ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Full Access
Growth performances and nutrient utilization efficiency of GIFT tilapia reared in floating net cages fed with bioprocessed silkworm pupae meal
Govindharaj Sathishkumar,
Nathan Felix,
Elangovan Prabu,
Govindharaj Sathishkumar
Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, TNJFU, Chennai, India
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Nathan Felix
Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture, TNJFU, Chennai, India
Correspondence
Nathan Felix, Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), ECR-Muttukadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorElangovan Prabu
Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture, TNJFU, Chennai, India
Search for more papers by this authorGovindharaj Sathishkumar,
Nathan Felix,
Elangovan Prabu,
Govindharaj Sathishkumar
Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, TNJFU, Chennai, India
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Nathan Felix
Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture, TNJFU, Chennai, India
Correspondence
Nathan Felix, Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), ECR-Muttukadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorElangovan Prabu
Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture, TNJFU, Chennai, India
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
A 60-day growth trial was conducted in floating cages to examine the effects of growth performances and nutrient utilization efficiency in Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) tilapia fed silkworm pupae meal (SWP) and bioprocessed silkworm pupae meal (BSWP) replacing dietary fish meal protein. Seven isonitrogenous (320 g/kg crude protein) isolipidic (50 g/kg crude lipid) and isoenergetic (17 MJ/kg) experimental diets were formulated replacing fish meal protein with 0, 333.3, 666.7 and 1000 g/kg of SWP and BSWP, respectively, and referred as control, SWP 33.33, SWP 66.67, SWP 100, BSWP 33.33, BSWP 66.67 and BSWP 100. Triplicate groups of 30 GIFT tilapia juveniles with an average initial weight of 11.34 ± 0.16 g were fed with experimental diets daily thrice until apparent satiation. Among SWP and BSWP dietary groups, although weight gain was significantly (p < .05) higher in SWP 66.67, BSWP 66.67 and BSWP 100, the feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate were significantly (p < .05) higher in BSWP 66.67 than other diets including control diet. Dietary inclusion of SWP and BSWP does not (p > .05) affect the whole-body chemical and amino acid composition and haemato-biochemical responses in GIFT tilapia. It is concluded that non-processed SWP and bioprocessed SWP can completely replace dietary fish meal protein in GIFT tilapia diets. However, bioprocessed SWP at 666.7 g/kg recorded best growth performance among the diets.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available within the article.
REFERENCES
- Altomare, A. A., Baron, G., Aldini, G., Carini, M., & D'Amato, A. (2020). Silkworm pupae as source of high-value edible proteins and of bioactive peptides. Food Science & Nutrition, 8(6), 2652–2661. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1546
- Amaya, E., Davis, D. A., & Rouse, D. B. (2007). Alternative diets for the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 262(2–4), 419–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.001
- AOAC. (2010). Association of official analytical chemists—Official methods of analysis (18th ed.).
- Barnes, M. E., Brown, M. L., & Neiger, R. (2015). Comparative performance of two rainbow trout strains fed fermented soybean meal. Aquaculture International, 23(5), 1227–1238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-015-9879-6
- Bittencourt, N. L. R., Molinari, L. M., de Oliveira, D., de Abreu Filho, B. A., & Dias Filho, B. P. (2003). Haematological and biochemical values for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus cultured in semi-intensive system. Hemoglobin (g/dl), 10(3.09), 6.58–15.98. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci
- Dawood, M. A., & Koshio, S. (2020). Application of fermentation strategy in aquafeed for sustainable aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 12(2), 987–1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12368
- Dawood, M. A. O., Magouz, F. I., Mansour, M., Saleh, A. A., Asely, A. M. E., Fadl, S. E., Ahmed, H. A., Al-Ghanim, K. A., Mahboob, S., & Al-Misned, F. (2020). Evaluation of yeast fermented poultry by-product meal in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feed: Effects on growth performance, digestive enzymes activity, innate immunity, and antioxidant capacity. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6, 516. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00516
- Dheke, S., & Gubhaju, S. R. (2013). Growth response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on substitution of shrimp meal by different protein sources. Nepalese Journal of Zoology, 1(1), 24–29. https://doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v1i0.7481
- Drabkin, D. L. (1946). Spectrophotometric studies XIV. The crystallographic and optical properties of the hemoglobin of man in comparison with those of other species. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 164(2), 703–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41272-5
- Eknath, A. E., & Hulata, G. (2009). Use and exchange of genetic resources of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Reviews in Aquaculture, 1(3–4), 197–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2009.01017.x
- El-Sayed, A.-F.- M. (1999). Alternative dietary protein sources for farmed tilapia, Oreochromis spp. Aquaculture, 179(1–4), 149–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00159-3
- Fagbenro, O., Jauncey, K., & Haylor, G. (1994). Nutritive value of diet containing dried lactic acid fermented fish silage and soybean meal for juvenile Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus. Aquatic Living Resources, 7(2), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:1994010
- FAO. (2020). The state of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018-Meeting the sustainable development goals.
- Gao, L. J., Shi, Z. H., & Ai, C. X. (2005). Effect of dietary lipid sources on the serum biochemical indices of Acipenser schrenckii juvenile. Marine Fish, 27, 319–323. (in Chinese).
- Hassaan, M. S., Soltan, M. A., Mohammady, E. Y., Elashry, M. A., El-Haroun, E. R., & Davies, S. J. (2018). Growth and physiological responses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fed dietary fermented sunflower meal inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis. Aquaculture, 495, 592–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.06.018
- Ijaiya, A., & Eko, E. (2009). Effect of replacing dietary fish meal with silkworm (Anaphe infracta) caterpillar meal on performance, carcass characteristics and haematological parameters of finishing broiler chicken. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(6), 850–855. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2009.850.855
10.3923/pjn.2009.850.855 Google Scholar
- Ioselevich, M., Steingaß, H., Rajamurodov, Z., & Drochner, W. (2004). Nutritive value of silkworm pupae for ruminants. Paper presented at the Proc VDLUFA Kongress, Qualitätssicherung in landwirtschaftlichen Produktionssystemen. Rostock (Germany).
- Ishida, Y., Fujita, T., & Asai, K. (1981). New detection and separation method for amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 204, 143–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)81650-7
- Jannathulla, R., Dayal, J. S., Ambasankar, K., & Muralidhar, M. (2018). Effect of Aspergillus niger fermented soybean meal and sunflower oil cake on growth, carcass composition and haemolymph indices in Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931. Aquaculture, 486, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.12.005
- Ji, H., Zhang, J. L., Huang, J. Q., Cheng, X. F., & Liu, C. (2015). Effect of replacement of dietary fish meal with silkworm pupae meal on growth performance, body composition, intestinal protease activity and health status in juvenile Jian carp (C yprinus carpio var. Jian). Aquaculture Research, 46(5), 1209–1221. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12276
- Kurbanov, A. R., Milusheva, R. Y., Rashidova, S. S., & Kamilov, B. G. (2015). Effect of replacement of fish meal with silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupa protein on the growth of Clarias gariepinus fingerling. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 2, 25–27.
- Lee, J., Choi, I., Kim, K., Cho, S., & Yoo, J. (2012). Response of dietary substitution of fishmeal with various protein sources on growth, body composition and blood chemistry of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38(3), 735–744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-011-9555-3
- Mohanta, K. N. (2012). Plant feed resources of India. In O.A. Sogbesan, K.N. Mohanta, P.K. Sahoo, G. Mitra & P. Jayasankar, Invited papers on application of solid state fermentation technology in aquaculture (pp. 100–113).Bhubaneswar, India: Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture.
- Mondal, K. (2014). Nutritional evaluation of fermented poultry feather feal in the formulated diets of fingerlings of Catla catla (Hamilton). Electronic Journal of Biology, 10(4), 118–124.
- Nandeesha, M., Gangadhara, B., Varghese, T., & Keshavanath, P. (2000). Growth response and flesh quality of common carp, Cyprinus carpio fed with high levels of nondefatted silkworm pupae. Asian Fisheries Science, 13(3), 235–242.
- Nandeesha, M., Srikanth, G., Keshavanath, P., Varghese, T., Basavaraja, N., & Das, S. (1990). Effects of non-defatted silkworm-pupae in diets on the growth of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Biological Wastes, 33(1), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90118-c
10.1016/0269-7483(90)90118-C Google Scholar
- National Research Council. (2011). Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. The National Academies Press.
- Nelson, D. A., & Morris, M. W. (1989). Basic methodology: hematology and coagulation, part IV. In D. A. Nelson & J. B. Henry (Eds.), Clinical diagnosis, management by laboratory methods seventeenth (pp. 578–625). W.B. Saunder Company.
- Olaniyi, C., & Babasanmi, G. (2013). Performance characteristics of African Cat fish (Clarias gariepinus) fed varying inclusion levels of silk worm pupae (Anaphe infracta). Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science, 42(1), 76–80. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v42i1.15787
10.3329/bjas.v42i1.15787 Google Scholar
- Oso, J., & Iwalaye, O. (2014). Growth performance and nutrient utilization efficiency of Clarias gariepinus juveniles fed Bombyx mori (mulberry silkworm) meal as a partial replacement for fishmeal. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 4(26), 3805–3812. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2014/10681
- Parekh, A. C., & Jung, D. H. (1970). Cholesterol determination with ferric acetate-uranium acetate and sulfuric acid-ferrous sulfate reagents. Analytical Chemistry, 42(12), 1423–1427. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60294a044
- Prabu, E., Felix, N., Uma, A., Ahilan, B., & Antony, C. (2020). Metabolic responses of juvenile GIFT strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to dietary L-tryptophan supplementation. Aquaculture Nutrition, 26(5), 1713–1723. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13122
- Rahimnejad, S., Hu, S., Song, K., Wang, L., Lu, K., Wu, R., & Zhang, C. (2019). Replacement of fish meal with defatted silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) pupae meal in diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture, 510, 150–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.05.054
- Rangacharyulu, P., Giri, S., Paul, B., Yashoda, K., Rao, R. J., Mahendrakar, N., & Mukhopadhyay, P. (2003). Utilization of fermented silkworm pupae silage in feed for carps. Bioresource Technology, 86(1), 29–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(02)00113-x
- Rao, P. U. (1994). Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of spent silk worm pupae. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 42(10), 2201–2203. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00046a023
- Ryu, K. S., Lee, H. S., & Kim, I. (2002). Effects and mechanisms of silkworm powder as a blood glucose-lowering agent. International Journal of Industrial Entomology, 4(2), 93–100.
- Salem, M., Khalafalla, M., Saad, I., & El-Hais, A. (2008). Replacement of fish meal by silkworm, Bombyx mori pupae meal. Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus diets. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 11(3), 611–624.
- Samaddar, A., Kaviraj, A., & Saha, S. (2015). Utilization of fermented animal by-product blend as fishmeal replacer in the diet of Labeo rohita. Aquaculture Reports, 1, 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2015.03.004
- Sankar, G. S., Sukumaran, V., & Oviya, M. (2013). Potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum VSG3 improves the growth, immunity, and disease resistance of tropical freshwater fish, Labeo rohita. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 34, 660–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.12.008
- Shakoori, M., Gholipour, H., & Naseri, S. (2015). Effect of replacing dietary fish meal with silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae on haematological parameters of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 24(1), 139–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-013-1872-8
- Shakoori, M., Gholipour, H., Naseri, S., & Khara, H. (2016). Growth, survival, and body composition of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, when dietary fish meal is replaced with silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae. Fisheries & Aquatic Life, 24(1), 53–57. https://doi.org/10.1515/aopf-2016-0006
- Sharawy, Z., Goda, A.- M.-S., & Hassaan, M. S. (2016). Partial or total replacement of fish meal by solid state fermented soybean meal with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in diets for Indian prawn shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus, Postlarvae. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 212, 90–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.12.009
- Siddik, M. A., Chungu, P., Fotedar, R., & Howieson, J. (2019). Bioprocessed poultry by-product meals on growth, gut health and fatty acid synthesis of juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch). PLoS One, 14(4), e0215025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215025
- Siddik, M. A., Howieson, J., Ilham, I., & Fotedar, R. (2018). Growth, biochemical response and liver health of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fed fermented and non-fermented tuna hydrolysate as fishmeal protein replacement ingredients. PeerJ, 6, e4870. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4870
- Sun, Y., Chang, A. K., Wen, Z., Li, Y., Du, X., & Li, S. (2014). Effect of replacing dietary fish meal with silkworm (Bombyx mori L) caterpillar meal on growth and non-specific immunity of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (S elenka). Aquaculture Research, 45(7), 1246–1252. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12068
- Trinder, P. (1969). Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 6(1), 24–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/000456326900600108
- Usub, T., Lertsatitthanakorn, C., Poomsa-ad, N., Wiset, L., Yang, L., & Siriamornpun, S. (2008). Experimental performance of a solar tunnel dryer for drying silkworm pupae. Biosystems Engineering, 101(2), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2008.06.011
- Wilson, R., & Cowey, C. (1985). Amino acid composition of whole-body tissue of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture, 48(3–4), 373–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(85)90140-1
- Wintrobe, M. M. (1934). Variations in the size and haemoglobin content of erythrocytes in the blood of various vertebrates. Folia Haematologica, 51(32), 32–49.
- Xu, X., Ji, H., Yu, H., & Zhou, J. (2018). Influence of replacing fish meal with enzymatic hydrolysates of defatted silkworm pupa (Bombyx mori L.) on growth performance, body composition and non-specific immunity of juvenile mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis). Aquaculture Research, 49(4), 1480–1490. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13603
- Yang, J. Y., Ye, M. Q., Kuang, Z. S., Liao, S. T., Xiao, G. S., Luo, G. Q., … Zhao, X. J. (2009). Feed processing technology of silkworm and its application in animal husbandry and aquatic products industry. Zhongguo Canye, 30, 11–13. (in Chinese).
- Zhao, S. P. (2006). Theoretical base of blood lipid metabolism and clinical relevant issues. Clinical Focus, 21, 989–993. (in Chinese).
- Zhou, J., Chen, Y., Ji, H., & Yu, E. (2017). The effect of replacing fish meal with fermented meal mixture of silkworm pupae, rapeseed and wheat on growth, body composition and health of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Specularis). Aquaculture Nutrition, 23(4), 741–754. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12441
- Zhou, Q. C., Mai, K. S., Tan, B. P., & Liu, Y. J. (2005). Partial replacement of fishmeal by soybean meal in diets for juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Aquaculture Nutrition, 11(3), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2005.00335.x
- Zhu, H., Gong, G., Wang, J., Wu, X., Xue, M., Niu, C., Guo, L., & Yu, Y. (2011). Replacement of fish meal with blend of rendered animal protein in diets for Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt), results in performance equal to fish meal fed fish. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(2), e389–e395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010.00773.x
