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Search for Clues to the Evolutionary Meaning of Ciliate Phylogeny*†
S. H. HUTNER,
JOHN O. CORLISS,
S. H. HUTNER
Haskins Laboratories at Pace University, Pace Plaza, New York, NY 10038, and Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
Search for more papers by this authorJOHN O. CORLISS
Haskins Laboratories at Pace University, Pace Plaza, New York, NY 10038, and Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
Search for more papers by this authorS. H. HUTNER,
JOHN O. CORLISS,
S. H. HUTNER
Haskins Laboratories at Pace University, Pace Plaza, New York, NY 10038, and Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
Search for more papers by this authorJOHN O. CORLISS
Haskins Laboratories at Pace University, Pace Plaza, New York, NY 10038, and Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
Search for more papers by this author†
Presented as part of a Symposium, “Early Evolution of Protists” (sponsored by the Society of Protozoologists and co-sponsored by the Phycological Society of America and the Society for Invertebrate Pathology), held at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Society of Protozoologists, Oregon State University, Corvallis, August 1975.
‡
Investigations of the authors and their collaborators reported in this paper were supported by the following Research Grants: at Haskins Laboratories—2 RO1 AM 15137 and FR 05596, from the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service; BMS 75-10956, from the National Science Foundation; and a grant from the S. and W. T. Golden Foundation; at the University of Maryland—GB-41172, from the National Science Foundation.
Abstract
SYNOPSIS. Progress in ciliatology and in allied fields may demystify ciliate phylogenetics. Concentration on hymenostomes (mainly Tetrahymena and Paramecium) may have obscured directional features of ciliate physiology in phylogenetic problems. Therefore, means are suggested for “domesticating” the presumptively primitive, predominantly marine, sand-dwelling gymnostomes having nondividing diploid macronuclei. The prize quarry is the marine psammophile Stephanopogon whose homokaryotic condition may mark it as a living fossil. Eventual axenic cultivation of these “primitive” ciliates may be aided by use as food of easily grown photosynthetic prokaryotes, some isolated from the marine sulfuretum or adjacent aerobic muds and sands where “karyorelictid” ciliates flourish.
We assume that: (a) the macronucleus evolved as a coordinator of chemical and physical signals, for efficient detection of food and toxins; (b) oral structures evolved meanwhile as sensors as well as mechanical food-gatherers. This conjunction enabled complexity of adaptive behavior and evolutionary success. Ciliate origins cannot be considered apart from origin(s) of phagotrophy and its underlying versatile heterotrophy. Because of the well developed heterotrophy in some photosynthetic prokaryotes (including several proposed as food organisms), they are viewed as alternatives to blue-green algae as forebears of eukaryotes. Nor can ciliate origins be considered apart from origin(s) of eukaryotes. A check of these assumptions—that Stephanopogon and gymnostomes with nondividing macronuclei are primitive—may be forthcoming from sequencing amino acids in certain key enzymes, given an adequate sampling of ciliates, flagellates (especially dinoflagellates and cryptomonads), lower fungi, and photosynthetic prokaryotes other than blue-green algae.
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