Snails on oceanic islands: testing the general dynamic model of oceanic island biogeography using linear mixed effect models
Robert A. D. Cameron
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 4TN UK
Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Kostas A. Triantis
Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of Azores, 9700-851, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
Conservation Biogeography and Macroecology Programme, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY UK
Department of Ecology and Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, GR-15784 Greece
Correspondence: Kostas A. Triantis, Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of Azores, 9700-851 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorChristine E. Parent
Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA
Search for more papers by this authorFrançois Guilhaumon
Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of Azores, 9700-851, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
‘Rui Nabeiro’ Biodiversity Chair, CIBIO – Universidade de Évora, Casa Cordovil, 7000-890, Évora, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorMaría R. Alonso
Departamento de Biología Animal, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canaries, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorMiguel Ibáñez
Departamento de Biología Animal, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canaries, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorAntónio M. de Frias Martins
CIBIO-Açores, Department of Biology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorRichard J. Ladle
Conservation Biogeography and Macroecology Programme, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY UK
Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, AL, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorRobert J. Whittaker
Conservation Biogeography and Macroecology Programme, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY UK
Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorRobert A. D. Cameron
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 4TN UK
Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Kostas A. Triantis
Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of Azores, 9700-851, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
Conservation Biogeography and Macroecology Programme, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY UK
Department of Ecology and Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, GR-15784 Greece
Correspondence: Kostas A. Triantis, Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of Azores, 9700-851 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorChristine E. Parent
Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA
Search for more papers by this authorFrançois Guilhaumon
Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of Azores, 9700-851, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
‘Rui Nabeiro’ Biodiversity Chair, CIBIO – Universidade de Évora, Casa Cordovil, 7000-890, Évora, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorMaría R. Alonso
Departamento de Biología Animal, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canaries, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorMiguel Ibáñez
Departamento de Biología Animal, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canaries, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorAntónio M. de Frias Martins
CIBIO-Açores, Department of Biology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal
Search for more papers by this authorRichard J. Ladle
Conservation Biogeography and Macroecology Programme, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY UK
Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, AL, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorRobert J. Whittaker
Conservation Biogeography and Macroecology Programme, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY UK
Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Aim
We collate and analyse data for land snail diversity and endemism, as a means of testing the explanatory power of the general dynamic model of oceanic island biogeography (GDM): a theoretical model linking trends in species immigration, speciation and extinction to a generalized island ontogeny.
Location
Eight oceanic archipelagos: Azores, Canaries, Hawaii, Galápagos, Madeira, Samoa, Society, Tristan da Cunha.
Methods
Using data obtained from literature sources we examined the power of the GDM through its derivative ATT2 model (i.e. diversity metric = b1 + b2Area + b3Time + b4Time2), in comparison with all the possible simpler models, e.g. including only area or time. The diversity metrics considered were the number of (1) native species, (2) archipelagic endemic species, and (3) single-island endemic species. Models were evaluated using both log-transformed and untransformed diversity data by means of linear mixed effect models. For Hawaii and the Canaries, responses of different major taxonomic groups were also analysed separately.
Results
The ATT2 model was always included within the group of best models and, in many cases, was the single-best model and was particularly successful in fitting the log-transformed diversity metrics. In four archipelagos, a hump-shaped relationship with time (island age) is apparent, while the other four archipelagos show a general increase of species richness with island age. In Hawaii and the Canaries outcomes vary between different taxonomic groups.
Main conclusions
The GDM is an intentionally simplified representation of environmental and diversity dynamics on oceanic islands, which predicts a simple positive relationship between diversity and island area combined with a humped response to time. We find broad support for the applicability of this model, especially when a full range of island developmental stages is present. However, our results also show that the varied mechanisms of island origins and the differing responses of major taxa should be taken into consideration when interpreting diversity metrics in terms of the GDM. This heterogeneity is reflected in the fact that no single model outperforms all the other models for all datasets analysed.
Supporting Information
As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer-reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors.
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| jbi2781-sup-0001-AppendixS1.docWord document, 143.5 KB | Appendix S1 Datasets used for the land snails of eight oceanic archipelagos (Tables S1 & S2). |
| jbi2781-sup-0002-AppendixS2.docxWord document, 20.9 KB | Appendix S2 Island groupings considered for the land snails of eight oceanic archipelagos. |
| jbi2781-sup-0003-AppendixS3.docxWord document, 25.7 KB | Appendix S3 Supplementary analyses and results (Tables S3 & S4). |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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