- Horwitz, J., Zuabi, O., Peled, M. & Machtei, E.E. (2007) Immediate and delayed restoration of dental implants in periodontally susceptible patients: 1-year results. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 22: 423–429. Exclusion criteria: unknown number of subjects with immediate implant.
- Hruska, A., Borelli, P., Bordanaro, A.C., Marzaduri, E. & Hruska, K.L. (2002) Immediate loading implants: a clinical report of 1301 implants. Journal of Oral Implantology 28: 200–209. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Hui, E., Chow, J., Li, D., Liu, J., Wat, P. & Law, H. (2001) Immediate provisional for single-tooth implant replacement with branemark system: preliminary report. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 3: 79–86. Exclusion criteria: <10 subjects with follow-up time > 1 year.
- Ibanez, J.C. & Jalbout, Z.N. (2002) Immediate loading of osseotite implants: two-year results. Implant Dentistry 11: 128–136. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Ibanez, J.C., Tahhan, M.J., Zamar, J.A., Menendez, A.B., Juaneda, A.M., Zamar, N.J. & Monqaut, J.L. (2005) Immediate occlusal loading of double acid-etched surface titanium implants in 41 consecutive full-arch cases in the mandible and maxilla: 6- to 74-month results. Journal of Periodontology 76: 1972–1981. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Jaffin, R., Kolesar, M., Kumar, A., Ishikawa, S. & Fiorellini, J. (2007) The radiographic bone loss pattern adjacent to immediately placed, immediately loaded implants. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 22: 187–194. Exclusion criteria: no report on the survial rate of immediate implants.
- Jaffin, R.A., Kumar, A. & Berman, C.L. (2000) Immediate loading of implants in partially and fully edentulous jaws: a series of 27 case reports. Journal of Periodontology 71: 833–838. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Jo, H.Y., Hobo, P.K. & Hobo, S. (2001) Freestanding and multiunit immediate loading of the expandable implant: an up-to-40-month prospective survival study. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 85: 148–155. Exclusion criteria: unknown number of subjects with immediate implant.
- Lindeboom, J.A., Frenken, J.W., Dubois, L., Frank, M., Abbink, I. & Kroon, F.H. (2006b) Immediate loading versus immediate provisionalization of maxillary single-tooth replacements: a prospective randomized study with biocomp implants. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 64: 936–942. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Locante, W.M. (2004) Single-tooth replacements in the esthetic zone with an immediate function implant: a preliminary report. Journal of Oral Implantology 30: 369–375. Exclusion criteria: patients of age < 18 years were included.
- Longoni, S., Sartori, M., Apruzzese, D., Davide, R. & Baldoni, M. (2007) Immediate loading: a simple protocol to create a passively fitting provisional fixed implant-supported complete denture in 1 day. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 27: 369–377. Exclusion criteria: unknown number of immediate implants.
- Luongo, G., Di Raimondo, R., Filippini, P., Gualini, F. & Paoleschi, C. (2005) Early loading of sandblasted, acid-etched implants in the posterior maxilla and mandible: a 1-year follow-up report from a multicenter 3-year prospective study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 20: 84–91. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Machtei, E.E., Frankenthal, S., Blumenfeld, I., Gutmacher, Z. & Horwitz, J. (2007) Dental implants for immediate fixed restoration of partially edentulous patients: a 1-year prospective pilot clinical trial in periodontally susceptible patients. Journal of Periodontology 78: 1188–1194. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Malo, P., de Araujo Nobre, M. & Rangert, B. (2007) Implants placed in immediate function in periodontally compromised sites: a five-year retrospective and one-year prospective study. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 97: S86–95. Exclusion criteria: unknown number of subjects with immediate implant.
- Malo, P., Friberg, B., Polizzi, G., Gualini, F., Vighagen, T. & Rangert, B. (2003) Immediate and early function of branemark system implants placed in the esthetic zone: a 1-year prospective clinical multicenter study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 5(Suppl. 1): 37–46. Exclusion protocol: unknown loading protocol.
- Malo, P. & Nobre, M. (2008) Flap vs. Flapless surgical techniques at immediate implant function in predominantly soft bone for rehabilitation of partial edentulism: a prospective cohort study with follow-up of 1 year. European Journal of Oral Implantology 1: 293–304. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Mannai, C. (2006) Early implant loading in severely resorbed maxilla using xenograft, autograft, and platelet-rich plasma in 97 patients. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 64: 1420–1426. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Martinez-Gonzalez, J.M., Barona-Dorado, C., Cano-Sanchez, J., Florez-Rodriguez, M. & Cantero-Alvarez, M. (2005) Clinical and radiographic behaviour of 290 dental implants with a surface treated with hydrofluoric acid and passivated with hydrofluoric and nitric acid: early loading results after 2 years. Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal 10: 355–361. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Mazor, Z. & Cohen, D.K. (2003) Preliminary 3-dimensional surface texture measurement and early loading results with a microtextured implant surface. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 18: 729–738. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Merli, M., Merli, A., Bernardelli, F., Lombardini, F. & Esposito, M. (2008) Immediate versus early non-occlusal loading of dental implants placed flapless in partially edentulous patients. One-year results from a randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Oral Implantology 1: 207–220. Exclusion criteria: unknown number of immediate implants.
- Nemcovsky, C.E., Artzi, Z., Moses, O. & Gelernter, I. (2002) Healing of marginal defects at implants placed in fresh extraction sockets or after 4-6 weeks of healing. A comparative study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 13: 410–419. Exclusion criteria: mean follow-up time < 1 year.
- Nikellis, I., Levi, A. & Nicolopoulos, C. (2004) Immediate loading of 190 endosseous dental implants: a prospective observational study of 40 patient treatments with up to 2-year data. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 19: 116–123. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Noelken, R., Morbach, T., Kunkel, M. & Wagner, W. (2007) Immediate function with nobelperfect implants in the anterior dental arch. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 27: 277–285. Exclusion criteria: unknown survival rate of immediate implants; no separate report of the survival rate of immediate implants from other types of implant placement.
- Ormianer, Z., Garg, A.K. & Palti, A. (2006) Immediate loading of implant overdentures using modified loading protocol. Implant Dentistry 15: 35–40. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Ostman, P.O., Hellman, M., Albrektsson, T. & Sennerby, L. (2007) Direct loading of nobel direct and nobel perfect one-piece implants: a 1-year prospective clinical and radiographic study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 18: 409–418. Exclusion criteria: unknown survival rate of immediate implants; no separate report of the survival rate of immediate implants from other types of implant placement.
- Ostman, P.O., Hellman, M. & Sennerby, L. (2008) Immediate occlusal loading of implants in the partially edentate mandible: a prospective 1-year radiographic and 4-year clinical study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 23: 315–322. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Palattella, P., Torsello, F. & Cordaro, L. (2008) Two-year prospective clinical comparison of immediate replacement vs. Immediate restoration of single tooth in the esthetic zone. Clinical Oral Implants Research 19: 1148–1153. Exclusion criteria: Sample size (subject) <10 in the immediate implant group.
- Paolantonio, M., Dolci, M., Scarano, A., d'Archivio, D., di Placido, G., Tumini, V. & Piattelli, A. (2001) Immediate implantation in fresh extraction sockets. A controlled clinical and histological study in man. Journal of Periodontology 72: 1560–1571. Exclusion criteria: unknown loading protocol.
- Penarrocha-Diago, M., Carrillo-Garcia, C., Boronat-Lopez, A. & Garcia-Mira, B. (2008) Comparative study of wide-diameter implants placed after dental extraction and implants positioned in mature bone for molar replacement. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 23: 497–501. Exclusion criteria: Sample size (subject) <10 in the immediate implant group.
- Petrungaro, P.S. (2008) An update on implant placement and provisionalization in extraction, edentulous, and sinus-grafted sites. A clinical report on 3200 sites over 8 years. The Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 29: 288–294. 296, 298-300. Exclusion criteria: follow-up time < 1 year.
- Prosper, L., Gherlone, E.F., Redaelli, S. & Quaranta, M. (2003) Four-year follow-up of larger-diameter implants placed in fresh extraction sockets using a resorbable membrane or a resorbable alloplastic material. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 18: 856–864. Exclusion criteria: simultaneous implant placement and transalveolar sinus lift.
- Proussaefs, P. & Lozada, J. (2004) Immediate loading of hydroxyapatite-coated implants in the maxillary premolar area: three-year results of a pilot study. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 91: 228–233. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Rao, W. & Benzi, R. (2007) Single mandibular first molar implants with flapless guided surgery and immediate function: preliminary clinical and radiographic results of a prospective study. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 97: S3–S14. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Rocci, A., Martignoni, M. & Gottlow, J. (2003a) Immediate loading of branemark system tiunite and machined-surface implants in the posterior mandible: a randomized open-ended clinical trial. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 5(Suppl. 1): 57–63. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
10.1111/j.1708-8208.2003.tb00016.x Google Scholar
- Rocci, A., Martignoni, M. & Gottlow, J. (2003b) Immediate loading in the maxilla using flapless surgery, implants placed in predetermined positions, and prefabricated provisional restorations: a retrospective 3-year clinical study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 5(Suppl. 1): 29–36. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Romanos, G.E. & Nentwig, G.H. (2006) Immediate versus delayed functional loading of implants in the posterior mandible: a 2-year prospective clinical study of 12 consecutive cases. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 26: 459–469. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Romanos, G.E. & Nentwig, G.H. (2009) Immediate functional loading in the maxilla using implants with platform switching: five-year results. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 24: 1106–1112. Exclusion criteria: Sample size (subject) <10 in the immediate implant group.
- Rosenquist, B. & Ahmed, M. (2000) The immediate replacement of teeth by dental implants using homologous bone membranes to seal the sockets: clinical and radiographic findings. Clinical Oral Implants Research 11: 572–582. Exclusion criteria: follow-up time < 1 year.
- Rosenquist, B. & Grenthe, B. (1996) Immediate placement of implants into extraction sockets: implant survival. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 11: 205–209. Exclusion criteria: patients of age < 18 years were included.
- Ryser, M.R., Block, M.S. & Mercante, D.E. (2005) Correlation of papilla to crestal bone levels around single tooth implants in immediate or delayed crown protocols. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 63: 1184–1195. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Schincaglia, G.P., Marzola, R., Giovanni, G.F., Chiara, C.S. & Scotti, R. (2008) Replacement of mandibular molars with single-unit restorations supported by wide-body implants: Immediate versus delayed loading. A randomized controlled study. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 23: 474–480. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Schincaglia, G.P., Marzola, R., Scapoli, C. & Scotti, R. (2007) Immediate loading of dental implants supporting fixed partial dentures in the posterior mandible: a randomized controlled split-mouth study–machined versus titanium oxide implant surface. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 22: 35–46. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Schnitman, P.A., Wohrle, P.S., Rubenstein, J.E., DaSilva, J.D. & Wang, N.H. (1997) Ten-year results for Branemark implants immediately loaded with fixed prostheses at implant placement. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 12: 495–503. Exclusion criteria: Sample size (subject) <10 in the immediate implant group.
- Schwartz-Arad, D. & Chaushu, G. (1998) Full-arch restoration of the jaw with fixed ceramometal prosthesis. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 13: 819–825. Exclusion criteria: unknown survival rate of immediate implants; no separate report of the survival rate of immediate implants from other types of implant placement.
- Schwartz-Arad, D., Grossman, Y. & Chaushu, G. (2000) The clinical effectiveness of implants placed immediately into fresh extraction sites of molar teeth. Journal of Periodontology 71: 839–844. Exclusion criteria: patients of age < 18 years were included.
- Schwartz-Arad, D., Laviv, A. & Levin, L. (2007) Survival of immediately provisionalized dental implants placed immediately into fresh extraction sockets. Journal of Periodontology 78: 219–223. Exclusion criteria: simultaneous implant placement and transalveolar sinus lift.
- Schwartz-Arad, D., Yaniv, Y., Levin, L. & Kaffe, I. (2004) A radiographic evaluation of cervical bone loss associated with immediate and delayed implants placed for fixed restorations in edentulous jaws. Journal of Periodontology 75: 652–657. Exclusion criteria: unknown survival rate of immediate implants; no separate report of the survival rate of immediate implants from other types of implant placement.
- Shiigai, T. (2007) Pilot study in the identification of stability values for determining immediate and early loading of implants. Journal of Oral Implantology 33: 13–22. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Simsek, B. & Simsek, S. (2003) Evaluation of success rates of immediate and delayed implants after tooth extraction. Chinese Medical Journal 116: 1216–1219. Exclusion criteria: unknown loading protocol.
- Smith, R.B., Tarnow, D.P., Brown, M., Chu, S. & Zamzok, J. (2009) Placement of immediate implants and a fixed provisional restoration to replace the four mandibular incisors. The Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 30: 408–410, 413-405; quiz 416, 418.Exclusion: unknown age of patients.
- Sullivan, D., Vincenzi, G. & Feldman, S. (2005) Early loading of osseotite implants 2 months after placement in the maxilla and mandible: a 5-year report. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 20: 905–912. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Tealdo, T., Bevilacqua, M., Pera, F., Menini, M., Ravera, G., Drago, C. & Pera, P. (2008) Immediate function with fixed implant-supported maxillary dentures: a 12-month pilot study. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 99: 351–360. Exclusion criteria: unknown survival rate of immediate implants; no separate report of the survival rate of immediate implants from other types of implant placement.
- Testori, T., Galli, F., Capelli, M., Zuffetti, F. & Esposito, M. (2007) Immediate nonocclusal versus early loading of dental implants in partially edentulous patients: 1-year results from a multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 22: 815–822.
- Turkyilmaz, I. (2006) A 3-year prospective clinical and radiologic analysis of early loaded maxillary dental implants supporting single-tooth crowns. International Journal of Prosthodontics 19: 389–390. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Vanden Bogaerde, L., Pedretti, G., Dellacasa, P., Mozzati, M. & Rangert, B. (2003) Early function of splinted implants in maxillas and posterior mandibles using branemark system machined-surface implants: an 18-month prospective clinical multicenter study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 5(Suppl. 1): 21–28. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Vanden Bogaerde, L., Pedretti, G., Dellacasa, P., Mozzati, M., Rangert, B. & Wendelhag, I. (2004) Early function of splinted implants in maxillas and posterior mandibles, using Branemark system TiUnite implants: an 18-month prospective clinical multicenter study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 6: 121–129. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
- Villa, R. & Rangert, B. (2005) Early loading of interforaminal implants immediately installed after extraction of teeth presenting endodontic and periodontal lesions. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 7(Suppl. 1): S28–35. Exclusion criteria: unknown number of immediate implants.
- Villa, R. & Rangert, B. (2007) Immediate and early function of implants placed in extraction sockets of maxillary infected teeth: a pilot study. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 97: S96–S108. Exclude: unknown age of patients.
- Weischer, T., Kandt, M. & Reidick, T. (2005) Immediate loading of mandibular implants in compromised patients: preliminary results. International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry 25: 501–507. Exclusion criteria: sample size (subject) <10 in the immediate implant group.
- Zembic, A., Glauser, R., Khraisat, A. & Hammerle, C.H. (2010) Immediate vs. Early loading of dental implants: 3-year results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clinical Oral Implants Research 21: 481–489. Exclusion criteria: sample size (subject) <10 in the immediate implant group.
- Zollner, A., Ganeles, J., Korostoff, J., Guerra, F., Krafft, T. & Bragger, U. (2008) Immediate and early non-occlusal loading of straumann implants with a chemically modified surface (slactive) in the posterior mandible and maxilla: interim results from a prospective multicenter randomized-controlled study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 19: 442–450. Exclusion criteria: not reporting on immediate implants.
Citing Literature
