How many cisplatin administration protocols does your department use?
A.P. GREYSTOKE bsc, mbchb, mrcp, registrar medical oncology
Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Search for more papers by this authorD.I. JODRELL dm, msc, frcpe, professor of cancer therapeutics
Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, and University of Edinburgh, Scotland
Search for more papers by this authorM. CHEUNG msc, mrpharms, oncology pharmacist
Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Search for more papers by this authorI. RIVANS mrpharms pgdip, oncology pharmacist
Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
M.J. MACKEAN mbchb, msc, mrcp, md, consultant medical oncologist
Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Melanie Mackean, Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland EH4 2XU, UK (e-mail: [email protected]). Search for more papers by this authorA.P. GREYSTOKE bsc, mbchb, mrcp, registrar medical oncology
Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Search for more papers by this authorD.I. JODRELL dm, msc, frcpe, professor of cancer therapeutics
Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, and University of Edinburgh, Scotland
Search for more papers by this authorM. CHEUNG msc, mrpharms, oncology pharmacist
Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Search for more papers by this authorI. RIVANS mrpharms pgdip, oncology pharmacist
Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
M.J. MACKEAN mbchb, msc, mrcp, md, consultant medical oncologist
Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
Melanie Mackean, Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland EH4 2XU, UK (e-mail: [email protected]). Search for more papers by this authorThis work did not require any financial support and was undertaken as part of the ongoing audit process in the Edinburgh Cancer Centre.
Abstract
GREYSTOKE A.P., JODRELL D.I., CHEUNG M., RIVANS I. & MACKEAN M.J. (2009) European Journal of Cancer Care19, 80–90How many cisplatin administration protocols does your department use?
The introduction, 30 years ago, of the co-administration of appropriate hydration and ensuring a diuresis occurs during the administration of cisplatin was important in its development, allowing clinically significant doses to be given with acceptable rates of toxicity. The clinical usage of cisplatin has increased and hydration protocols have been amended to increase patient comfort and reduce resource utilization. We suspected that this had led to unnecessary variations in practice both in clinical trials and subsequently in the clinic. Therefore, we reviewed practice in the Edinburgh Cancer Centre and discovered that 25 different hydration protocols were in use, with wide variation in dilution of cisplatin, total fluid administered, use of electrolyte (potassium and magnesium) supplementation and diuretics. These differences are a reflection of adoption of variations in hydration regimes published in pivotal clinical trials. A review of the available evidence relating to cisplatin associated hydration regimens was performed and recommendations will be made for the future design of evidence-based protocols.
REFERENCES
- Aamdal S., Fodstad O., Kaalhus O. & Pihl A. (1984) Reduced antineoplastic activity in mice of cisplatin administered with high salt concentration in the vehicle. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 73, 743–752.
- Alberts D.S., Green S., Hannigan E.V., O'Toole R., Stock-Novack D., Anderson P., Surwit E.A., Malvlya V.K., Nahhas W.A. & Jolles C.J. (1992) Improved therapeutic index of carboplatin plus cyclophosphamide versus cisplatin plus cyclophosphamide: final report by the Southwest Oncology Group of a phase III randomized trial in stages III and IV ovarian cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 10, 706–717.
- Al-Sarraf M., Fletcher W., Oishi N., Pugh R., Hewlett J.S., Balducci L., McCracken J. & Padilla F. (1982) Cisplatin hydration with and without mannitol diuresis in refractory disseminated malignant melanoma: a southwest oncology group study. Cancer Treatment Reports 66, 31–35.
- Bajorin D., Bosl G.J. & Fein R. (1987) Phase I trial of escalating doses of cisplatin in hypertonic saline. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 5, 1589–1593.
- Bajorin D.F., Bosl G.J., Alcock N.W., Niedzwiecki D., Gallina E. & Shurgot B. (1986) Pharmacokinetics of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) after administration in hypertonic saline. Cancer Research 46, 5969–5972.
- Bajorin D.F., Sarosdy M.F., Pfister D.G., Mazumdar M., Motzer R.J., Scher H.I., Geller N.L., Fair W.R., Herr H. & Sogani P. (1993) Randomized trial of etoposide and cisplatin versus etoposide and carboplatin in patients with good-risk germ cell tumors: a multiinstitutional study. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 11, 598–606.
- Bell D.R., Woods R.L. & Levi J.A. (1985) cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum-induced hypomagnesemia and renal magnesium wasting. European Journal of Cancer Clinical Oncology 21, 287–290.
- Blachley J.D. & Hill J.B. (1981) Renal and electrolyte disturbances associated with cisplatin. Annals of Internal Medicine 95, 628–632.
- Boni C., Savoldi L., Bisagni G., Ceci G., Crino L., De Lisi V., Di Costanzo F., Lasagni L., Manenti A.L., Moretti G., Rondini E., Sassi M. & Zadro A. (1998) Bolus versus 5-day continuous infusion of cisplatin with mitomycin and vindesine in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a phase III prospective randomised trial of the Italian Oncology Group for Clinical Research (GOIRC). European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990) 34, 1974–1976.
- Bonomi P., Blessing J., Ball H., Hanjani P. & DiSaia P.J. (1989) A phase II evaluation of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecologic Oncology 34, 357–359.
- Bramwell V.H., Burgers M., Sneath R., Souhami R., Van Oosterom A.T., Voute P.A., Rouesse J., Spooner D., Craft A.W. & Somers R. (1992) A comparison of two short intensive adjuvant chemotherapy regimens in operable osteosarcoma of limbs in children and young adults: the first study of the European Osteosarcoma Intergroup. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 10, 1579–1591.
- Bruckner H.W., Cohen C.J., Wallach R.C., Kabakow B., Deppe G., Greenspan E.M., Gusberg S.B. & Holland J.F. (1978) Treatment of advanced ovarian cancer with cis=dichlorodiammineplatinum (II): poor-risk patients with intensive prior therapy. Cancer Treatment Reports 62, 555–558.
- Van Der Burg M.E., De Wit R., Van Putten W.L., Logmans A., Kruit W.H., Stoter G. & Verweij J. (2002) Weekly cisplatin and daily oral etoposide is highly effective in platinum pretreated ovarian cancer. British Journal of Cancer 86, 19–25.
- Campbell A.B., Kalman S.M. & Jacobs C. (1983) Plasma platinum levels: relationship to cisplatin dose and nephrotoxicity. Cancer Treat Report 67, 169–172.
- Cornelison T.L. & Reed E. (1993) Nephrotoxicity and hydration management for cisplatin, carboplatin, and ormaplatin. Gynecological Oncology 50, 147–158.
- Daley-Yates P.T. & McBrien D.C. (1985) A study of the protective effect of chloride salts on cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Biochemistry and Pharmacology 34, 2363–2369.
- Dana R. & Kachhwaha V.S. (1996) Comparison of oral and intravenous hydration and diuretic, choice for protecting cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. Indian Journal of Cancer 33, 168–179.
- Daugaard G. & Rroth M. (1986) High-dose cisplatin and VP-16 with bleomycin, in the management of advanced metastatic germ cell tumors. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 22, 477–485.
- Daugaard G. & Abildgaard U. (1989) Cisplatin nephrotoxicity. A review. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 25, 1–9.
- De Andres L., Brunet J., Lopez-Pousa A., Burgues J., Vega M., Tabernero J.M., Mesia R. & Lopez J.J. (1995) Randomized trial of neoadjuvant cisplatin and fluorouracil versus carboplatin and fluorouracil in patients with stage IV–M0 head and neck cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 13, 1493–1500.
- DeConti R.C., Toftness B.R., Lange R.C. & Creasey W.A. (1973) Clinical and pharmacological studies with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II). Cancer Research 33, 1310–1315.
- Deppe G., Malviya V.K., Malone J.M., Christensen C.W. & Saunders D. (1994) Treatment of recurrent and metastatic endometrial carcinoma with cisplatin and doxorubicin. European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology 15, 263–266.
- Earhart R.H., Martin P.A., Tutsch K.D., Erturk E., Wheeler R.H. & Bull F.E. (1983) Improvement in the therapeutic index of cisplatin (NSC 119875) by pharmacologically induced chloruresis in the rat. Cancer Research 43, 1187–1194.
- Esghaque M., Mekay M.J. & Theophanides T. (1977) D-mannitol platinum complexes. Wadley Medical Bulletin 7, 338–348.
- Evans T.R., Harper C.L., Beveridge I.G., Wastnage R. & Mansi J.L. (1995) A randomised study to determine whether routine intravenous magnesium supplements are necessary in patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy with continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil. European Journal of Cancer 31A, 174–178.
- Evans W.K., Osoba D., Feld R., Shepherd F.A., Bazos M.J. & DeBoer G. (1985a) Etoposide (VP-16) and cisplatin: an effective treatment for relapse in small-cell lung cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 3, 65–71.
- Evans W.K., Shepherd F.A., Feld R., Osoba D., Dang P. & Deboer G. (1985b) VP-16 and cisplatin as first-line therapy for small-cell lung cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 3, 1471–1477.
- Forastiere A.A., Belliveau J.F., Goren M.P., Vogel W.C., Posner M.R. & O'Leary G.P., Jr. (1988) Pharmacokinetic and toxicity evaluation of five-day continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) in head and neck cancer patients. Cancer Research 48, 3869–3874.
- Forastiere A.A., Metch B., Schuller D.E., Ensley J.F., Hutchins L.F., Triozzi P., Kish J.A., McClure S., VonFeldt E. & Williamson S.K. (1992) Randomized comparison of cisplatin plus fluorouracil and carboplatin plus fluorouracil versus methotrexate in advanced squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 10, 1245–1251.
- Frick G.A., Ballentine R., Driever C.W. & Kramer W.G. (1979) Renal excretion kinetics of high-dose cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) administered with hydration and mannitol diuresis. Cancer Treatment Reports 63, 13–16.
- Frogge M.H. (1989) Streamlining outpatient cisplatin therapy to meet the challenges of today. Seminars in Oncology Nursing 5 (Suppl. 1), 21–28.
- Fuks J.Z., Wadler S. & Wiernik P.H. (1987) Phase I and II agents in cancer therapy: two cisplatin analogues and high-dose cisplatin in hypertonic saline or with thiosulfate protection. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27, 357–365.
- Gandara D.R., Wold H., Perez E.A., Deisseroth A.B., Doroshow J., Meyers F., McWhirter K., Hannigan J. & De Gregorio M.W. (1989) Cisplatin dose intensity in non-small cell lung cancer: phase II results of a day 1 and day 8 high-dose regimen. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 81, 790–794.
- Gandara D.R., Perez E.A., Wold H., Caggiano V., Malec M., Ahn D.K., Meyers F. & Carlson R.W. (1990) High-dose cisplatin and mitomycin C in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a phase II study of the Northern California Oncology Group. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 27, 243–247.
- Giaccone G., Donadio M., Ferrati P., Ciuffreda L., Bagatella M., Gaddi M. & Calciati A. (1985) Disorders of serum electrolytes and renal function in patients treated with cis-platinum on an outpatient basis. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 21, 433–437.
- Harker W.G., Meyers F.J., Freiha F.S., Palmer J.M., Shortliffe L.D., Hannigan J.F., McWhirter K.M. & Torti F.M. (1985) Cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine (CMV): an effective chemotherapy regimen for metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. A Northern California Oncology Group study. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 3, 1463–1470.
- Hayashi K., Ando N., Watanabe H., Ide H., Nagai K., Aoyama N., Takiyama W., Ishida K., Isono K., Makuuchi H., Imamura M., Shinoda M., Ikeuchi S., Kabuto T., Yamana H. & Fukuda H. (2001) Phase II evaluation of protracted infusion of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a Japan Esophageal Oncology Group (JEOG) Trial (JCOG9407). Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, 419–423.
-
Hayes D.M.,
Cvitkovic E.,
Golbey R.B.,
Scheiner E.,
Helson L. &
Krakoff I.H. (1977) High dose cis-platinum diammine dichloride: amelioration of renal toxicity by mannitol diuresis.
Cancer
39, 1372–1381.
10.1002/1097-0142(197704)39:4<1372::AID-CNCR2820390404>3.0.CO;2-J CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Herskovic A., Martz K., Al-Sarraf M., Leichman L., Brindle J., Vaitkevicius V., Cooper J., Byhardt R., Davis L. & Emami B. (1992) Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in patients with cancer of the esophagus. New England Journal of Medicine 326, 1593–1598.
-
Higby D.J.,
Wallace H.J.J.,
Albert D.J. &
Holland J.F. (1974) Diaminodichloroplatinum: a phase I study showing responses in testicular and other tumors.
Cancer
33, 1219–1225.
10.1002/1097-0142(197405)33:5<1219::AID-CNCR2820330505>3.0.CO;2-U CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Huang G.S., Einstein M.H., Semenyuk N., Tabibian P., Fields A.L., Anderson P.S., Khabele D. & Goldberg G.L. (2003) Acute toxicity of weekly outpatient cisplatin and radiation therapy including high-dose-rate brachytherapy in patients with cervix cancer. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 22, abstr 1969.
- Jacobs C., Lyman G., Velez-Garcia E., Sridhar K.S., Knight W., Hochster H., Goodnough L.T., Mortimer J.E., Einhorn L.H. & Schacter L. (1992) A phase III randomized study comparing cisplatin and fluorouracil as single agents and in combination for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 10, 257–263.
- Keys H.M., Bundy B.N., Stehman F.B., Muderspach L.I., Chafe W.E., Suggs C.L., 3rd, Walker J.L. & Gersell D. (1999) Cisplatin, radiation, and adjuvant hysterectomy compared with radiation and adjuvant hysterectomy for bulky stage IB cervical carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine 340, 1154–1161.
- Kish J.A., Ensley J.F., Jacobs J.R., Binns P. & Al-Sarraf M. (1988) Evaluation of high-dose cisplatin and 5-FU infusion as initial therapy in advanced head and neck cancer. American Journal of Clinical Oncology 11, 553–557.
- Lajer H., Bundgaard H., Secher N.H., Hansen H.H., Kjeldsen K. & Daugaard G. (2003) Severe intracellular magnesium and potassium depletion in patients after treatment with cisplatin. British Journal of Cancer 89, 1633–1637.
- Lajer H., Kristensen M., Hansen H.H., Christensen S., Jonassen T. & Daugaard G. (2005a) Magnesium and potassium homeostasis during cisplatin treatment. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 55, 231–236.
- Lajer H., Kristensen M., Hansen H.H., Nielsen S., Frokiaer J., Ostergaard L.F., Christensen S., Daugaard G. & Jonassen T.E. (2005b) Magnesium depletion enhances cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 56, 535–542.
- Le Chevalier T., Brisgand D., Douillard J.Y., Pujol J.L., Alberola V., Monnier A., Riviere A., Lianes P., Chomy P. & Cigolari S. (1994) Randomized study of vinorelbine and cisplatin versus vindesine and cisplatin versus vinorelbine alone in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results of a European multicenter trial including 612 patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 12, 360–367.
- Legha S.S. & Dimery I.W. (1985) High-dose cisplatin administration without hypertonic saline: observation of disabling neurotoxicity. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 3, 1373–1378.
- Legha S., Dimery I., Larson D., Goepfert H. & Bodey G. (1984) Effect of hypertonic saline on the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin in patients with head and neck cancer. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 3, 37.
- Loehrer P.J.S., Einhorn L.H., Elson P.J., Crawford E.D., Kuebler P., Tannock I., Raghavan D., Stuart-Harris R., Sarosdy M.F. & Lowe B.A. (1992) A randomized comparison of cisplatin alone or in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine, and doxorubicin in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a cooperative group study. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 10, 1066–1073.
- Van De Loosdrecht A.A., Gietema J.A. & Van Der Graaf W.T. (2000) Seizures in a patient with disseminated testicular cancer due to cisplatin-induced hypomagnesaemia. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden) 39, 239–240.
-
Lovett D.,
Kelsen D.,
Eisenberger M. &
Houston C. (1991) A phase II trial of carboplatin and vinblastine in the treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
Cancer
67, 354–356.
10.1002/1097-0142(19910115)67:2<354::AID-CNCR2820670206>3.0.CO;2-L CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Von Der Maase H., Hansen S.W., Roberts J.T., Dogliotti L., Oliver T., Moore M.J., Bodrogi I., Albers P., Knuth A., Lippert C.M., Kerbrat P., Sanchez Rovira P., Wersall P., Cleall S.P., Roychowdhury D.F., Tomlin I., Visseren-Grul C.M. & Conte P.F. (2000) Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter, phase III study. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 18, 3068–3077.
- Martenson J.A., Lipsitz S.R., Wagner H., Jr, Kaplan E.H., Otteman L.A., Schuchter L.M., Mansour E.G., Talamonti M.S. & Benson A.B., 3rd. (1996) Initial results of a phase II trial of high dose radiation therapy, 5-fluorouracil, and cisplatin for patients with anal cancer (E4292): an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 35, 745–749.
- Mayne Pharma Inc. (2006) Cisplatin datasheet. Available at: http://emc.medicines.org.uk/ (accessed Thursday 23 March 2006).
- Medical Research Council Oesophogeal Cancer Working Group (2002) Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 359, 1727–1733.
- Mor V., Stalker M.Z., Gralla R., Scher H.I., Cimma C., Park D., Flaherty A.M., Kiss M., Nelson P. & Laliberte L. (1988) Day hospital as an alternative to inpatient care for cancer patients: a random assignment trial. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 41, 771–785.
- Navo M., Kunthur A., Badell M.L., Coffer L.W., 2nd Markman M., Brown J. & Smith J.A. (2006) Evaluation of the incidence of carboplatin hypersensitivity reactions in cancer patients. Gynecologic Oncology 103, 608–613.
- Numico G., Benasso M., Vannozzi M.O., Merlano M., Rosso R., Viale M. & Esposito M. (1998) Hydration regimen and hematological toxicity of a cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimen. Clinical observations and pharmacokinetic analysis. Anticancer Research 18, 1313–1318.
- Ostrow S., Egorin M.J., Hahn D., Markus S., Aisner J., Chang P., LeRoy A., Bachur N.R. & Wiernik P.H. (1981) High-dose cisplatin therapy using mannitol versus furosemide diuresis: comparative pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Cancer Treat Report 65, 73–78.
- Ozols R.F., Corden B.J., Jacob J., Wesley M.N., Ostchega Y. & Young R.C. (1984a) High-dose cisplatin in hypertonic saline. Annals of Internal Medicine 100, 19–24.
- Ozols R.F., Corden B.J., Jacob J., Wesley M.N., Ostchega Y. & Young R.C. (1984b) High-dose cisplatin in hypertonic saline. Annals of International Medicine 100, 19–24.
- Pharmacia Ltd. (2006) Cisplatin datasheet. Available at: http://emc.medicines.org.uk/ (accessed 23 March 2006).
- Planting A.S., Van Der Burg M.E., De Boer-Dennert M., Stoter G. & Verweij J. (1993) Phase I/II study of a short course of weekly cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumours. British Journal of Cancer 68, 789–792.
- Planting A.S., De Mulder P.H., De Graeff A. & Verweij J. (1997) Phase II study of weekly high-dose cisplatin for six cycles in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990) 33, 61–65.
- Reed E. (2006) Cancer chemotherapy & biotherapy. In: Principles and Practices, 4th edn (eds B.A. Chabner & D.L. Longo), pp. 333–341. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Ross P., Nicolson M., Cunningham D., Valle J., Seymour M., Harper P., Price T., Anderson H., Iveson T., Hickish T., Lofts F. & Norman A. (2002) Prospective randomized trial comparing mitomycin, cisplatin, and protracted venous-infusion fluorouracil (PVI 5-FU) With epirubicin, cisplatin, and PVI 5-FU in advanced esophagogastric cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 20, 1996–2004.
- Roth B.J., Einhorn L.H. & Greist A. (1988) Long-term complications of cisplatin-based chemotherapy for testis cancer. Seminars in Oncology 15, 345–350.
- Saint-Lorant G., Madelaine J., Galais M.P., Thierry L. & Chedru-Legros V. (2005) [Hydration of patients treated with cisplatin: practical investigation and establishment of a protocol][Article in French]. Therapie 60, 499–505.
- Saito H., Shimokata K., Yamamoto M., Saka H., Sakai S. & Saito H. (1993)Phase II study of a 72-h concurrent continuous infusion of cisplatin and etoposide in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 32, 134–136.
- Schiller J.H., Harrington D., Belani C.P., Langer C., Sandler A., Krook J., Zhu J., Johnson D.H. & Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (2002) Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 346, 92–98.
- Schilsky R.L. (1982) Renal and metabolic toxicities of cancer chemotherapy. Seminars in Oncology 9, 75–83.
- Stewart D.J., Dulberg C.S., Mikhael N.Z., Redmond M.D., Montpetit V.A. & Goel R. (1997) Association of cisplatin nephrotoxicity with patient characteristics and cisplatin administration methods. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 40, 293–308.
- Vogl S.E., Zaravinos T., Kaplan B.H. & Wollner D. (1981) Safe and effective two-hour outpatient regimen of hydration and diuresis for the administration of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II). European Journal of Cancer 17, 345–350.
- Webb A., Cunningham D., Scarffe J.H., Harper P., Norman A., Joffe J.K., Hughes M., Mansi J., Findlay M., Hill A., Oates J., Nicolson M., Hickish T., O'Brien M., Iveson T., Watson M., Underhill C., Wardley A. & Meehan M. (1997) Randomized trial comparing epirubicin, cisplatin, and fluorouracil versus fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and methotrexate in advanced esophagogastric cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 15, 261–267.
- Williams S.D., Birch R., Einhorn L.H., Irwin L., Greco F.A. & Loehrer P.J. (1987) Treatment of disseminated germ-cell tumors with cisplatin, bleomycin, and either vinblastine or etoposide. New England Journal of Medicine 316, 1435–1440.
- De Wit R., Herrstedt J., Rapoport B., Carides A.D., Guoguang-Ma J., Elmer M., Schmidt C., Evans J.K. & Horgan K.J. (2004) The oral NK (1) antagonist, aprepitant, given with standard antiemetics provides protection against nausea and vomiting over multiple cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy: a combined analysis of two randomised, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trials. European Journal of Cancer 40, 403–410.
- Wozniak A.J., Samson M.K., Shah N.T., Crawford E.D., Ford C.D., Altman S.J., Stephens R.L., Natale R.B., Bouroncle B.A. & Blumenstein B.A. (1991) A randomized trial of cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin versus vinblastine, cisplatin, and etoposide in the treatment of advanced germ cell tumors of the testis: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 9, 70–76.
- Zatloukal P., Petruzelka L., Zemanova M., Kolek V., Skrickova J., Pesek M., Fojtu H., Grygarkova I., Sixtova D., Roubec J., Horenkova E., Havel L., Prusa P., Novakova L., Skacel T. & Kuta M. (2003) Gemcitabine plus cisplatin vs. gemcitabine plus carboplatin in stage IIIb and IV non-small cell lung cancer: a phase III randomized trial. Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 41, 321–331.