Original Article
FISHERS OF THE CORDED WARE CULTURE IN THE EASTERN BALTIC
Gytis Piličiauskas,
Grażyna Kluczynska,
Dalia Kisielienė,
Raminta Skipitytė,
Kęstutis Peseckas,
Simona Matuzevičiūtė,
Hana Lukešová,
Alexandre Lucquin,
Oliver E. Craig,
Harry K. Robson,
Corresponding Author
Gytis Piličiauskas
Lithuanian Institute of History, Kražių st. 5, 01108 Vilnius, Lithuania
Gytis Piličiauskas Lithuanian Institute of History Kražių st. 5, 01108 Vilnius, Lithuania e-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorGrażyna Kluczynska
Laboratory of Quaternary Research, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos st. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
Search for more papers by this authorDalia Kisielienė
Laboratory of Quaternary Research, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos st. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Vilnius
Search for more papers by this authorRaminta Skipitytė
Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių ave. 231, 02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
Search for more papers by this authorKęstutis Peseckas
Laboratory of Nuclear Geophysics and Radioecology, Geology and Geography Institute, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
Search for more papers by this authorSimona Matuzevičiūtė
National Museum of Lithuania, Arsenalo st. 1, 01143 Vilnius, Lithuania
Search for more papers by this authorHana Lukešová
University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorAlexandre Lucquin
BioArCh, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorOliver E. Craig
BioArCh, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorHarry K. Robson
BioArCh, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorGytis Piličiauskas,
Grażyna Kluczynska,
Dalia Kisielienė,
Raminta Skipitytė,
Kęstutis Peseckas,
Simona Matuzevičiūtė,
Hana Lukešová,
Alexandre Lucquin,
Oliver E. Craig,
Harry K. Robson,
Corresponding Author
Gytis Piličiauskas
Lithuanian Institute of History, Kražių st. 5, 01108 Vilnius, Lithuania
Gytis Piličiauskas Lithuanian Institute of History Kražių st. 5, 01108 Vilnius, Lithuania e-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorGrażyna Kluczynska
Laboratory of Quaternary Research, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos st. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
Search for more papers by this authorDalia Kisielienė
Laboratory of Quaternary Research, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos st. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Vilnius
Search for more papers by this authorRaminta Skipitytė
Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių ave. 231, 02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
Search for more papers by this authorKęstutis Peseckas
Laboratory of Nuclear Geophysics and Radioecology, Geology and Geography Institute, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
Search for more papers by this authorSimona Matuzevičiūtė
National Museum of Lithuania, Arsenalo st. 1, 01143 Vilnius, Lithuania
Search for more papers by this authorHana Lukešová
University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorAlexandre Lucquin
BioArCh, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorOliver E. Craig
BioArCh, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorHarry K. Robson
BioArCh, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorABSTRACT
Between 2800 and 2400 cal BC pastoralists from Central Europe migrated into the eastern Baltic paving the way for the Corded Ware Culture (CWC), and a new type of economy, animal husbandry. Traditionally the CWC people were viewed as highly mobile due to the lack of substantial traces of dwellings and material culture at settlement sites; they were reliant on an economy based on animal husbandry as demonstrated by zooarchaeological and stable isotopic evidence. However, this paradigm is beginning to shift. Here, we present new AMS radiocarbon (14C) measurements, pollen and macrobotanical data from sediment samples and a portable fish screen, as well as technological, molecular and isotopic data obtained from ceramic vessels from three CWC sites in the eastern Baltic. Overall, our results indicate a de-Neolithisation process undergone by some CWC groups, particularly in lacustrine and coastal ecotones, and a shift to hunting, gathering and fishing.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Andersen, S.H. 2013. Tybrind Vig Submerged Mesolithic settlements in Denmark. Aarhus (Jutland Archaeological Society).
- Antanaitis-Jacobs, I., M. Richards, L. Daugnora, R. Jankauskas & N. Ogrinc. 2009. Diet in early Lithuanian prehistory and the new stable isotope evidence. Archaeologia Baltica 12. 12–30.
- Beckerman, S.M. 2015. Corded Ware coastal communities: using ceramic analysis to reconstruct third millennium BC societies in The Netherlands. Leiden (Sidestone Press).
- Bergfjord, C. & B. Holst. 2010. A Procedure for Identifying Textile Bast Fibres Using Microscopy: Flax, Nettle/Ramie, Hemp and Jute. Ultramicroscopy 110 (9). 1192–1197.
- Bērziņš, V. 2008. Sārnate: Living by a Coastal Lake during the East Baltic Neolithic. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis, Humaniora B86. Oulu (Oulu University Press).
- Berggren, G. 1969. Atlas of seeds and small fruits of North west-European plant species with morphological descriptions. Part 2, Cyperaceae. Lund (Berlingska Boktryckeriet).
- Berggren, G. 1981. Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest European plant species with morphological descriptions. Part 3, Salicaceae–Cruciferae. Arlöv (Berlings).
- Bichler, P., R. Hofmann-De Keijzer, A. Kern & H. Reschreiter. 2005. Hallstatt textiles – technical analysis, Scientific Investigation and Experiment on Iron Age Textiles. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1351. Oxford (Archeopress).
- Bondetti, M., S. Scott, A. Lucquin, J. Meadows, O. Lozovskaya, E. Dolbunova, P. Jordan & O.E. Craig. 2019. Fruits, fish and the introduction of pottery in the Eastern European plain: Lipid residue analysis of ceramic vessels from Zamostje 2. Quaternary International.
- M. Bravermanová, H. Březinová & J. Malcolm-Davies (eds.). 2017. Archaeological Textiles – Links Between Past and Present. NESAT XIII. Praha (Liberec).
- Brock, F., T.F.G. Higham, P. Ditchfield & C. Bronk-Ramsey. 2010. Current pretreatment methods for AMS radiocarbon dating at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU). Radiocarbon 52 (1). 103–112.
- Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51 (1). 337–360.
- Butrimas, A. 1992. Daktariškės 5 neolito gyvenvietės tyrinėjimai. Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 1990 ir 1991 metais. 8–11.
- Cappers, R.T.J., R.M. Bekker & J.E.A. Jans. 2006. Digital seed atlas of the Netherlands. Groningen (Barkhius publishing & Groningen University Library).
- Copley, M.S., R. Berstan, S.N. Dudd, G. Docherty, A.J. Mukherjee, V. Straker, S. Payne & R.P. Evershed. 2003. Direct chemical evidence for widespread dairying in prehistoric Britain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 100 (4). 1524–1529.
- Courel, B., H.K. Robson, A. Lucquin, E. Dolbunova, E. Oras, K. Adamczak, S.H. Andersen, P.M. Astrup, M. Charniauski, A. Czekaj-Zastawny, I. Ezepenko, S. Hartz, J. Kabaciński, A. Kotula, S. Kukawka, I. Loze, A. Mazurkevich, H. Piezonka, G. Piličiauskas, S.A. Sørensen, H. Talbot, A. Tkachou, M. Tkachova, A. Wawrusiewicz, J. Meadows, C. Heron & O.E. Craig. 2020. Organic residue analysis shows sub-regional patterns in the use of pottery by Northern European hunter-gatherers. Royal Society Open Science 7: 192016.
- Craig, O.E., M. Forster, S.H. Andersen, E. Koch, P. Crombé, N.J. Milner, B. Stern, G.N. Bailey & C.P. Heron. 2007. Molecular and isotopic demonstration of the processing of aquatic products in northern European prehistoric pottery. Archaeometry 49 (1). 135–152.
- Craig, O.E., R.B. Allen, A. Thompson, R.E. Stevens, V.J. Steele & C. Heron. 2012. Distinguishing wild ruminant lipids by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 26 (19). 2359–2364.
- Craig, O.E., H. Saul, A. Lucquin, Y. Nishida, K. Taché, L. Clarke, A. Thompson, D.T. Altoft, J. Uchiyama, M. Ajimoto, K. Gibbs, S. Isaksson, C.P. Heron & P. Jordan. 2013. Earliest evidence for the use of pottery. Nature 496 (7445). 351–354.
- Cramp, L. & R.P. Evershed. 2014. Reconstructing aquatic resource exploitation in human prehistory using lipid biomarkers and stable isotopes. Holland & Turekian 2014. 319–339.
- Cramp, L.J.E., R.P. Evershed, M. Lavento, P. Halinen, K. Mannermaa, M. Oinonen, J. Kettunen, M. Perola, P. Onkamo & V. Heyd. 2014. Neolithic dairy farming at the extreme of agriculture in northern Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281. 20140819.
- Dudd, S.N. 1999. Molecular and isotopic characterisation of animal fats in archaeological pottery. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Bristol (University of Bristol).
- Eberhards, G. 1989. New data on the geomorphology of Stone Age sites of the Lubana lowland (Mesolithic, Early and Middle Neolithic). Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences 2. 74–85.
- Edgren, T. 1970. Studier över den snökeramiska kulturens keramik i Finland. Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistyksen Aikakauskirja 72. Helsinki (Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistys).
- Erdtman G. 1936. New method in pollen analysis. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 30. 154–164.
- Evershed, R.P. 2008. Organic residue analysis in archaeology: the archaeological biomarker revolution. Archaeometry 50 (6). 895–924.
- Evershed, R.P., M.S. Copley, L. Dickson & F.A. Hansel. 2008. Experimental evidence for the processing of marine animal products and other commodities containing polyunsaturated fatty acids in pottery vessels. Archaeometry 50 (1). 101–113.
- Fischer, A. 2007. Coastal fishing in Stone Age Denmark – evidence from below and above the present sea level and from human bones. Milner et al. 2007. 54–69.
- Girininkas, A. 2004. Kretuono 1C gyvenvietės bendruomenės gyvensena. Lietuvos archeologija 25. 233–250.
- Grichuk A.I. 1940. The preparation methodology of organic poor sediments for the pollen analysis. Problems of physical geography. Moscow (Nauka Publishers).
- Grigas, A. 1986. Lietuvos augalų vaisiai ir sėklos. Vilnius (Mokslas).
- Grimm, E.C. 1987. CONISS. A Fortran 77 program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares. Computers and Geosciences 13. 13–35.
- Grimm, E.C. 1992. TILIA and TILIA.GRAPH: PC spreadsheet and graphics program. 8th International palynological congress. Program and abstracts. Aix-en-Provence.
- Grimm, E.C. 2000. TILIA and TILIA.GRAPH: PC spreadsheet and graphics software for pollen data. INQUA Commission for the Study of the Holocene, Working Group on Data-Handling Methods. Newsletter 4. 5–7.
- Grimm, E.C. 2004. TGView Version 2.0.2. Springfield (Illinois State Museum Research and Collection Center).
- Guobytė, R. & M. Stančikaitė. 1996. Žmogaus veiklos pėdsakai Biržulio ežero žiedadulkių diagramose. Geomorfologinė ežero apylinkių sandara. Lietuvos archeologija 14. 213–218.
- Hansel, F.A. M.S. Copley, L.S.A. Madureira & R.P. Evershed. 2004. Thermally produced ω-(o-alkylphenyl) alkanoic acids provide evidence for the processing of marine products in archaeological pottery vessels. Tetrahedron Letters 45 (14). 2999–3002.
- Hardy, K. 2008. Prehistoric string theory. How twisted fibres helped to shape the world. Antiquity 82. 271–280.
- Harris, S., S. Haigh, A. Handley & W. Sampson. 2017. Material Choices for Fibre in the Neolithic: An Approach through the Measurement of Mechanical Properties. Archaeometry 59 (3). 574–591.
- Haugan, E. & B. Holst. 2013. Determining the fibrillar orientation of bast fibres with polarized light microscopy: the modified Herzog test (red plate test) explained. Journal of Microscopy 252. 159–168.
- Haugan, E. & B. Holst. 2014. Flax look-alikes: Pitfalls of ancient plant fibre identification. Archaeometry 56 (6). 951–960.
- Heron, C. & O.E. Craig. 2015. Aquatic resources in foodcrusts: identification and implication. Radiocarbon 57 (4). 707–719.
- Heron, C., O.E. Craig, A.J.A. Lucquin, V.J. Steele, A. Thompson & G. Piličiauskas. 2015. Cooking fish and drinking milk? Patterns in pottery use in the southeastern Baltic, 3300-2400 cal BC. Journal of Archaeological Science 63. 33–43.
- Holland, H. & K. Turekian. 2014. Treatise on geochemistry: archaeology and anthropology. Second edition. Oxford (Elsevier).
- Hurcombe, L.M. 2007. Archaeological Artefacts as Material Culture. London (Routledge).
- Jerković, I., Z. Marijanović, M. Gugić & M. Roje. 2011. Chemical profile of the organic residue from ancient amphora found in the Adriatic Sea determined by direct GC and GC-MS analysis. Molecules 16. 7936–7948.
- Jørgensen, L. 2013. The textile remains from Tybrind Vig. Andersen 2013. 392–412.
- Juškaitis, V., K. Peseckas, G. Piličiauskienė & G. Piličiauskas. 2016a. Žvalgomieji tyrimai Šventojoje, Ošupio take. Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 2015 metais. 35–39.
- Juškaitis, V., K. Peseckas, G. Piličiauskienė, R. Vengalis & G. Piličiauskas. 2016b. Žvalgomieji tyrimai Šventojoje, Elijos gatvėje 9. Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 2015 metais. 31–35.
- Kalnina, L., A. Cerina & A. Vasks. 2004. Pollen and plant macro-remain analysis for the reconstruction of environmental changes in the early Metal period. Scott et al. 2004. 275–289.
- Karsten, P. & B. Knarrström. 2003. The Tågerup Excavations. Lund (National Heritage Board).
- Keaveney, E.M. & P.J. Reimer. 2012. Understanding the variability in freshwater radiocarbon reservoir offsets: a cautionary tale. Journal of Archaeological Science 39 (5). 1306–1316.
- Klooß, S. 2014. They were fishing in the sea and coppicing the forest. Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 92. 251–274.
- Koivisto, S. 2012. Subneolithic Fishery in the Iijoki River Estuary, Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. Journal of Wetland Archaeology 12. 22–47.
10.1179/jwa.2012.12.1.002 Google Scholar
- Koivisto, S. & K. Nurminen. 2015. Go with the flow: Stationary wooden fishing structures and the significance of estuary fishing in Subneolithic Finland. Fennoscandia archaeologica 32. 55–77.
- Koivisto, S. 2017. Archaeology of Finnish wetlands: with special reference to studies of Stone Age stationary wooden fishing structures. Helsinki (Unigrafia).
- Kriiska, A. 2000. Corded Ware Culture Sites in North-Eastern Estonia. Muinasaja Teadus 8. 59–79.
- Kunskas, R. & A. Butrimas. 1985. Biržulio ežero krantų akmens amžiaus gyvenviečių kaita holocene. Lietuvos archeologija 4. 66–79.
- Kurzawa, J. 2001. Zagadnienie najwcześniejszych faz kultury ceramiki sznurowej na nizinie Wielkokopolsko-Kujawskiej. Problem tła genetycznego społeczności kultury pucharów lejkowatych. Poznań (Uniwersytet im. A. Mickiewicza).
- Lahtinen, M. & P. Rowley-Conwy. 2013. Early farming in Finland: was there cultivation before the Iron Age (500 BC)? European Journal of Archaeology 16 (4). 660–684.
- Larsson, Å.M. 2009. Breaking and Making Bodies and Pots. Material and Ritual practices in Sweden in the Third Millennium BC. Aun 40. Uppsala (Uppsala University, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History).
- Levkovskaya, G.M. 1987. Priroda i chelovek v srednem golocene. Riga (Zinātne).
- Lindahl, A. 1990. Skärvor blir till kärl – simulerad tillverkning av keramik. Levandegörande arkeologi – hur och varför, Rapport 1990:3. Stockholm (Riksantikvarieämbetet).
- Lindahl, A. 2002. Analysmetoder. Lindahl et al. 2002. 45–49.
- Lõugas, L., A. Kriiska & L. Maldre. 2007. New dates for the Late Neolithic Corded Ware Culture burials and early husbandry in the East Baltic region. Archaeofauna 16. 21–31.
- Loze, I. 1979. Pozdnij Neolit i Rannaya Bronza Lubanskoi Ravniny. Riga (Zinatne).
- Loze, I. 1988. Poselenija kamennogo veka Lubanskoj niziny. Mezolit, rannij i srednij neolit. Riga (Zinatne).
- Loze, I. 1992. Corded Pottery Culture in Latvia. Praehistorica 19. 313–320.
- Loze, I. & G. Eberhards. 2015. Vēlā Neolīta Aboras I apmetnes apdzīvotība: Jauni radioaktīvā oglekla datējumi Lubāna mitrājā. Latvijas Zinātņu akadēmijas vēstis 66 (5/6). 26–38.
- Loze, I. & T.V. Yakubovskaya. 1984. Flora pamyatnikov kamennogo veka Lubanskoi niziny. Izvestiya AN Latvijskoi SSR 5. 85–94.
- Lozovski, V. & O. Lozovskaya. 2016. New Evidence of the Fishing Economy of Stone Age Waterlogged Sites in Central and North-Western Russia: The Example of Zamostje 2. Iskos 21. 85–100.
- Lucquin, A., A.C. Colonese, T.F.G. Farrell & O.E. Craig. 2016. Utilising phytanic acid diastereomers for the characterisation of archaeological lipid residues in pottery samples. Tetrahedron Letters 57 (6). 703–707.
- Lukešová, H. 2017. Application of the Herzog Test to Archaeological Plant Fibre Textiles. The possibilities and limits of polarised light microscopy. Bravermanová et al. 2017. 219–226.
- McQuade, M. & L. O'Donnell. 2007. Late Mesolithic fish traps from the Liffey estuary, Dublin, Ireland. Antiquity 81 (313). 569–584.
- Milner, N., G. Bailey & O. Craig. 2007. Shell middens and coastal resources along the Atlantic facade. Oxford (Oxbow).
- Mitkidou, S., E. Dimitrakoudi, D. Urem-Kotsou, D. Papadopoulou, K. Kotsakis, J.A. Stratis & I. Stephanidou-Stephanatou. 2007. Organic residue analysis of Neolithic pottery from North Greece. Microchimica Acta 160. 493–498.
- Myking, T., A. Hertzberg & T. Skroppa. 2005. History, manufacture and properties of lime bast cordage in northern Europe. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 78 (1). 65–71.
10.1093/forestry/cpi006 Google Scholar
- Moore, P.D., J.A. Webb & M.E. Collinson. 1991. Pollen Analysis. 2nd Edition. Oxford (Blackwell Scientific Publications).
- Nordqvist, K. 2016. From separation to interaction. Corded Ware in the Eastern Gulf of Finland. Acta Archaeologica 87 (1). 49–84.
- Nordqvist, K. & P. Häkälä. 2014. Distribution of Corded Ware in the areas north of the Gulf of Finland – an update. Estonian Journal of Archaeology 18 (1). 3–29.
- Oras, E., A. Lucquin, L. Lõugas, M. Tõrv, A. Kriiska & O.E. Craig. 2017. The adoption of pottery by north-east European hunter-gatherers: Evidence from lipid residue analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 78. 112–119.
- Pääkkönen, M., R.P. Evershed & H. Asplund. In press. Compound-specific stable carbon isotope values of modern terrestrial and aquatic animals from the Baltic Sea and Finland as an aid to interpretations of the origins of fatty acids preserved in archaeological pottery. Journal of Nordic Archaeological Science.
- Pääkkönen, M., E. Holmqvist, A. Bläuer, R.P. Evershed & H. Asplund. 2019. Diverse Economic Patterns in the North Baltic Sea Region in the Late Neolithic and Early Metal Periods. European Journal of Archaeology 23 (1). 4–21.
- Papakosta, V., R.H. Smittenberg, K. Gibbs, P. Jordan & S. Isaksson. 2015. Extraction and derivatization of absorbed lipid residues from very small and very old samples of ceramic potsherds for molecular analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and single compound stable carbon isotope analysis by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). Microchemical Journal 123. 196–200.
- Papakosta, V., E. Oras & S. Isaksson. 2019. Early pottery use across the Baltic – A comparative lipid residue study on Ertebølle and Narva ceramics from coastal hunter-gatherer sites in southern Scandinavia, northern Germany and Estonia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 24. 142–151.
- Piličiauskas, G. 2012. Tyrimai Šventojoje. Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 2011 metais. 31–35.
- Piličiauskas, G. 2016. Lietuvos pajūris subneolite ir neolite. Žemės ūkio pradžia. Lietuvos Archeologija 42. 25–103.
- Piličiauskas, G. 2018. Virvelinės keramikos kultūra Lietuvoje 2800-2400 cal BC. Vilnius (Lietuvos istorijos institutas).
10.33918/virvelines Google Scholar
- Piličiauskas, G. & C. Heron. 2015. Aquatic Radiocarbon Reservoir Offsets in the Southeastern Baltic. Radiocarbon 57 (4). 539–556.
- Piličiauskas, G., R. Jankauskas, G. Piličiauskienė, O.E. Craig, S. Charlton & T. Dupras. 2017a. The transition from foraging to farming (7000-500 cal BC) in the SE Baltic: A re-evaluation of chronological and palaeodietary evidence from human remains. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 14. 530–542.
- Piličiauskas, G., G. Piličiauskienė, R. Jankauskas & T. Dupras. 2017b. Reconstructing Subneolithic and Neolithic diets of the inhabitants of the SE Baltic coast (3100-2500 cal BC) using stable isotope analysis. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 9 (7). 1421–1437.
- Piličiauskas, G., V. Asheichyk, M. Kryvaltsevich, A. Vaitovich, V. Lakiza, R. Skipitytė, J. Šapolaitė, Ž. Ežerinkis, J. Kozakaitė, L. Varul, M. Pamazanau, O.E. Craig, A. Lucquin & H.K. Robson. 2018a. Corded Ware Culture in the East Baltic: new evidence on chronology, diet, and beaker function. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 21. 538–552.
- Piličiauskas, G., R. Skipitytė & C. Heron. 2018b. Mityba Lietuvoje 4500-1500 cal BC maisto liekanų keramikoje izotopinių tyrimų duomenimis. Lietuvos archeologija 44. 9–41.
- Rast-Eicher, A. 2005. Bast before Wool: the first textiles. Bichler et al. 2005. 117–135.
- Rauba-Bukowska, A. 2018. Microscopic analysis of pottery fragments from the Corded Ware culture at sites 11, 15 and 20 in Święte, Jarosław District. Baltic-Pontic Studies 23. 163–177.
10.2478/bps-2018-0005 Google Scholar
- Regert, M. 2004. Investigating the history of prehistoric glues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Separation Science 27. 244–254.
- Regert, M. 2011. Analytical strategies for discriminating archaeological fatty substances from animal origin. Mass Spectrometry Review 30. 177–220.
- Reimer, P.J., E. Bard, A. Bayliss, J.W. Beck, P.G. Blackwell, C. Bronk Ramsey, C.E. Buck, H. Cheng, R.L. Edwards, M. Friedrich, P.M. Grootes, T.P. Guilderson, H. Haflidason, I. Hajdas, C. Hatté, T.J. Heaton, D.L. Hoffmann, A.G. Hogg, K.A. Hughen, K.F. Kaiser, B. Kromer, S.W. Manning, M. Niu, R.W. Reimer, D.A. Richards, E.M. Scott, J.R. Southon, R.A. Staff, C.S.M. Turney & J. van der Plicht. 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 5 (4). 1869–1887.
10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947 Google Scholar
- Rimantienė, R. 2005. Die Steinzeitfischer an der Ostseelagune in Litauen. Vilnius (Litauisches Nationalmuseum).
- Robson, H.K., R. Skipitytė, G. Piličiauskienė, A. Lucquin, C. Heron, O.E. Craig & G. Piličiauskas. 2019. Diet, cuisine and consumption practices of the first farmers in the southeastern Baltic. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11. 4011–4024.
- Schoch, W., I. Heller, F.H. Schweingruber & F. Kienast. 2004. Wood anatomy of central European Species. Online version: www.woodanatomy.ch, retrieved on 01.03.2020.
- Scott E.M., A.Yu. Alekseev & G. Zaitseva. 2004. Impact of the environment on human migration in Eurasia, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, held in St. Petersburg, 15–18 November 2003. New York (Springer).
- Stančikaitė, M., V. Baltrūnas, D. Kisielienė, R. Guobytė & T. Ostrauskas. 2004. Gamtinė aplinka ir gyventojų ūkinė veikla Biržulio ežero apylinkėse holoceno laikotarpiu. Acta Academiae artium Vilnensis 34. 45–66.
- Stančikaitė, M., V. Baltrūnas, P. Šinkūnas, D. Kisielienė & T. Ostrauskas. 2006. Human response to the Holocene environmental changes in the Biržulis Lake region, NW Lithuania. Quaternary International 150. 113–129.
- Stockmarr, J. 1971. Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis. Pollen et Spores 13. 615–621.
- Tourunen, A. 2008. Animals in an Urban Context. A Zooarchaeological study of the Medieval and Post-Medieval town of Turku. Academic dissertation. Annales Universitatis Turkuensis 308. Turku (Turun Yliopisto).
- Volkova, E.V. 1996. Goncharstvo fat'ianovskikh plemen. Moscow (Nauka).
- Ward, G.K. & S.R. Wilson. 1978. Procedures for comparing and combining radiocarbon age determinations: a critique. Archaeometry 20 (1). 19–31.
- Wheeler, E.A. 2011. InsideWood – a web resource for hardwood anatomy. IAWA Journal 32 (2). 199–211.
