Testing a Level of Response to Alcohol-Based Model of Heavy Drinking and Alcohol Problems in 1,905 17-year-olds
Marc A. Schuckit
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorTom L. Smith
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorJon Heron
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorMatthew Hickman
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorJohn Macleod
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorGlyn Lewis
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorJohn M. Davis
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorJoseph R. Hibbeln
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorSandra Brown
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorLuisa Zuccolo
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorLaura L. Miller
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorGeorge Davey-Smith
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorMarc A. Schuckit
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorTom L. Smith
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorJon Heron
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorMatthew Hickman
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorJohn Macleod
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorGlyn Lewis
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorJohn M. Davis
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorJoseph R. Hibbeln
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorSandra Brown
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorLuisa Zuccolo
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorLaura L. Miller
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorGeorge Davey-Smith
From the Department of Psychiatry (MAS, TLS, SB), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (JH, MH, JM, GL, LZ, LLM, GD-S), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.; Department of Psychiatry (JMD), University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; and LMBB/NIAAA (JRH), Bethesda, Maryland.
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Background: The low level of response (LR) to alcohol is one of several genetically influenced characteristics that increase the risk for heavy drinking and alcohol problems. Efforts to understand how LR operates through additional life influences have been carried out primarily in modest-sized U.S.-based samples with limited statistical power, raising questions about generalizability and about the importance of components with smaller effects. This study evaluates a full LR-based model of risk in a large sample of adolescents from the United Kingdom.
Methods: Cross-sectional structural equation models were used for the approximate first half of the age 17 subjects assessed by the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, generating data on 1,905 adolescents (mean age 17.8 years, 44.2% boys). LR was measured with the Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol Questionnaire, outcomes were based on drinking quantities and problems, and standardized questionnaires were used to evaluate peer substance use, alcohol expectancies, and using alcohol to cope with stress.
Results: In this young and large U.K. sample, a low LR related to more adverse alcohol outcomes both directly and through partial mediation by all 3 additional key variables (peer substance use, expectancies, and coping). The models were similar in boys and girls.
Conclusions: These results confirm key elements of the hypothesized LR-based model in a large U.K. sample, supporting some generalizability beyond U.S. groups. They also indicate that with enough statistical power, multiple elements contribute to how LR relates to alcohol outcomes and reinforce the applicability of the model to both genders.
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