Original Article
Full Access
Metallogenic Correlations for the Fe-Nb-REE Mineralization in the West Mine of the Bayan Obo Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China
Li SU,
Suping PENG,
Corresponding Author
Li SU
China State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083 China
College of Mining and Coal Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 100083 Inner Mongdia, China
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorSuping PENG
China State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083 China
Search for more papers by this authorLi SU,
Suping PENG,
Corresponding Author
Li SU
China State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083 China
College of Mining and Coal Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 100083 Inner Mongdia, China
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorSuping PENG
China State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083 China
Search for more papers by this authorAbout the first author:
SU Li, female; born in 1986, Baotou, Inner Mongolia; is a lecturer in Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology; Ph.D. candidate in China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing) majoring in mineral prospecting and exploration, and the research direction is geology.
Abstract
The West Mine of the Bayan Obo deposit, located in the northern-central part of Inner Mongolia, China, is enriched in Nb, rare earth elements and iron (Nb-REE-Fe) mineral resources. This paper presents a combined method to explore metallogenic correlation of the Nb-REE-Fe mineralization at the Bayan Obo West Mine. The method integrates factor analysis and Back Propagation (BP) neural network technology into processing and modeling of geological data. In this study, the Nb and REE contents of samples were transformed into discrete values to analyze the correlations among the metallogenic elements. The results show weak mineralization correlations between Nb and REEs. Nb and U are closely related in the geochemical patterns, while Fe is closely related to both Th and Mn. LREEs are an important factor for the mineralization of the Bayan Obo deposit, while Fe and Nb can be considered as the results of passive mineralization. On the basis of a metallogenic correlation analysis, the factors affecting the Fe-REE-Nb mineralization were extracted, and the Nb mineralization model was established by the BP neural network. Based on the BP neural network data computing, the variability of the Nb concentration displays a coupled multi-factor nonlinear relationship, which can be used to reveal the inherent metallogenic elemental regularities and predict the degree of element mineralization enrichment in the mining area.
References
- Afzal, P., Tehrani, M.E., Ghaderi, M., and Hosseini, M.R., 2016. Delineation of supergene enrichment, hypogene and oxidation zones utilizing staged factor analysis and fractal modeling in Takht-e-Gonbad porphyry deposit, SE Iran. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 161: 119–127.
- Agterberg, F.P., 2012. Multifractals and geostatistics. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 122(11): 113–122.
- Bai Ge, Yuan Zhongxin, Wu Chengyu, Zhang Zongqing and Zheng Lixuan, 1996. Demonstration on the Geological Features and Genesis of the Bayan Obo Ore Deposit. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, (in Chinese).
- Barnett, C.T., and Williams P.M., 2009. Using geochemistry and neural networks to map geology under glacial cover. Report 2009–003. Geoscience BC, 1–26.
- Bayan Obo Mining and Metallurgical Technology editing committee, 1994. Bayan Obo mining Metallurgical technology–mine volume. Baotou: Baotou Steel Company Press, 1–326 (in Chinese).
- Carranza, E.J.M., 2011. Analysis and mapping of geochemical anomalies using logratio–transformed stream sediment data with censored values. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 110(2): 167–185.
- Chen Jianping, Xiang Jie, Hu Qiao, Yang Wei, Lai Zili, Hu Bin and Wei Wei, 2016. Quantitative geoscience and geological big data development: a review. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 90(4): 1490–1515.
- Cheng Jianxun, Ye Songqing, Ding Feng and Tang Juxing, 2005. Geochemical anomaly evaluation of porphyry–type Cu–Au–Ag polymetallic mineralization zone of Mamupu, eastern Tibet. World Geology, (4), 334–337 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Dobretsov, N.L., Borisenko, A.S., Izokh, A.E., and Zhmodik, S.M., 2010. A thermochemical model of Eurasian Permo–Triassic mantle plumes as a basis for prediction and exploration for Cu–Ni–PGE and rare–metal ore deposits. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 51(9): 903–924.
- Drew, L.J., Meng, Q., and Sun, W., 1990. The Bayan Obo iron–rare–earth–niobium deposits, Inner Mongolia, China. Lithos, 26(1): 43–65.
- Fan, H.R., Yang, K.F., Hu, F.F., Liu, S., and Wang, K.Y., 2016. The giant Bayan Obo REE–Nb–Fe deposit, China: Controversy and ore genesis. Geoscience Frontiers, 7: 335–344.
- Gao Jiyuan, Wang Yixian, Qiu Yuzhuo and Zhang Qian, 1999. Origin of the ore–bearing dolomite in Bayan Obo ore deposit. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, S1: 675–680 (in Chinese).
- Guan Yao, Sun Xiaoming, Shi Guiyong, Jiang Xiaodong and Lu Hongfeng, 2017. Rare earth elements composition and constraint on the genesis of the polymetallic crusts and nodules in the South China Sea. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 91(5): 801–818.
- Grunsky, E.C., and Agterberg, F.P., 1988. Spatial and multivariate analysis of geochemical data from metavolcanic rocks in the Ben Nevis area, Ontario. Mathematical Geology, 20(7): 825–861.
- Hao Ziguo, Wang Xibin, Lizhen, Xiao Guowang and Zhang Tairong, 2002. Bayan Obo carbonatite REE-Nb-Fe deposit: A rare example of Neoproterozoic lithogeny and metallogeny of a damaged volcanic edifice. Acta Geologica Sinica, 76(4): 525–540 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Haykin, S.S., 2011. Neural networks and learning machines. Third Edition. Beijing: China Machine Press, 1–572.
- Huang Xiaowen, Qi Liang and Meng Yumiao, 2014. Trace element geochemistry of magnetite from the Fe (–Cu) deposits in the Hami Region, Eastern Tianshan Organic Belt, NW China. Acta Petrologica Sinica (English Edition), 88(1): 176–195.
- Huang, X.W., Zhou, M.F., Qiu, Y.Z., and Qi, L., 2015. In–situ LA–ICP–MS trace elemental analyses of magnetite: The Bayan Obo Fe–REE–Nb deposit, North China. Ore Geology Reviews, 65(P4): 884–899.
10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.09.010 Google Scholar
- Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1988. Geochemistry of Bayan Obo deposits. Beijing: Science Press, 1–546 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Lacassie, J.P., Roser, B., Solar, J.R.D., and Hervé, F., 2004. Discovering geochemical patterns using self–organizing neural networks: a new perspective for sedimentary provenance analysis. Sedimentary Geology, 165(1–2): 175–191.
- Lai, X.D., Yang, X.Y., Santosh, M., Liu, Y., and Ling, M., 2015. New data of the Bayan Obo Fe–REE–Nb deposit, Inner Mongolia: Implications for ore genesis. Precambrian Research, 263: 108–122.
- Lai, X.D., and Yang, X.Y., 2013. Geochemical characteristics of the Bayan Obo giant REE–Nb–Fe deposit: Constraints on its genesis. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 41: 99–112.
- Lai Xiaodong, Yang Xiaoyong and Liu Jianyong, 2012. Geochemical features and its genesis of the Bayan Obo Fe–REE–Nb formation: new evidence from elements and isotopes. Acta Geologica Sinica (English edition), 86(5): 801–818.
- Lin, X., Wang, X., Zhang, B., and Yao, W., 2014. Multivariate analysis of regolith sediment geochemical data from the Jinwozi gold field, north–western China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 137: 48–54.
- Liu, J.T., Cheng, Q.M., and Wang, J.G., 2015. Identification of geochemical factors in regression to mineralization endogenous variables using structural equation modeling. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 150: 125–136.
- Liu Jiangtao and Liu Lijia, 2017. SPSS data statistics and analysis. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 1–372 (in Chinese).
- Liu Tiegeng, 1986. The source materials shown by Bayan Obo oxygen and carbon isotopic characteristics. Geological geochemistry, 3: 58–60 (in Chinese).
- Liu Tiegeng, Zhang Zhengwei, Ye Lin, Shao Shuxun, Yang Zhanfeng, Li Chengxin and Feng Jianrong, 2012. Petrological characteristics of the volcanic rocks in the West Mine of Bayan Obo deposit. Acta Geologica Sinica, 86(5): 753–756 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Lu Lu, Zhu Lixin, Xiao Keyan, Ma Shenming, Yin Jianning and Xu Mingzuan, 2012. Geochemical features and metallogenic prediction of the Caixiashan–Weiquan area in the East Tianshan region. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 86 (4): 885–893.
- Ni Pei, Rankin, A.H., and Zhou Jin, 2003. Fluid inclusion studies on carbonatite dyke and associated quartzite in Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 19(2): 297–306 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Ord, A., Hobbs B.E., and Zhao C., 2009. Fundamentals of Computational Geoscience. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1–257.
- Porwal, A.K., Carranza, E.J.M., and Hale M., 2003. Artificial neural networks for mineral–potential mapping: A case study from Aravalli Province, western India. Natural Resources Research, 12(3): 155–171.
- Pu Xiugang, Han Wenzhong, Hua Shuangjun, Zhang Wei and Chen Changwei, 2013. Main controlling factors and dominant reservoir series analysis of Es3 in the Qibei area of Qikou sag. Acta Geologica Sinica (English edition), 87(1): 219–231.
- Qiao Donghai, Zhao Yuanyi, Wang Ao, Li Yubin, Guo Shuo, Li Xiaosai and Wang Song, 2017. Geochronology, fluid inclusions, geochemical characteristics of Dibao Cu (Au) deposit, Duolong ore concentration area, Xizang (Tibet), and its genetic type. Acta Geologica Sinica, 91(7): 1542–1564 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Qin Chaojian, Qiu Yuzhuo, Zhou Guofu, Wang Zhonggang, Zhang Tairong and Xiao Guowang, 2007. Fluid inclusion study of carbonatite dykes/veins and ore–hosted dolostone at the Bayan Obo ore deposit. Acta Petrologica Sinica (English Edition), 23(1): 161–168.
- Reimann, C., and Filzmoser, P., 2000. Normal and lognormal data distribution in geochemistry: death of a myth. Consequences for the statistical treatment of geochemical and environmental data. Environmental Geology, 39(9): 1001–1014.
- Reimann, C., Filzmoser, P., and Garrett, R., 2002. Factor analysis applied to regional geochemical data: problems and possibilities. Applied Geochemistry, 17(3): 185–206.
- Shao Yongjun, He Hui, Zhang Yizhou, Liang Enyun, Ding Zongwei, Chen Xinglin and Liu Zhongfa, 2007. Metallogenic prediction of Xiangxi gold deposit based on BP neural networks. Journal of Central South University, 38(6): 1192–1198. (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Smith, M.P., Henderson, P., and Campbell, L.S., 2000. Fractionation of the REE during hydrothermal processes: constraints from the Bayan Obo Fe–REE–Nb deposit, Inner Mongolia, China. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64(18): 3141–3160.
- Son, S.H., Hou, J.G., Liu, Y.M., Cao, S.F., Hu, C.B., Wang, X.X., and Chang, Z., 2016. Application of artificial neural network in Geology: Porosity estimation and lithological facies classification. International Conference on Natural Computation. Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, IEEE, 740–744.
- Su, L., 2015. Characteristics of Nb–mineral rock and ore in Bayan Obo Deposit. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 20(26), 12983–12989.
- Sun Jian, Fang Nan, Li Shizhen, Chen Yuelong and Zhu Xiangkun, 2012. Magnesium isotopic constraints on the genesis of Bayan Obo ore deposit. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 28 (9): 2890–2902. (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Sun, X., Deng J., Gong Q.J., Wang Q.F., Yang L.Q., and Zhao Z.Y., 2009. Kohonen neural network and factor analysis based approach to geochemical data pattern recognition. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 103(1): 6–16.
- Templ, M., Filzmoser, P., and Reimann, C., 2008. Cluster analysis applied to regional geochemical data: Problems and possibilities. Applied Geochemistry, 23(8): 2198–2213.
- Tolosanadelgado, R., and Eynatten, H.V., 2010. Simplifying compositional multiple regression: Application to grain size controls on sediment geochemistry. Computers and Geosciences, 36(5): 577–589.
- Wang Kaiyi., Fan Hongrui, Yang Kuifeng, Hu Fangfang and Ma Yuguang, 2010. Bayan Obo carbonatites: Texture evidence from polyphase intrusive and extrusive carbonatites. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 84(6): 1365–1376.
- Wang Kaiyi, Fan Hongrui and Xie Yihan, 2002. Geochemistry of REE and other trace elements of the carbonatite dykes at Bayan Obo: implication for its formation. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 18(3): 340–348 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Xiao Rongge, Fei Hongcai, Wang Jianan, Yang Fan and Yan Kai, 2012. Formation and Geochemistry of the Ore–Bearing Alkaline Volcanic Rocks in the Bayan Obo REE–Nb–Fe Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 86(5): 735–752 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Yang Xueming and Yang Xiaoyong, 1998. The genetic oxygen, carbon and strontium isotope and trace element geochemical evidence of geochemistry, Chinese Journal of Geophysics (Chinese Edition), S1: 216–227 (in Chinese with English abstract)
- Yang, X.Y., Lai, X.D., Pirajno, F., Liu, Y., Mingxing, L., and Sun, W., 2017. Genesis of the Bayan Obo Fe–REE–Nb formation in Inner Mongolia, North China Craton: A perspective review. Precambrian Research, 288: 39–71.
- Yang Xiaoyong, Lai Xiaodong, Ren Yisu, Ling Mingxing, Liu Yulong and Liu Jianyong, 2015. Geological characteristics and their scientific problems of the Bayan Obo Fe–REE–Nb deposit: discussion on the origin of Bayan Obo Super–large Deposit. Acta Geologica Sinica, 89(12): 2323–2350 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Yang, X.M., Zheng, Y.F., Yang, X.Y., Zhang, P.S., and Le Bas, M.J., 2000. A geochemical study of an REE–rich carbonatite dyke at Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, northern China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English edition), 74(3): 605–612.
- Yuan Zhongxin, 2012. A further discussion on the metallogenic era and the genesis of the deposit of Bayan Obo deposit. Acta Geologica Sinica, 86(5): 683–686. (In Chinese with English abstract).
- Yuan Zhongxin, Bai Ge, Wu Chengyu, Ding Xiaoshi and Zhang Zongqing, 1995. The characteristics and significance of volcanic rocks in H9 in inner Mongolian Bayan Obo mining area. Mineral Deposits, 3: 197–205 (In Chinese with English abstract).
- Zaremotlagh, S., and Hezarkhani, A., 2016. A geochemical modeling to predict the different concentrations of REE and their hidden patterns using several supervised learning methods: Choghart iron deposit, Bafq, Iran. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 165: 35–48.
- Zhang Shiming, Xiao Yuanfu, Gong Tingting, He Jiale, Wang Qiang, Zhang Lin and Sun Jiandong, 2012. Optimal selection assessment on geochemical anomalies at Gegongnong, Hengxingcuo, Mamupu in the Yulong metallogenic zone, Tibet. Bulletin of Mineralogy Petrology & Geochemistry, 31 (4), 354–360 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Zhang Yuxu, Jiang Shaoqin, Zhang Qiling, Lai Xiaodong, Peng Yang and Yang Xiaoyong, 2008. A discussion on forming time of the Bayan Obo Group and ore–forming time of the Bayan Obo giant REE–Nb–Fe deposit, Inner Mongolia. Geology in China. 35(6), 1129–1137 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Zhang Zongqing and Yuan Zhongxin, 2003. Age and geochemistry of Bayan Obo deposit. Beijing: Geological publishing house, 1–200 (in Chinese).
- Zhao, J.N., Chen, S.Y., and Zuo, R.G., 2016. Identifying geochemical anomalies associated with Au–Cu mineralization using multifractal and artificial neural network models in the Ningqiang district, Shaanxi, China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 164: 54–64.
- Ziaii, M., Ardejani, F.D., Ziaei, M., and Soleymani, A.A., 2012. Neuro–fuzzy modeling based genetic algorithms for identification of geochemical anomalies in mining geochemistry. Applied Geochemistry, 27(3): 663–676.
- Zuo, R.G., 2017. Machine learning of mineralization–related geochemical anomalies: A review of potential methods. Natural Resources Research, 26(4): 457–464.
