Correlation between intraosseous thermal change and drilling impulse data during osteotomy within autonomous dental implant robotic system: An in vitro study
Ruifeng Zhao
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Department of Stomatology, 960 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinan, Shandong, China
Search for more papers by this authorRui Xie
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorNan Ren
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhiwen Li
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorShengrui Zhang
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorYuchen Liu
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorYu Dong
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Department of Stomatology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
An-An Yin
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Correspondence
An-An Yin, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Email: [email protected]
Yimin Zhao, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
Email: [email protected]
Shizhu Bai, Digital Dentistry Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yimin Zhao
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Correspondence
An-An Yin, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Email: [email protected]
Yimin Zhao, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
Email: [email protected]
Shizhu Bai, Digital Dentistry Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Shizhu Bai
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Correspondence
An-An Yin, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Email: [email protected]
Yimin Zhao, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
Email: [email protected]
Shizhu Bai, Digital Dentistry Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRuifeng Zhao
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Department of Stomatology, 960 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinan, Shandong, China
Search for more papers by this authorRui Xie
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorNan Ren
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhiwen Li
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorShengrui Zhang
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorYuchen Liu
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorYu Dong
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Department of Stomatology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
An-An Yin
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Correspondence
An-An Yin, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Email: [email protected]
Yimin Zhao, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
Email: [email protected]
Shizhu Bai, Digital Dentistry Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yimin Zhao
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Correspondence
An-An Yin, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Email: [email protected]
Yimin Zhao, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
Email: [email protected]
Shizhu Bai, Digital Dentistry Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Shizhu Bai
Digital Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Correspondence
An-An Yin, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Email: [email protected]
Yimin Zhao, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
Email: [email protected]
Shizhu Bai, Digital Dentistry Center, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Changle west road 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRuifeng Zhao, Rui Xie, and Nan Ren contributed equally to this work.
Abstract
Objectives
This study aims at examining the correlation of intraosseous temperature change with drilling impulse data during osteotomy and establishing real-time temperature prediction models.
Materials and Methods
A combination of in vitro bovine rib model and Autonomous Dental Implant Robotic System (ADIR) was set up, in which intraosseous temperature and drilling impulse data were measured using an infrared camera and a six-axis force/torque sensor respectively. A total of 800 drills with different parameters (e.g., drill diameter, drill wear, drilling speed, and thickness of cortical bone) were experimented, along with an independent test set of 200 drills. Pearson correlation analysis was done for linear relationship. Four machining learning (ML) algorithms (e.g., support vector regression [SVR], ridge regression [RR], extreme gradient boosting [XGboost], and artificial neural network [ANN]) were run for building prediction models.
Results
By incorporating different parameters, it was found that lower drilling speed, smaller drill diameter, more severe wear, and thicker cortical bone were associated with higher intraosseous temperature changes and longer time exposure and were accompanied with alterations in drilling impulse data. Pearson correlation analysis further identified highly linear correlation between drilling impulse data and thermal changes. Finally, four ML prediction models were established, among which XGboost model showed the best performance with the minimum error measurements in test set.
Conclusion
The proof-of-concept study highlighted close correlation of drilling impulse data with intraosseous temperature change during osteotomy. The ML prediction models may inspire future improvement on prevention of thermal bone injury and intelligent design of robot-assisted implant surgery.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| clr14222-sup-0001-AppendixS1.zipZip archive, 406.3 KB |
Appendix S1. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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