Optical coherence tomography in optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis: a review
K. Kallenbach,
J. Frederiksen,
K. Kallenbach
Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Frederiksen
Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorK. Kallenbach,
J. Frederiksen,
K. Kallenbach
Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Frederiksen
Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorKlaus Kallenbach, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup Hospital, Nordre Ringvej 69, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark (tel.: +45 43 23 23 38; fax: +45 43 23 44 76; e-mail: [email protected]).
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new noninvasive high-resolution method that measures the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. An overview of the use in optic neuritis (ON) and multiple sclerosis (MS) is presented. Literature survey of PubMed was carried out. RNFL thickness in eyes of healthy control subjects was 102.9–111.11 μm, in eyes affected by ON 59.79–85 μm, and in fellow eyes 82.73–99.8 μm. All studies found a significant reduction in RNFL in eyes affected by ON compared with fellow eyes and eyes of healthy controls. Two out of three studies found a significant reduction in RNFL in fellow eyes compared with control eyes. RNFL thickness correlated with visual acuity, visual field, low-contrast letter acuity, contrast sensitivity, and color vision. Correlations were also found with the optic nerve area evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging, neurologic impairment score, and increasing disease duration. One of two studies found a significant correlation with amplitudes of visual evoked potentials, neither correlated with latencies. OCT is a promising new tool for evaluating atrophy in patients with ON and MS.
References
- 1 Frederiksen JL. A prospective study of acute optic neuritis: clinical, MRI, CSF, neurophysiological and HLA findings. Thesis. Copenhagen, Denmark. FADL's Forlag.
- 2 Sørensen TL, Frederiksen JL, Brønnum-Hansen H, Petersen HC. Optic neuritis as onset manifestation of multiple sclerosis: a nationwide, long-term survey. American Academy of Neurology 1999; 53: 473–478.
- 3 Söderström M, Jin YP, Hillert J, Link H. Optic neuritis: prognosis for multiple sclerosis from MRI, CSF, and HLA findings. American Academy of Neurology 1998; 50: 708–714.
- 4 Optic Neuritis Study Group. High- and low-risk profiles for the development of multiple sclerosis within 10 years after optic neuritis. Archives of Ophthalmology 2003; 121: 944–949.
- 5 Optic Neuritis Study Group. Visual function more than 10 years after optic neuritis: experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2004; 137: 77–83.
- 6 Optic Neuritis Study Group. The clinical profile of optic neuritis. Archives of Ophthalmology 1991; 109: 1673–1678.
- 7 Balcer LJ, Baier ML, Cohen JA, et al. Contrast letter acuity as a visual component for the multiple sclerosis functional composite. Neurology 2003; 61: 1367–1373.
- 8 Baier ML, Cutter GR, Rudick RA, et al. Low-contrast letter acuity testing captures visual dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2005; 64: 992–995.
- 9 Balcer LJ, Baier ML, Pelak VS, et al. New low-contrast vision charts: reliability and test characteristics in patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis 2000; 6: 163–171.
- 10 Trobe JD, Beck RW, Moke PS, Cleary PA. Contrast sensitivity and other vision tests in the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1996; 121: 547–553.
- 11 Bermel RA, Bakshi R. The measurement and clinical relevance of brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurology 2006; 5: 158–170.
- 12 Anderson VM, Fox NC, Miller D. Magnetic resonance imaging measures of brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2006; 23: 605–618.
- 13 Trapp BD, Peterson J, Ransohoff RM, Rudick R, Mörk S, Bö L. Axonal transaction in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. The New England Journal of Medicine 1998; 338: 278–285.
- 14 Ferguson B, Matyszak MK, Esiri MM, Perry VH. Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 1997; 120: 393–399.
- 15 Quigley HA, Davis EB, Anderson DR. Descending optic nerve degeneration in primates. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1977; 16: 841–849.
- 16 Rieckman P. Neurodegeneration and clinical relevance for early treatment in multiple sclerosis. The International MS Journal 2005; 12: 42–51.
- 17 Schmitt JM. Optical coherence tomography (OCT): a review. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 1999; 5: 1205–1215.
- 18 Ishikawa H, Stein DM, Wolstein G, Beaton S, Fujimoto JG, Schuman JS. Macular segmentation with optical coherence tomography. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2005; 46: 2012–2017.
- 19 Kanamori A, Nakamura M, Escano MFT, Seya R, Maeda H, Negi A. Evaluation of the glaucomatous damage on retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by optical coherence tomography. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2003; 135: 513–520.
- 20 Sihota R, Sony P, Gupta V, Dada T, Singh R. Diagnostic capability of optical coherence tomography in evaluating the degree of glaucomatous retinal nerve fiber damage. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2006; 47: 2006–2010.
- 21 Jeoung JW, Park KH, Kim TW, Khwarg SI, Kim DM. Diagnostic ability of optical coherence tomography with a normative database to detect localized retinal nerve fiber layer defects. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 2157–2163.
- 22 Budenz DL, Chang RT, Huang X, Knighton RW, Tielsch JM. Reproducibility of retinal nerve fiber thickness measurements using the Stratus OCT in normal and glaucomatous eyes. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2005; 46: 2440–2443.
- 23 Hougaard JL, Ostenfeld C, Heijl A, Bengtsson B. Modelling the normal retinal nerve fibre layer thickness as measured by Stratus optical coherence tomography. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2006; [Epub ahead of print].
- 24 Sergott RC, Piette S, Etter J, Savino PJ, Affel L. In Vivo Neuroprotection with High-Dose, High-Frequency Interferon therapy: A Serial Optical Coherence Tomography study in Multiple Sclerosis and Optic Neuritis. Poster No. P251. Presented at the 21st Congress of the ECTRIMS. Thessaloniki, Greece, 29 September, 2005.
- 25 Sergott RC. Optical coherence tomography: Measuring in-vivo axonal survival and neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 2005; 16: 346–350.
- 26 Parisi V, Manni G, Spadaro M, et al. Correlation between morphological and functional retinal impairment in multiple sclerosis patients. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1999; 40: 2520–2527.
- 27 Trip SA, Schlottmann PG, Jones SJ, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer axonal loss and visual dysfunction in optic neuritis. Annals of Neurology 2005; 58: 383–391.
- 28 Fisher JB, Jacobs DA, Markowitz CE, et al. Relation of visual function to retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmology 2006; 113: 324–332.
- 29 Costello F, Coupland S, Hodge W, et al. Quantifying axonal loss after optic neuritis with optical coherence tomography. Annals of Neurology 2006; 59: 963–969.
- 30 Menke MN, Feke GT, Trempe CL. OCT measurements in patients with optic disc edema. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2005; 46: 3807–3811.
- 31 Trip SA, Schlottmann PG, Jones SJ, et al. Optic nerve atrophy and retinal nerve fiber layer thinning following optic neuritis: evidence that axonal loss is a substrate of MRI-detected atrophy. NeuroImage 2006; 31: 286–293.
- 32 Kerrison JB, Flynn T, Green R. Retinal pathologic changes in multiple sclerosis. Retina 1994; 14: 445–451.
- 33 Hickman SJ, Toosy AT, Jones SJ, et al. A serial MRI study following optic nerve mean area in acute optic neuritis. Brain 2004; 127: 2498–2505.
- 34 Toth CA, Narayan DG, Boppart ST, et al. A comparison of retinal morphology viewed by optical coherence tomography and by light microscopy. Archives of Ophthalmology 1997; 115: 1425–1428.
- 35 Chauhan DS, Marshall J. The interpretation of optical coherence tomography images of the retina. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1999; 40: 2332–2342.
- 36 Skaf M, Bernardes AB, Cardillo JA, et al. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness profile in normal eyes using third-generation optical coherence tomography. Eye 2006; 20: 431–439.
- 37 Frederiksen JL, Sørensen TL, Sellebjerg FT. Residual symptoms and signs after untreated acute optic neuritis. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 1997; 75: 544–547.
- 38 Miller DH. Biomarkers and surrogate outcomes in neurodegenerative disease: lessons from multiple sclerosis. Journal of the American Society for Experimental Neurotherapeutics 2004; 1: 284–294.
