In order to explore the international competitiveness of China's agricultural product supply chain, this paper combines machine learning algorithms to optimize the data processing process of agricultural product supply chain, and proposes a data processing method for agricultural product supply chain based on the intra-column rules and inter-column rules. According to the problems of my country's agricultural product supply chain, this paper establishes a new agricultural product supply chain management model based on the various modules of the supply chain link, and constructs a corresponding intelligent analysis model. Moreover, this paper combines machine learning algorithms to study the improvement path of the international competitiveness of China's agricultural product supply chain, and builds an intelligent model to improve the international competitiveness of China's agricultural products. Finally, after constructing the model, this paper obtains the path to improve the international competitiveness of China's agricultural products through the simulation operation model, which also verifies the effectiveness of the intelligent algorithm of this paper from the side.