Nonsolar occupational risk factors for cutaneous melanoma
Cristina Fortes PhD
From the Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy, and Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorEsther De Vries PhD
From the Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy, and Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorCristina Fortes PhD
From the Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy, and Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorEsther De Vries PhD
From the Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy, and Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this author
References
- 1 De Vries E, Coebergh JW. Melanoma incidence has risen in Europe. Br Med J 2005; 331: 698.
- 2 Ferlay F, Bray PP, Parkin DM. GLOBOCAN 2002, Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide. IARC Cancer Base No. 5, 2nd edn. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Press, 2004.
- 3 Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS, et al . Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma. I. Common and atypical naevi. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 28–44.
- 4 Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS, et al . Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma. III. Family history, actinic damage and phenotypic factors. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 2040–2059.
- 5 Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS, et al . Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma. II. Sun exposure. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41: 45–60.
- 6
Whitman D,
Parson PG,
Green AC.
P53 expression and risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: a case–control study.
Int J Cancer
1998; 77: 843–848.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980911)77:6<843::AID-IJC8>3.0.CO;2-U PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 7 Carli P, Massi D, Santucci M, et al . Cutaneous melanoma histologically associated with a nevus and melanoma de novo have a different profile of risk: results from a case–control study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40: 549–557.
- 8 Bell CMJ, Jenkinson CM, Murrels TJ. Aetiological factors in cutaneous malignant melanoma seen at a UK skin clinic. J Epidemiol Comm Health 1987; 41: 306–311.
- 9 Magnani C, Coggon D, Cosmond C, et al . Occupation and five cancers: a case–control study using death certificates. Br J Ind Med 1987; 44: 769–776.
- 10 Sorahan T, Nichols L, Harrington JM. Mortality of United Kingdom oil refinery and petroleum distribution workers, 1951–1998. Occup Med 2002; 52: 333–339.
- 11 Rushton L. Further follow-up of mortality in a United Kingdom oil refinery cohort. Br J Ind Med 1993; 50: 549–560.
- 12 Gun RT, Pratt NL, Griffith EC, et al . Update of a prospective study of mortality and cancer incidence in the Australian petroleum industry. Occup Environ Med 2004; 61: 150.
- 13 Christie D, Robinson K, Gordon I, et al . A prospective study in the Australian petroleum industry. II. Incidence of cancer. Br J Ind Med 1991; 48: 511–514.
- 14 Schnatter AR, Theriault G, Katz AM, et al . A retrospective mortality study within operating segments of a petroleum company. Am J Ind Med 1992; 22: 209–229.
- 15 Eisen EA, Bardin J, Gore R, et al . Exposure–response models based on extended follow-up of a cohort mortality study in the automobile industry. Scand J Work Health 2001; 27: 240–249.
- 16 Garland FC, White RW, Gardland FC, et al . Occupational sunlight exposure and melanoma in the U.S. Navy. Arch Environ Health 1990; 45: 261–267.
- 17 Andersen A, Barlow L, Engeland A, et al . Work-related cancer in the Nordic countries. Scand J Work Environ Health 1999; 25: 1–116.
- 18 Linet M, Malker HSR, Chow W, et al . Occupational risks for cutaneous melanoma among men in Sweden. J Occup Environ Med 1995; 37: 1127–1135.
- 19 Langseth H, Andersen A. Cancer incidence among male pulp and paper workers in Norway. Scand J Work Environ Health 2000; 26: 99–105.
- 20 Dubrow R. Malignant melanoma in the printing industry. Am J Ind Med 1986; 10: 119–126.
- 21 Nielsen H, Henriksen L, Olsen JH. Malignant melanoma among lithographers. Scand J Work Environ Health 1996; 22: 108–111.
- 22 McLaughlin JK, Malker HS, Blot WJ, et al . Malignant melanoma in the printing industry. Am J Ind Med 1988; 13: 301–304.
- 23
Bulbulyan MA,
Ilychova SA,
Zahm SH,
et al
. Cancer mortality among women in the Russian printing industry.
Am J Ind Med
1999; 36: 166–171.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199907)36:1<166::AID-AJIM24>3.0.CO;2-P CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 24
Robinson CF,
Petersen M,
Palu S.
Mortality patterns among electrical workers employed in the industry, 1982–1987.
Am J Ind Med
1999; 36: 630–637.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199912)36:6<630::AID-AJIM5>3.0.CO;2-6 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 25 Sinks T, Steele G, Smith AB, et al . Mortality among workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136: 389–398.
- 26 Donato F, Monarca S, Marchionna G, et al . Mortality from cancer and chronic respiratory diseases among workers who manufacture carbon electrodes. Occup Environ Med 2000; 57: 484–487.
- 27 Nelemans PJ, Scholte R, Groenendal H, et al . Melanoma and occupation – results of a case–control study in Netherlands. Br J Ind Med 1993; 50: 642–646.
- 28 Fritschi L, Siemiatycki J. Melanoma and occupation: results of case–control study. Occup Environ Med 1996; 53: 168–173.
- 29 Moore DH, Patterson WH, Hatch F, et al . Case–control study of malignant melanoma among employees of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Am J Ind Med 1997; 32: 377–391.
- 30 Wennborg H, Yuen J, Nise G, et al . Cancer incidence and work place exposure among Swedish biomedical research personnel. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2001; 74: 558–564.
- 31 Teta J, Schnatter R, Ott GM, et al . Mortality surveillance in a large chemical company: the Union Carbide Corporation experience. Am J Ind Med 1990; 17: 435–447.
- 32 Heldaas S, Langard SL, Andersen A. Incidence of cancer among vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride workers. Br J Ind Med 1984; 41: 25–30.
- 33 Lundberg I, Gustafson A, Holmberg B, et al . Mortality and cancer incidence among PVC-processing workers in Sweden. Am J Ind Med 1993; 23: 313–319.
- 34 Langard S, Rosenberg J, Andersen A, et al . Incidence of cancer among workers exposed to vinyl chloride in polyvinyl chloride manufacture. Occup Environ Med 2000; 57: 65–68.
- 35 Green A, McCredie M, Mackie R, et al . A case–control study of melanomas of the soles and palms (Australia and Scotland). Cancer Causes Control 1999; 10: 21–25.
- 36
Settimi L,
Comba P,
Carrieri P,
et al
. Cancer risk among female agricultural workers: a multi-center case–control study.
Am J Ind Med
1999; 36: 135–141.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199907)36:1<135::AID-AJIM19>3.0.CO;2-H CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 37 Corrao G, Calleri M, Carle F, et al . Cancer risk in a cohort of licensed pesticide users. Scand J Work Environ Health 1989; 15: 203–209.
- 38 Wesseling C, Ahlbom A, Antich D, et al . Cancer in banana plantation workers in Costa Rica. Int J Epidemiol 1996; 25: 1125–1131.
- 39 Pukkala E, Notkola V. Cancer incidence among Finnish farmers, 1979–93. Cancer Causes Control 1997; 8: 25–33.
- 40 Cerhan JR, Cantor KP, Williamson K, et al . Cancer mortality among Iowa farmers: recent results, time trends, and lifestyle factors (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1998; 9: 311–319.
- 41 Travier N, Gridley G, Blair A, et al . Cancer incidence among male Swedish veterinarians and other workers of the veterinary industry: a record-linkage study. Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14: 587–593.
- 42 Forastiere F, Quercia A, Miceli M, et al . Cancer among farmers in central Italy. Scand J Work Environ Health 1993; 19: 382–389.
- 43 Akhtar FZ, Garabrant DH, Ketchum NS, et al . Cancer in US Air Force veterans of the Vietnam War. J Occup Environ Med 2004; 46: 123–136.
- 44 Vagero D, Swerdlow AJ, Beral V. Occupation and malignant melanoma: a study based on cancer registration data in England and Wales and in Sweden. Br J Ind Med 1990; 47: 317–324.
- 45 Zielinski JM, Garner MJ, Krewski D, et al . Decreases in occupational exposure to ionizing radiation among Canadian dental workers. J Can Dent Assoc 2005; 71: 29–33.
- 46 Sont WN, Zielinski JM, Asmore JP, et al . First analysis of cancer incidence and occupational radiation exposure based on the National Dose Registry of Canada. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153: 309–318.
- 47 Wang JX, Zhang LA, Li BX, et al . Cancer incidence and risk estimation among medical x-rays workers in China, 1950–1995. Health Phys 2002; 82: 455–466.
- 48 Freedman DM, Sigurdson A, Rao RS, et al . Risk of melanoma among radiology technologists in the United States. Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 556–562.
- 49 Sigurdson AJ, Doody MM, Rao RS, et al . Cancer incidence in the US radiology technologists health study, 1983–1998. Cancer 2003; 97: 3080–3089.
- 50 Rafnsson V, Hrafnkelsson J, Tulinius H, et al . Risk factors for cutaneous malignant melanoma among aircrews and a random sample of the population. Occup Environ Med 2003; 11: 815–820.
- 51
Pion IA,
Rigel DS,
Garfinkel L,
et al
. Occupation and the risk of malignant melanoma.
Cancer
1995; 75:
637–644.
10.1002/1097-0142(19950115)75:2+<637::AID-CNCR2820751404>3.0.CO;2-# CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 52 Telle-Lamberton M, Bergot D, Gagneau M, et al . Cancer mortality among French Atomic Energy Commission workers. Am J Ind Med 2004; 45: 34–44.
- 53 Carpenter L, Higgins C, Douglas A, et al . Combined analysis of mortality in three United Kingdom nuclear industry workforces, 1946–1988. Radiat Res 1994; 138: 224–238.
- 54 Zeeb H, Blettner M, Hammer GP, et al . Cohort mortality study of German Cockpit crew, 1960–1997. Epidemiology 2002; 13: 693–699.
- 55 Pukkala E, Auvinen A, Wahlberg G. Incidence of cancer among Finnish airline cabin attendants, 1967–92. Br Med J 1995; 311: 649–652.
- 56 Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. Cancer incidence among Norwegian airline cabin attendants. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 825–830.
- 57 Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. Cancer incidence among Norwegian airline pilots. Scand J Work Environ Health 2000; 26: 106–111.
- 58 Gundestrup M, Storm HH. Radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia and other cancers in commercial jet cockpit crew: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 1999; 354: 2029–2031.
- 59 Pukkala E, Aspholm R, Auvinen A, et al . Incidence of cancer among Nordic airline pilots over five decades: occupational cohort study. Br Med J 2002; 325: 567–569.
- 60 Rafnsson V, Hrafnkelsson J, Tulinius H. Incidence of cancer among commercial airline pilots. Occup Environ Med 2000; 57: 175–179.
- 61 Blettner M, Zeeb H, Auvinen A, et al . Mortality from cancer and other causes among male airline cockpit crew in Europe. Int J Cancer 2003; 106: 946–952.
- 62 Vagero D, Ahlbom A, Olin R, et al . Cancer morbidity among workers in the telecommunications industry. Br J Ind Med 1985; 42: 191–195.
- 63 De Guire L, Theriault G, Iturra H, et al . Increased incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in workers in a telecommunications industry. Br J Ind Med 1988; 45: 824–828.
- 64 Tynes T, Reitan JB, Andersen A. Incidence of cancer among workers in Norwegian hydroelectric companies. Scand J Work Environ Health 1994; 20: 339–344.
- 65 Loomis D, Browning SR, Schenck AP, et al . Cancer mortality among electric utility workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. Occup Environ Med 1997; 54: 720–728.
- 66 Greenberg M. Proportional mortality study of a group of newspaper workers. Br J Ind Med 1972; 29: 15–20.
- 67 Greene MH, Hoover RN, Eck RL, et al . Cancer mortality among printing plant workers. Environ Res 1979; 20: 66–73.
- 68 Hoover R, Fraumeni JF. Cancer mortality in US counties with chemical industries. Environ Res 1975; 9: 196–207.
- 69 Blot WJ, Brinton LA, Fraumeni JF, et al . Cancer mortality in US counties with petrochemical industries. Science 1977; 198: 51–53.
- 70 Hurting A-K, San Sebastian M. Geographical differences in cancer incidence in the Amazon basin of Ecuador in relation to residence near oil fields. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31: 1021–1027.
- 71 International Agency for Research on Cancer. Overall evaluation of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC monographs volumes 1–42. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Supplement 7. Lyon: IARC, 1987.
- 72
Ingram AJ,
Phillips JC,
Davies S.
DNA adducts produced by oils, oil fractions and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to repair processes and skin carcinogenesis.
J Appl Toxicol
2000; 20: 165–174.
10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(200005/06)20:3<165::AID-JAT625>3.0.CO;2-E CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 73 International Agency for Research on Cancer. Occupational exposures in petroleum refining; crude oil and major petroleum fuels. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 45. Lyon: IARC, 1989.
- 74 Dong S, Fu PP, Shirsat RN et al . UVA light-induced DNA cleavage by isomeric methylbenz[a]anthracenes. Chem Res Toxicol 2002; 15: 400–407.
- 75 Kligman LH, Elenitsas R. Melanoma induction in a hairless mouse with short-term application of dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Melanoma Res 2001; 11: 319–324.
- 76 Ingram AJ. Review of chemical and UV light-induced melanomas in experimental animals in relation to human melanoma incidence. J Appl Toxicol 1992; 12: 39–43.
- 77 Smith CJ, O’Hare KB, Allen JC. Selective cytotoxicity of hydroquinone for melanocyte-derived cells is mediated by tyrosinase activity but independent of melanin content. Pigment Cell Res 1988; 1: 386–389.
- 78 Weisglas-Kuperus N, Patandin S, Berbers GA, et al . Immunologic effects of background exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins in Dutch preschool children. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108: 1203–1207.
- 79 Hansson M, Barregard L, Sallsten G, et al . Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran levels and patterns in polyvinyl chloride and chloralkali industry workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1997; 70: 51–56.
- 80 International Agency for Research on Cancer. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-Para-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 69. Lyon: IARC, 1997.
- 81 Martuzzi M, Mitis F, Biggeri A, et al . Environment and health status in the population of the areas at high risk of environmental crisis in Italy. Epidemiol Prev 2002; 26: 1–56.
- 82 International Agency for Research on Cancer. Trichloroethylene. IARC Summary and Evaluation Monographs, Vol. 63. Lyon: IARC, 1995.
- 83 Morgan JW, Cassady RE. Community cancer assessment in response to long-time exposure to perchlorate and trichloroethylene in drinking water. J Occup Environ Med 2002; 44: 616–621.
- 84 Coble J, Hoppin JA, Engel L, et al . Prevalence of exposure to solvents, metals, grain dust, and other hazards among farmers in the Agricultural Health Study. J Expos Anal Environ Epidemiol 2002; 12: 418–426.
- 85 Wilkinson P, Thakrar B, Shaddick G, et al . Cancer incidence and mortality around the Pan Britannica Industries pesticide factory, Waltham Abbey. Occup Environ Med 1997; 54: 101–107.
- 86 International Agency for Research on Cancer. Occupational exposures in insecticide application, and some pesticides. IARC Monographs on Overall Evaluation of Carcinogenicity, Vol. 53. Lyon: IARC, 1991.
- 87 Faustini A, Settimi L, Pacifici R, et al . Immunological changes among farmers exposed to phenoxy acids. Preliminary observations. Occup Environ Med 1996; 53: 583–585.
- 88 International Agency for Research on Cancer. Ionizing radiation, Part 1: X- and gamma-radiation, and neutrons. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 75. Lyon: IARC, 2000.
- 89 International Agency for Research on Cancer. Non-ionizing radiation, Part 1: static and extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 80. Lyon: IARC, 2002.
- 90 Ballard T, Lagorio S, De Angelis G, et al . Cancer incidence and mortality among flight personnel: a meta-analysis. Aviat Space Environ Med 2000; 71: 216–224.
- 91 Rafnsson V, Hrafnkelsson J, Tulinius H, et al . Risk factors for cutaneous malignant melanoma among aircrews and a random sample of the population. Occup Environ Med 2003; 60: 815–820.
- 92 Helton RA, Harrison WA, Kelley K, et al . Melatonin interactions with cultured murine B16 melanoma cells. Melanoma Res 1993; 3: 403–413.
- 93 Perez-Gomez B, Aragones N, Gustavsson P, et al . Cutaneous melanoma in Swedish women: occupational risks by anatomic site. Am J Ind Med 2005; 48: 270–281.
- 94 Perez-Gomez B, Pollan M, Gustavsson P, et al . Cutaneous melanoma: hints from occupational risks by anatomic site in Swedish men. Occup Environ Med 2004; 61: 117–126.