Article
Free Access
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE BIOTA OF SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA: EVIDENCE FROM THE FOSSIL PLANT RECORD†
Alan Graham,
Alan Graham
Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
Present address: Dept. of Biology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240.Search for more papers by this authorAlan Graham,
Alan Graham
Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
Present address: Dept. of Biology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240.Search for more papers by this author†
An invited paper presented as part of the Society for the Study of Evolution's symposium, Origin and Evolution of the Biota of Southeastern North America, Chapel Hill, March 27, 1964.

Literature Cited
- Barghoorn, E. S. 1951. Age and environment: a survey of North American Tertiary floras in relation to paleoecology. J. Paleo., 25: 736–744.
- Bell, W. A. 1956. Lower Cretaceous floras of western Canada. Mem. Geol. Surv. Canada No. 285. Ottawa. 331 p.
- Berry, E. W. 1905. Additions to the fossil flora from Cliffwood, N. J. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 32: 43–48.
10.2307/2478523 Google Scholar
- Berry, E. W. 1905 (1906). The flora of the Cliffwood clays. Geol. Surv. N. J. Ann. Rept., p. 135–172.
- Berry, E. W. 1911a. Contributions to the Mesozoic flora of the Atlantic coastal plain. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 38: 399–424.
10.2307/2479244 Google Scholar
- Berry, E. W. 1911b. The flora of the Raritan Formation. N. J. Geol. Surv. Bull., 3: 1–233.
- Berry, E. W. 1916a. The physical conditions indicated by the flora of the Calvert Formation. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 98.
- Berry, E. W. 1916b. The flora of the Citronelle Formation. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 98.
- Berry, E. W. 1917. The physical conditions and age indicated by the flora of the Alum Bluff Formation. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 98.
- Berry, E. W. 1925. The flora of the Ripley Formation. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 136.
- Berry, E. W. 1930. Revision of the Lower Eocene Wilcox flora of the southeastern United States. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 156.
- Braun, E. Lucy. 1955. The phytogeography of unglaciated eastern United States and its interpretation. Bot. Rev., 21: 297–375.
- Broecker, Wallace, et al. 1960. Evidence for an abrupt change in climate close to 11,000 years ago. Amer. J. Sci., 258: 429–448.
- Brown, C. A. 1938. The flora of Pleistocene deposits in the western Florida Parishes, West Feliciana Parish, and East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. In Contributions to the Pleistocene history of the Florida Parishes of Louisiana. La. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 12: 59–96.
- Chaney, R. W. 1930. A Sequoia forest of Tertiary age on St. Lawrence Island. Science, 72: 653–654.
- Deevey, E. S. 1949. Biogeography of the Pleistocene. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 60: 1315–1416.
- Dorf, Erling. 1942. Upper Cretaceous floras of the Rocky Mountain Region. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Contrib. Paleon. No. 508. 168 p.
- Dressler, R. L. 1954. Some floristic relationships between Mexico and the United States. Rhodora, 56: 81–96.
- Fernald, M. L. 1931. Specific segregations and identities in some floras of eastern North America and the Old World. Rhodora, 33: 25–63.
- Graham, Alan, and Charles Heimsch. 1960. Pollen analysis of some Texas peat deposits. Ecology, 41: 751–763.
- Gray, Jane. 1960. Temperate pollen genera in the Eocene (Clairborne) flora, Alabama. Science, 132: 808–810.
- Groot, J. J., and J. S. Penny. 1960. Plant microfossils and age of non-marine Cretaceous sediments of Maryland and Delaware. Micropaleontology, 6: 225–236.
10.2307/1484469 Google Scholar
- Hollick, A. 1904. Additions to the paleobotany of the Cretaceous Formation on Long Island. II. N. Y. Bot. Garden Bull., 3: 403–418.
- Hollick, A. 1906. The Cretaceous flora of southern New York and New England. U. S. Geol. Surv. Monogr., 50: 1–219.
- Hollick, A., 1912. Additions to the paleobotany of the Cretaceous Formation on Long Island. III. N. Y. Bot. Garden Bull., 8: 154–170.
- Hollick, A., 1930. The Upper Cretaceous floras of Alaska. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 159. 123 p.
- Hopkins, D. M. 1959. Cenozoic history of the Bering Land Bridge. Science, 129: 1519–1528.
- Li, Hui-Lin. 1952. Floristic relationships between eastern Asia and eastern North America. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 42: 371–429.
10.2307/1005654 Google Scholar
- Lowenstam, H. A., and S. Epstein. 1954. Paleotemperatures of the post-aptian Cretaceous as determined by the oxygen isotope method. J. Geol., 62: 207–248.
- MacNeal, Donald L. 1958. The flora of the Upper Cretaceous Woodbine Sand in Denton County, Texas. Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., No. 10. 152 p.
- Manum, Svein. 1962. Studies in the Tertiary flora of Spitsbergen, with notes on the Tertiary floras of Ellesmere Island, Greenland, and Iceland, a palynological investigation. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter Nr. 125. Oslo. 127 p.
- Martin, P. S., and B. F. Harrell. 1957. The Pleistocene history of temperate biotas in Mexico and eastern United States. Ecology, 38: 468–480.
- McLaughlin, R. E. 1957. Plant microfossils from the Bruhn Lignite. Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Tenn. 183 p.
- Miranda, F., and A. J. Sharp. 1950. Characteristics of the vegetation in certain temperate regions of eastern Mexico. Ecology, 31: 313–333.
- Potzger, J. E., and B. C. Tharp. 1943. Pollen record of Canadian spruce and fir from a Texas bog. Science, 98: 585–586.
- Potzger, J. E., and B. C. Tharp. 1947. Pollen profile from a Texas bog. Ecology, 28: 274–281.
- Potzger, J. E., and B. C. Tharp. 1954. Pollen study of two bogs in Texas. Ecology, 35: 462–467.
- Schuchert, Charles. 1955. Atlas of paleogeographic maps of North America. Wiley and Sons, N. Y. 177 p.
- Sharp, A. J. 1951. The relation of the Eocene Wilcox flora to some modern floras. Evolution, 5: 1–5.
- Simpson, G. G. 1947. Holarctic mammalian faunas and continental relationships during the Cenozoic. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 58: 613–688.
- Steeves, Margaret W. 1959. The pollen and spores of the Raritan and Magothy formations (Cretaceous) of Long Island. Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, Radcliffe College, Cambridge. 237 p.
- Teixeira, Carlos. 1948. Flora Mesozoica Portuguesa. Servicos Geologicos de Portugal, Lisboa. Part I, 118 p. Part II, 1950, 31 p.
- Traverse, Alfred. 1955. Pollen analysis of the Brandon Lignite of Vermont. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations 5151. 107 p.
- Urey, H. C., et al. 1951. Measurement of paleotemperatures and temperatures of the Upper Cretaceous of England, Denmark, and the southeastern United States. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 62: 399–416.
- Watson, S. 1891. The relation of the Mexican flora to that of the United States. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 39: 291–292.