Bildgebende Diagnostikverfahren und Therapieoptionen bei zerebralen Aspergillosen
Stefan Schwartz
Medizinische Klinik III, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Deutschland
Search for more papers by this authorStefan Schwartz
Medizinische Klinik III, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Deutschland
Search for more papers by this authorInteressenkonflikt: Der Autor hat Reise-und Vortragshonorare von folgenden Firmen erhalten: Pfizer, Enzon.
Zusammenfassung
Zerebrale Infektionen mit Aspergillus-Spezies zeigten in der Vergangenheit eine ausgesprochen ungünstige Prognose mit einer Letalität von nahezu 100 %. Um die Diagnose einer zerebralen Aspergillose zweifelsfrei zu belegen, ist meist eine Hirnbiopsie erforderlich. Weiterentwickelte Diagnostikverfahren, insbesondere die Magnetresonanztomografie mit Diffusionswichtung und der Nachweis von Aspergillus-spezifischer DNS mittels PCR, haben in den letzten Jahren die Qualität der indirekten Diagnostik wesentlich verbessert. Ein wesentlicher Grund für die sehr ungünstige Prognose der zerebralen Aspergillose in der Vergangenheit dürfte die nur unzureichende Penetration der meisten verfügbaren Antimykotika gewesen sein. Im Gegensatz zu Amphotericin B, den Echinocandinen und den Azolen Itraconazol und Posaconazol weist Voriconazol bei einem sehr geringen Molekulargewicht eine vergleichsweise sehr gute ZNS-Penetration auf. In der bisher umfangreichsten Studie zur zerebralen Aspergillose führte eine Therapie mit Voriconazol bei 81 Patienten zu einer Ansprechrate von 35 % und einer Überlebensrate von 31 %. Zusätzliche neurochirurgische Interventionen waren in dieser Studie sowie in einer erweiterten Analyse von 120 Patienten mit einer signifikant besseren Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit assoziiert. Aufgrund der Vielzahl der unterschiedlichen neurochirurgischen Eingriffe ist derzeit jedoch unklar, welches Verfahren für welche klinische Situation am besten geeignet ist.
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