Withdrawal of immunosuppression in liver transplantation: Lessons learned from PTLD
George V. Mazariegos MD,
George V. Mazariegos MD
Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute 3705 Fifth Avenue, 7 North Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorGeorge V. Mazariegos MD,
George V. Mazariegos MD
Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute 3705 Fifth Avenue, 7 North Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this author
References
- 1 Breinig MK, Zitelli B, Starzl TE, Ho M. Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and other viral infections in children after liver transplantation. J Infect Dis 1987: 156: 273–239.
- 2 Malatack JF, Gartner JC, Jr, Urbach AH, Zitelli BJ. Orthotopic liver transplantation, Epstein-Barr virus, cyclosporine, and lymphoproliferative disease: a growing concern. J Pediatr 1991: 118: 667–675.
- 3 Lamy ME, Favart AM, Cornu C, et al. Epstein-Barr virus infection in 59 orthotopic liver transplant patients. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 1990: 179: 137–144.
- 4 Manez R, Kusne S, Linden P, et al. Temporary withdrawal of immunosuppression for life-threatening infections after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1994: 57: 149–151.
- 5 Reyes J, Zeevi A, Ramos H, et al. Frequent achievement of a drug-free state after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transpl Proc 1993: 25: 3315–3319.
- 6 Starzl TE, Demetris AJ, Trucco M, et al. Cell migration and chimerism after whole-organ transplantation: the basis of graft acceptance. Hepatology 1993: 17: 1127–1152.
- 7 Tzakis AG, Reyes J, Zeevi A, et al. Early tolerance in pediatric liver allograft recipients. J Pediatr Surg 1994: 29: 754–756.
- 8 Green M, Cacciarelli TV, Mazariegos GV, et al. Serial measurement of Epstein-Barr viral load in peripheral blood in pediatric liver transplant recipients during treatment for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Transplantation 1998: 66: 1641–1644.
- 9 Green M, Michaels MG, Webber SA, Rowe D, Reyes J. The management of Epstein-Barr virus associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders in pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients. Pediatr Transpl 1999: 3: 271–281.
- 10 Green M. Management of Epstein-Barr virus-induced post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in recipients of solid organ transplantation. Am J Transpl 2001: 1: 103–108.
- 11 Green M. Preemptive therapy: Epstein-Barr virus. Transpl Proc 1996: 28(Suppl. 2): 5–6.
- 12 McDiarmid SV, Jordan S, Kim GS, et al. Prevention and preemptive therapy of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver recipients. Transplantation 1998: 66: 1604–1611.
- 13 Kogan-Liberman D, Burroughs M, Emre S, Moscona A, Shneider BL. The role of quantitative Epstein-Barr virus polymerase chain reaction and preemptive immunosuppression reduction in pediatric liver transplantation: A preliminary experience. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001: 33: 445–449.
- 14 Fridell JA, Jain A, Reyes J, et al. Causes of mortality beyond 1 year after primary pediatric liver transplant under tacrolimus. Transplantation 2002: 74: 1721–1724.
- 15 Wallot MA, Mathot M, Janssen M, et al. Long-term survival and late graft loss in pediatric liver transplant recipients – A 15-year single-center experience. Liver Transpl 2002: 8: 615–622.
- 16 Mazariegos GV, Reyes J, Marino IR, et al. Weaning of immunosuppression in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1997: 63: 243–249.
- 17 Molmenti E, Mazariegos G, Bueno J, et al. Non-compliance after pediatric liver transplantation. Transpl Proc 1999: 31: 408.
- 18 Devlin J, Doherty D, Thomson L, et al. Defining the outcome of immunosuppression withdrawal after liver transplantation. Hepatology 1998: 27: 926–933.
- 19 Takatsuki M, Uemoto S, Inomata Y, et al. Weaning of immunosuppression in living donor liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001: 72: 449–454.
- 20 Pappo O, Ramos H, Starzl TE, Fung JJ, Demetris AJ. Structural integrity and identification of causes of liver allograft dysfunction occurring more than 5 years after transplantation. Am J Surg Pathol 1995: 19: 192–206.
- 21 Randhawa P, Blakolmer K, Kashyap R, et al. Allograft liver biopsy in patients with Epstein-Barr virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Am J Surg Pathol 2001: 25: 324–330.
- 22 Auchincloss H, Jr.In search of the elusive Holy Grail: The mechanisms and prospects for achieving clinical transplantation tolerance. Am J Transpl 2001: 1: 6–12.
- 23 Cacciarelli TV, Reyes J, Jaffe R, et al. Primary tacrolimus (FK506) therapy and the long-term risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Pediatr Transpl 2001: 5: 359–364.
- 24 Jain A, Nalesnik M, Reyes J, et al. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders in liver transplantation: A 20-year experience. Ann Surg 2002: 236: 436–437.
- 25 McCaughan GW. Withdrawal of immunosuppression in liver transplant recipients: Is this as good as it gets? Liver Transpl 2002: 8: 408–410.
- 26 Varela-Fascinetto G, Treacy SJ, Vacanti JP. Approaching operational tolerance in long-term pediatric liver transplant recipients receiving minimal immunosuppression. Transpl Proc 1997: 29: 449–451.
- 27 Starzl TE, Murase N, Abu-Elmagd K, et al. Tolerogenic immunosuppression for organ transplantation. Lancet 2003: 361: 1502–1510.
- 28 Calne R, Friend P, Moffatt S, et al. Prope tolerance, perioperative campath 1H, and low-dose cyclosporin monotherapy in renal allograft recipients. Lancet 1998: 351: 1701–1702.
- 29 Rose C, Green M, Webber S, Ellis D, Reyes J, Rowe D. Pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients carry chronic loads of Epstein-Barr virus exclusively in the immunoglobulin D-negative B-cell compartment. J Clin Microbiol 2001: 39: 1407–1415.
- 30 Ganschow R, Broering DC, Nolkemper D, et al. Th2 cytokine profile in infants predisposes to improved graft acceptance after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2001: 72: 929–934.
- 31 Nalesnik MA, Zeevi A, Randhawa PS, et al. Cytokine mRNA profiles in Epstein-Barr virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Clin Transpl 1999: 13: 39–44.
- 32 Mazariegos GV, Reyes J, Webber SA, et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms in children successfully withdrawn from immunosuppression after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2002: 73: 1342–1345.
- 33 Takatsuki M, Uemoto S, Inomata Y, et al. Analysis of alloreactivity and intragraft cytokine profiles in living donor liver transplant recipients with graft acceptance. Transpl Immunol 2001: 8: 279–286.
- 34 Thomson AW, Mazariegos GV, Reyes J, et al. Monitoring the patient off immunosuppression. Conceptual framework for a proposed tolerance assay study in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001: 72: S13–S22.
- 35 Mazariegos GV, Zahorchak AF, Reyes J, et al. Dendritic cell subset ratio in peripheral blood correlates with successful withdrawal of immunosuppression in liver transplant patients. Am J Transpl 2003: 3: 689–696.
- 36 McKenna RM, Takemoto SK, Terasaki PI. Anti-HLA antibodies after solid organ transplantation. Transplantation 2000: 69: 319–326.
- 37 Gebauer BS, Hricik DE, Atallah A, et al. Evolution of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay for post-transplant alloreactivity as a potentially useful immune monitoring tool. Am J Transpl 2002: 2: 857–866.
- 38 Van Besouw NM, Van Der Mast BJ, De Kuiper P, et al. Donor-specific T-cell reactivity identifies kidney transplant patients in whom immunosuppressive therapy can be safely reduced. Transplantation 2000: 70: 136–143.
- 39 Chang CC, Ciubotariu R, Manavalan JS, et al. Tolerization of dendritic cells by T(S) cells: the crucial role of inhibitory receptors ILT3 and ILT4. Nat Immunol 2002: 3: 237–243.
- 40 Jiang S, Lechler RI. Regulatory T cells in the control of transplantation tolerance and autoimmunity. Am J Transpl 2003: 3: 516–524.
- 41 Matthews JB, Ramos E, Bluestone JA. Clinical trials of transplant tolerance: Slow but steady progress. Am J Transpl 2003: 3: 794–803.
Citing Literature
