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THE EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF AN ANTIPREDATOR REACTION NORM: DAPHNIA PULEX AND CHAOBORUS AMERICANUS
Ken Parejko,
Stanley I. Dodson,
Ken Parejko
Department of Biology, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, MI, 48604 USA
Present address: Department of Biology, Winona State University, Winona, MN 55987 USA.Search for more papers by this authorStanley I. Dodson
Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706 USA
Search for more papers by this authorKen Parejko,
Stanley I. Dodson,
Ken Parejko
Department of Biology, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, MI, 48604 USA
Present address: Department of Biology, Winona State University, Winona, MN 55987 USA.Search for more papers by this authorStanley I. Dodson
Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706 USA
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Ponds containing the parthenogenetic zooplankter Daphnia pulex with and without chaoborid predators were sampled over the course of a season. A significant (P < 0.05) Spearman rank correlation was found between predator density and the expression of an antipredator defense (neckteeth) by the Daphnia. The reaction norms (percent induction of a single genotype versus predator density) of clones isolated from predator-free and predator-rich habitats were determined in a laboratory setting. There was a statistically significant different response among the six clones tested (P < 0.05). Clones isolated from chaoborid ponds showed significantly greater sensitivity to the presence of predator than clones from predator-free ponds (P < 0.05). In the laboratory, food levels under which prey were cultured affected induction of the antipredator response. Highest induction was found at the lowest food level used.
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