RAPID EVOLUTION IN THE NEBRIA GREGARIA GROUP (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) AND THE PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS
T. E. Clarke
Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3N5, Canada
Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3N5, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorD. B. Levin
Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3N5, Canada
Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3N5, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorD. H. Kavanaugh
Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118
Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
T. E. Reimchen
Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3N5, Canada
Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. E-mail: [email protected]
Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorT. E. Clarke
Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3N5, Canada
Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3N5, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorD. B. Levin
Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3N5, Canada
Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3N5, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorD. H. Kavanaugh
Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118
Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
T. E. Reimchen
Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3N5, Canada
Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. E-mail: [email protected]
Corresponding author.Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Abstract.— Morphological differentiation in the ground beetles of the Nebria gregaria group, found on the Queen Charlotte Islands, has been used as support for the glacial refugium proposed for the northwest coast of North America. Two members of this species group, N. charlottae and N. louiseae, are restricted to cobble beaches in this archipelago. A third, N. haida, is found only in alpine regions of the archipelago and the adjacent mainland. The remaining two species of the gregaria group, N. lituyae and N. gregaria, show highly restricted distributions in the mountains of the Alaska panhandle and on the beaches of the Aleutian Islands, respectively. To determine the relationships of the five species, we conducted phylogenetic analyses on nucleotide sequence data obtained from five regions of the mitochondrial DNA. In total, 1835 bp were analyzed. The results suggest that one species, N. lituyae, does not belong in the gregaria group, and that only seven mutations separated the two most divergent of the four remaining species. We also conducted random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting analyses on genomic DNA extracted from the five species. Analyses of genetic diversity revealed a lack of molecular differentiation among the Queen Charlotte species, suggesting that these populations may be postglacial in origin and that together N. gregaria, N. charlottae, N. louiseae, and N. haida might represent local variations of a single species. These results are consistent with conclusions derived for the morphological and genetical differentiation among Gasterosteus populations in the archipelago.
Literature Cited
- Angerbjorn, A. 1986. Gigantism in island populations of wood mice (Apodemus) in Europe. Oikos 47: 47–56.
- Armstrong, J. S., A. J. Gibbs, R. Peakall, and G. Weiller. 1994. The RAPDistance Package. Available via ftp://life.anu.edu.au/pub/software/RAPDistance or http://life.anu.edu.au/molecular/software/rapd.html.
- Ashworth, A. C. 1996. The response of arctic Carabidae (Coleoptera) to climate change based on the fossil record of the Quaternary period. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 33: 125–131.
- Ball, G. E. 1966. A revision of the North American species of the subgenus Cryobius Chaudoir. Opus. Entomol. 28: 1–66.
-
Barrie, J. V.,
K. W. Conway,
R. W. Matthewes,
H. W. Josenhans, and
M. J. Johns. 1993. Submerged Late Quaternary terrestrial deposits and paleoenvironment of northern Hecate Strait, British Columbia continental shelf, Canada.
Quat. Inter.
20: 123–129.
10.1016/1040-6182(93)90041-D Google Scholar
- Blaise, B., J. J. Clague, and R. W. Matthews. 1990. Time of maximum Late Wisconsin glaciation, west coast of Canada. Quat. Res. 34: 282–295.
- Britten, H. B., and P. F. Brussard. 1992. Genetic divergence and the Pleistocene history of the alpine butterflies Boloria improba (Nymphalidae) and the endangered Boloria acrocnema (Nymphalidae) in western North America. Can. J. Zool. 70: 539–548.
- Brodo, I. M. 1995. Lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada1. Introduction and new records for B.C., Canada and North America. Mycotaxon 56: 135–173.
- Brower, A. V. Z. 1994. Rapid morphological radiation and convergence among races of the butterfly Heliconius erato inferred from patterns of mitochondrial DNA evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 6491–6495.
- Brower, A. V. Z. 1996. Parallel race formation and the evolution of mimicry in Heliconius butterflies: a phylogenetic hypothesis from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Evolution 50: 195–221.
- Brown, A. S., and H. Nasmith. 1962. The glaciation of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Can. Field-Nat. 76: 209–219.
- Byun, S. A., B. F. Koop, and T. E. Reimchen. 1997. North American black bear mtDNA phylogeography: implications for morphology and the Haida Gwaii glacial refugium controversy. Evolution 51: 1647–1653.
- Byun, S. A., B. F. Koop, and T. E. Reimchen. 1999. Coastal refugia and postglacial recolonization routes: reply to Dembowski, Stone, and Cook. Evolution 53: 2013–2015.
- Colinvaux, P. A. 1998. A new vicariance model for Amazonian endemics. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. Lett. 7: 95–96.
-
Coope, G. R.
1961. On the study of glacial and interglacial insect faunas.
Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond.
172: 62–65.
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1961.tb00868.x Google Scholar
-
Coope, G. R.
1962. A Pleistocene coleopterous fauna with Arctic affinities from Fladbury, Worcestershire.
Quat. J. Geol. Soc. Lond.
118: 103–123.
10.1144/gsjgs.118.1.0103 Google Scholar
- Coope, G. R. 1970. Interpretation of the Quaternary insect fossils. Pp. 97–147 in R. F. Smith and T. E. Mittler, eds. Annual review of entomology. Vol. 15. Annual Reviews of Science, Inc., Palo Alto , CA .
- Cowan, I. M. 1989. Birds and mammals on the Queen Charlotte Islands. Pp. 175–186 in G. G. E. Scudder and N. Gessler, eds. The outer shores. Based on the proceedings of the Queen Charlotte Islands First International Symposium, University of British Columbia, August 1984. Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press, Skidigate , BC , Canada .
-
Cracraft, J.
1985. Historical biogeography and patterns of differentiation within the South American avifauna: areas of endemism.
Ornithol. Monogr.
36: 49–84.
10.2307/40168278 Google Scholar
- Danin, A. 1999. Desert rocks as plant refugia in the Near East. Bot. Rev. 65: 93–170.
- Deagle, B. E., T. E. Reimchen, and D. B. Levin. 1996. Origins of endemic stickleback from the Queen Charlotte Islands: mitochondrial and morphological evidence. Can. J. Zool. 74: 1045–1056.
- Elias, S. A. 1994. Quaternary insects and their environments. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington , DC .
- Excoffier, L. 1992. WINAMOVA. Ver. 1.04. Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, Univ. of Geneva .
- Excoffier, L., P. E. Smouse, and J. M. Quattro. 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131: 479–491.
- Ferguson, D. C. 1987. Xanthorhoe clarkeata (Geometridae), a new species and possible endemic of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. J. Lepid. Soc. 42: 98–103.
- Fjeldsa, J., and J. C. Lovett. 1997. Geographical patterns of old and young species in African forest biota: the significance of specific montane areas as evolutionary centres. Biodiver. Conserv. 6: 325–346.
- Foster, J. B. 1965. The evolution of the mammals of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Occasional Papers of the British Columbia Provincial Museum no. 14.
- Haffer, J. 1969. Speciation in Amazonian forest birds. Science 165: 131–137.
- Haffer, J. 1977. Pleistocene speciation in Amazonian birds. Amazoniana 6: 161–191.
- Hamilton, K. G. A. 1982. Taxonomic changes in Aprophora (Rynchota: Homoptera: Cercopidae). Can. Entomol. 114: 1185–1189.
- Hammond, P. C. 1990. Patterns of geographic variation and evolution in polytypic butterflies. J. Res. Lepid. 29: 54–76.
- Hewitt, G. M. 1993. Postglacial distribution and species substructures: lessons from pollen, insects and hybrid zones. Pp. 97–123 in D. R. Lees and D. Edwards, eds. Evolutionary patterns and processes. Academic Press, London .
-
Innis, M., and
D. Gelfand. 1990. Optimization of PCR. Pp.
3–12
in
M. Innis and
D. Gelfand, eds.
PCR protocols. Academic Press,
New York
.
10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50005-6 Google Scholar
- Irwin, D. M., T. D. Kocher, and A. C. Wilson. 1991. Evolution of the cytochrome b gene of mammals. J. Mol. Evol. 32: 128–144.
- Josenhans, H. W., D. W. Fedje, K. W. Conway, and J. V. Barrie. 1995. Post glacial sea levels on the Western Canadian continental shelf: evidence for rapid change, extensive subaerial exposure, and early human habitation. Mar. Geol. 125: 73–94.
- Juan, C., P. Oromi, and G. M. Hewitt. 1996. Phylogeny of the genus Hegeter (Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera) and its colonization of the Canary Islands deduced from cytochrome oxidase I mitochondrial DNA sequences. Heredity 76: 392–403.
- Karlstrom, T. N. V., and G. E. Ball. 1969. The Kodiak Island refugium: its geology, flora, fauna, and history. Ryerson Press, Toronto .
- Kavanaugh, D. H. 1978. The Nearctic species of Nebria Latreille (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Nebriini): classification, phylogeny, zoogeography, and natural history. Ph.D diss., University of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada.
-
Kavanaugh, D. H.
1979a. Rates of taxonomically significant differentiation in relation to geographical isolation and habitat: examples from a study of the nearctic Nebria fauna. Pp.
35–57
in
T. L. Erwin,
G. E. Ball,
D. R. Whitehead, and
A. L. Halpern, eds.
Carabid beetles: their evolution, natural history, and classification. W. Junk,
The Hague
,
The Netherlands
.
10.1007/978-94-009-9628-1_5 Google Scholar
-
Kavanaugh, D. H.
1979b. Investigations on present climatic refugia in North America through studies on the distributions of Carabid beetles: concepts, methodology and prospectus. Pp.
369–381
in
T. L. Erwin,
G. E. Ball,
D. R. Whitehead, and
A. L. Halpern, eds.
Carabid beetles: their evolution, natural history, and classification. W. Junk,
The Hague
,
The Netherlands
.
10.1007/978-94-009-9628-1_19 Google Scholar
-
Kavanaugh, D. H.
1988. The insect fauna of the Pacific northwest coast of North America: present patterns and affinities and their origins.
Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can.
144: 125–149.
10.4039/entm120144125-1 Google Scholar
- Kavanaugh, D. H. 1989. The ground-beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) fauna of the Queen Charlotte Islands: its composition, affinities, and origins. Pp. 131–146 in G. G. E. Scudder and N. Gessler, eds. The outer shores. Based on the proceedings of the Queen Charlotte Islands First International Symposium, University of British Columbia, August 1984. Queen Charlotte Islands: Museum Press, Skidigate , BC , Canada .
- Kavanaugh, D. H. 1992. Carabid beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae) of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Memoir of the California Academy of Sciences, no. 16.
- Knowlton, N., and A. L. Weigt. 1998. New dates and new rates for divergence across the Isthmus of Panama. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265: 2257–2263.
- Li, W. H., M. Tasnimura, and P. M. Sharp. 1987. An evaluation of the molecular clock hypothesis using mammalian DNA sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 25: 330–342.
- Liu, H.-S. 1992. Frequency variations of the Earth's obliquity and the 100-kyr ice-age cycles. Nature 358: 397–399.
- Mann, D. H., and T. D. Hamilton. 1995. Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironments of the north Pacific coast. Quat. Sci. Rev. 14: 449–471.
- Matthews, J. V., Jr. 1974. Quaternary environments at Cape Deceit (Seward Peninsula, Alaska): evolution of a tundra ecosystem. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 85: 1353–1384.
- Matthews, J. V., Jr. 1980. Tertiary land bridges and their climate: backdrop for the development of the present Canadian insect fauna. Can. Entomol. 112: 1089–1103.
- McCabe, T. T., and I. M. Cowan. 1945. Peromyscus maniculatus macrorhinus and the problem of insularity. Trans. Royal Can. Inst. 25: 177–215.
- McPhail, J. D. 1992. Ecology and evolution of sympatric sticklebacks (Gasterosteus): evidence for a species pair in Paxton Lake, Texada Island, British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 70: 361–369.
- Moodie, G. E. E., and T. E. Reimchen. 1976. Glacial refugia, endemism and stickleback populations of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Can. Field-Nat. 90: 471–474.
- Nei, M. 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89: 583–590.
- Noonan, G. R. 1990. Biogeographical patterns of North American Harpalus Latreille (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae). J. Biogeogr. 17: 583–614.
- Noonan, G. R. 1992. Biogeographic patterns of the montane Carabidae of North America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Pp. 1–42 in G. R. Noonan, G. E. Ball, and N. E. Stork, eds. The biogeography of ground beetles of mountains and islands. Athenaeum Press, Newcastle upon Tyne , U.K.
- O'Reilly, P. O., T. E. Reimchen, R. Beech, and C. Strobeck. 1993. Mitochondrial DNA in Gasterosteus and Pleistocene glacial refugium in the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Evolution 47: 678–684.
- Phillips, J. A., and D. C. Simon. 1995. Simple, efficient, and nondestructive DNA extraction protocol for arthropods. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 88: 281–283.
-
Pielou, E. C.
1991. After the Ice Age: the return of life to glaciated North America. Univ. of Chicago Press,
Chicago
.
10.7208/chicago/9780226668093.001.0001 Google Scholar
- Prance, G. T. 1982. Biological diversification in the tropics. Columbia Univ. Press, New York .
- Reimchen, T. E. 1994. Predators and evolution in threespine stickleback. Pp. 240–276 in M. A. Bell and S. A. Foster, eds. The evolutionary biology of the threespine stickleback. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford , U.K.
- Reimchen, T. E., E. M. Stinson, and J. S. Nelson. 1985. Multivariate differentiation of parapatric and allopatric populations of threespine stickleback in the Sangan River watershed, Queen Charlotte Islands. Can. J. Zool. 63: 2944–2951.
- Roy, M. S. 1997. Recent diversification in African greenbuls (Pycnonotidae: Andropadus) supports a montane speciation model. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 264: 1337–1344.
- Sanger, F., S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 74: 5463–5467.
- Schofield, W. B. 1989. Structure and affinities of the bryoflora of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Pp. 109–119 in G. G. E. Scudder and N. Gessler, eds. The outer shores. Based on the proceedings of the Queen Charlotte Islands First International Symposium, University of British Columbia, August 1984. Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press, Skidigate , BC , Canada .
- Smith, D. A. S., D. F. Owen, I. J. Gordon, and M. K. Lowis. 1997. The butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.) in East Africa: polymorphism and morph-ratio clines within a complex, extensive, and dynamic hybrid zone. J. Linn. Soc. 120: 51–78.
- Soltis, D. E., M. A. Gitzendanner, D. D. Strenge, and P. S. Soltis. 1997. Chloroplast DNA intraspecific phylogeography of plants from the Pacific Northwest of North America. Plant Syst. Evol. 206: 353–373.
- Su, Z., O. Tominaga, T. Ohama, E. Kajiwara, R. Ishikawa, T. S. Okada, K. Nakamura, and D. S. Osawa. 1996a. Parallel evolution in radiation of ohomopterus ground beetles inferred from mitochondrial ND5 gene sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 43: 662–671.
- Su, Z., T. Ohama, T. S. Okada, K. Nakamura, R. Ishikawa, and S. Osawa. 1996b. Geography-linked phylogeny of the Damaster ground beetles inferred from mitochondrial ND5 gene sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 42: 130–134.
- Swofford, D. L. 1993. PAUP: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. Ver. 3.1. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign , IL .
- Taylor, R. L. 1989. Vascular plants of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Pp. 121–125 in G. G. E. Scudder and N. Gessler, eds. The outer shores. Based on the proceedings of the Queen Charlotte Islands First International Symposium, University of British Columbia, August 1984. Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press, Skidigate , BC , Canada .
- Vogler, A. P., and R. Desalle. 1993. Phylogeographic patterns in coastal North American tiger beetles (Cicindela dorsalis Say) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Evolution 47: 1192–1202.
- Warner, B. G., R. W. Mathewes, and J. J. Clague. 1982. Ice-free conditions on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, at the height of Late Wisconsin glaciation. Science 218: 675–677.
- Williams, J. K. G., A. R. Kubelik, K. J. Livak, J. A. Rafalik, and S. V. Tingey. 1990. DNA polymorphisms amplified by primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res. 18: 6531–6535.
