SN 2008S: an electron-capture SN from a super-AGB progenitor?
Corresponding Author
M. T. Botticella
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorA. Pastorello
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorS. J. Smartt
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorW. P. S. Meikle
Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW
Search for more papers by this authorS. Benetti
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorR. Kotak
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorE. Cappellaro
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorR. M. Crockett
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorS. Mattila
Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorM. Sereno
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorF. Patat
European Southern Observatory (ESO), Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748, Garching bei München, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorD. Tsvetkov
Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Universitetskii pr. 13, 119992 Moscow, Russia
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Th. Van Loon
Astrophysics Group, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG
Search for more papers by this authorD. Abraham
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorI. Agnoletto
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorR. Arbour
Pennel Observatory, 29 Wrights Way, South Wonston, Hants S021 3He
Search for more papers by this authorC. Benn
Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, Apartado 321, E-38700 Santa Cruz de La Palma, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorG. Di Rico
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Collurania, Teramo, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorN. Elias-Rosa
Spitzer Science Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Search for more papers by this authorD. L. Gorshanov
Central (Pulkovo) Astronomical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, 196140 St Petersburg, Russia
Search for more papers by this authorA. Harutyunyan
Fundación Galileo Galilei-INAF, Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, E-38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Tenerife, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorD. Hunter
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorV. Lorenzi
Fundación Galileo Galilei-INAF, Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, E-38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Tenerife, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorF. P. Keenan
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorK. Maguire
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Mendez
Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, Apartado 321, E-38700 Santa Cruz de La Palma, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorM. Mobberley
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorH. Navasardyan
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorC. Ries
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munchen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorV. Stanishev
Centro Multidisciplinar de Astrofisica, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorS. Taubenberger
Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, D-85741 Garching bei München, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorC. Trundle
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorM. Turatto
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123, Catania, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorI. M. Volkov
Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Universitetskii pr. 13, 119992 Moscow, Russia
Astronomical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 059 60 Tatranska Lomnica, Slovak Republic
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
M. T. Botticella
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorA. Pastorello
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorS. J. Smartt
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorW. P. S. Meikle
Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW
Search for more papers by this authorS. Benetti
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorR. Kotak
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorE. Cappellaro
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorR. M. Crockett
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorS. Mattila
Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland
Search for more papers by this authorM. Sereno
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorF. Patat
European Southern Observatory (ESO), Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748, Garching bei München, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorD. Tsvetkov
Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Universitetskii pr. 13, 119992 Moscow, Russia
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Th. Van Loon
Astrophysics Group, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG
Search for more papers by this authorD. Abraham
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorI. Agnoletto
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorR. Arbour
Pennel Observatory, 29 Wrights Way, South Wonston, Hants S021 3He
Search for more papers by this authorC. Benn
Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, Apartado 321, E-38700 Santa Cruz de La Palma, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorG. Di Rico
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Collurania, Teramo, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorN. Elias-Rosa
Spitzer Science Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Search for more papers by this authorD. L. Gorshanov
Central (Pulkovo) Astronomical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, 196140 St Petersburg, Russia
Search for more papers by this authorA. Harutyunyan
Fundación Galileo Galilei-INAF, Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, E-38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Tenerife, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorD. Hunter
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorV. Lorenzi
Fundación Galileo Galilei-INAF, Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, E-38700 Santa Cruz de la Palma, Tenerife, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorF. P. Keenan
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorK. Maguire
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Mendez
Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, Apartado 321, E-38700 Santa Cruz de La Palma, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorM. Mobberley
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorH. Navasardyan
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorC. Ries
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munchen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorV. Stanishev
Centro Multidisciplinar de Astrofisica, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorS. Taubenberger
Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, D-85741 Garching bei München, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorC. Trundle
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN
Search for more papers by this authorM. Turatto
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123, Catania, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorI. M. Volkov
Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Universitetskii pr. 13, 119992 Moscow, Russia
Astronomical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 059 60 Tatranska Lomnica, Slovak Republic
Search for more papers by this authorABSTRACT
We present comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic observations of the faint transient SN 2008S discovered in the nearby galaxy NGC 6946. SN 2008S exhibited slow photometric evolution and almost no spectral variability during the first nine months, implying a long photon diffusion time and a high-density circumstellar medium. Its bolometric luminosity (≃1041 erg s−1 at peak) is low with respect to most core-collapse supernovae but is comparable to the faintest Type II-P events. Our quasi-bolometric light curve extends to 300 d and shows a tail phase decay rate consistent with that of 56Co. We propose that this is evidence for an explosion and formation of 56Ni (0.0014 ± 0.0003 M⊙). Spectra of SN 2008S show intense emission lines of Hα, [Ca ii] doublet and Ca ii near-infrared (NIR) triplet, all without obvious P-Cygni absorption troughs. The large mid-infrared (MIR) flux detected shortly after explosion can be explained by a light echo from pre-existing dust. The late NIR flux excess is plausibly due to a combination of warm newly formed ejecta dust together with shock-heated dust in the circumstellar environment. We reassess the progenitor object detected previously in Spitzer archive images, supplementing this discussion with a model of the MIR spectral energy distribution. This supports the idea of a dusty, optically thick shell around SN 2008S with an inner radius of nearly 90 au and outer radius of 450 au, and an inferred heating source of 3000 K. The luminosity of the central star is L≃ 104.6 L⊙. All the nearby progenitor dust was likely evaporated in the explosion leaving only the much older dust lying further out in the circumstellar environment. The combination of our long-term multiwavelength monitoring data and the evidence from the progenitor analysis leads us to support the scenario of a weak electron-capture supernova explosion in a super-asymptotic giant branch progenitor star (of initial mass 6–8 M⊙) embedded within a thick circumstellar gaseous envelope. We suggest that all of main properties of the electron-capture SN phenomenon are observed in SN 2008S and future observations may allow a definitive answer.
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