Original Articles
Full Access
Genesis of the Gold Deposit in the Indus-Yarlung Tsangpo Suture Zone, Southern Tibet: Evidence from Geological and Geochemical Data
Xiong ZHANG,
Xueguo DENG,
Zhusen YANG,
Zengqian HOU,
Yuanchuan ZHENG,
Yingchao LIU,
Xiaoyan ZHAO,
Bo XU,
Yingru PEI,
Jinsheng ZHOU,
Miao ZHAO,
Jianfei YUAN,
Xiong ZHANG
School of Earth sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083 China
MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorXueguo DENG
Institute of Metallurgical Geology and Exploration, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610000 China
Search for more papers by this authorZhusen YANG
MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorZengqian HOU
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorYuanchuan ZHENG
School of Earth sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083 China
Search for more papers by this authorYingchao LIU
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xiaoyan ZHAO
MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorBo XU
ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid System (CCFS) and GEMOC, Department Of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorYingru PEI
School of Earth sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083 China
MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorJinsheng ZHOU
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorMiao ZHAO
MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorJianfei YUAN
Institute of Metallurgical Geology and Exploration, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610000 China
Search for more papers by this authorXiong ZHANG,
Xueguo DENG,
Zhusen YANG,
Zengqian HOU,
Yuanchuan ZHENG,
Yingchao LIU,
Xiaoyan ZHAO,
Bo XU,
Yingru PEI,
Jinsheng ZHOU,
Miao ZHAO,
Jianfei YUAN,
Xiong ZHANG
School of Earth sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083 China
MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorXueguo DENG
Institute of Metallurgical Geology and Exploration, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610000 China
Search for more papers by this authorZhusen YANG
MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorZengqian HOU
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorYuanchuan ZHENG
School of Earth sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083 China
Search for more papers by this authorYingchao LIU
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xiaoyan ZHAO
MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorBo XU
ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid System (CCFS) and GEMOC, Department Of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorYingru PEI
School of Earth sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083 China
MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorJinsheng ZHOU
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorMiao ZHAO
MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037 China
Search for more papers by this authorJianfei YUAN
Institute of Metallurgical Geology and Exploration, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610000 China
Search for more papers by this authorAbout the first author:
ZHANG Xiong: Male, born in 1988 in Guyuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region; doctoral student; study in School of Earth sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing; His research interests is mainly in orogenic gold deposits. Email: [email protected].
Abstract
The Nianzha gold deposit, located in the central section of the Indus-Yarlung Tsangpo suture (IYS) zone in southern Tibet, is a large gold deposit (Au reserves of 25 tons with average grade of 3.08 g/t) controlled by a E–W striking fault that developed during the main stage of Indo-Asian collision (∼65–41 Ma). The main orebody is 1760 m long and 5.15 m thick, and occurs in a fracture zone bordered by Cretaceous diorite in the hanging wall to the north and the Renbu tectonic mélange in the footwall to the south. High-grade mineralization occurs in a fracture zone between diorite and ultramafic rock in the Renbu tectonic mélange. The wall-rock alteration is characterized by silicification in the fracture zone, serpentinization and the formation of talc and magnesite in the ultramafic unit, and chloritization and the formation of epidote and calcite in diorite.
Quartz veins associated with Au mineralization can be divided into three stages. Fluid inclusion data indicate that the deposit formed from H2O–NaCl–organic gas fluids that homogenize at temperatures of 203°C–347°C and have salinities of 0.35wt%–17.17wt% NaCl equivalent. The quartz veins yield δ18Ofluid values of 0.15‰–10.45‰, low δDV-SMOW values (−173‰ to −96‰), and the δ13C values of −17.6‰ to −4.7‰, indicating the ore-forming fluids were a mix of metamorphic and sedimentary orogenic fluids with the addition of some meteoric and mantle-derived fluids. The pyrite within the diorite has δ34SV-CDT values of −2.9‰–1.9‰ (average −1.1‰), 206Pb/204Pb values of 18.47–18.64, 207Pb/204Pb values of 15.64–15.74, and 208Pb/204Pb values of 38.71–39.27, all of which are indicative of the derivation of S and other ore-forming elements from deep in the mantle. The presence of the Nianzha, Bangbu, and Mayum gold deposits within the IYS zone indicates that this area is highly prospective for large orogenic gold deposits. We identified three types of mineralization within the IYS, namely Bangbu-type accretionary, Mayum-type microcontinent, and Nianzha-type ophiolite-associated orogenic Au deposits. The three types formed at different depths in an accretionary orogenic tectonic setting. The Bangbu type was formed at the deepest level and the Nianzha type at the shallowest.
References
- Allegre, C.J., Courtillot, V., Tapponnier, P., Hirn, A., Mattauer, M., Coulon, C., Jaeger, J.J., Achache, J., Scharer, U., Marcoux, J., Burg, J.P., Girardeau, J., Armijo, R., Gariepy, C., Tindong, L., Xuchang, X., Chenfa, C., Guangqin, L., Baoyu, L., Jiwen, T., Naiwen, W., Guoming, C., Tonglin, H., Xibin, W., and Wanming, D., 1984. Structure and evolution of the Himalaya-Tibet orogenic belt. Nature, 307: 17–22.
- Barley, M., and Groves, D.I., 1992. Supercontinent cycles and the distribution of metal deposits through time. Geology, 20(4): 291–294
- Bierlein, F.P., and Maher, S., 2001. Orogenic disseminated gold in Phanerozoic fold belts-examples from Victoria, Australia and elsewhere. Ore Geology Reviews, 18: 113–148.
- Bierlein, F.P., Groves, D.I., Goldfarb, R.J., and Dube, B., 2006. Lithospheric controls on the formation of provinces hosting giant orogenic gold deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 40: 874–886.
- Bohlke, J.K., 1982. Orogenic (metamorphic-hosted) gold quartz veins. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 795: 70–76.
- Chang Chengfa and Zheng Xilan, 1973. Tectonic feature of the Mount Jolmo Lungma region in southern Tibet, China. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 1: 1–12.
- Chaussidon, M., Albarede, F., Sheppard, and Simon, M.F., 1989. Sulphur isotope variations in the mantle from ion microprobe analyses of micro-sulphide inclusions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 92(2): 144–156.
- Chen, F., Hegner, E., and Todt, W., 2000. Zircon ages, Nd isotopic and chemical compositions of orthogneisses from the Black Forest, Germany – evidence for a Cambrian magmatic arc. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 88: 791–802.
- Chen, F., Siebel, W., Satir, M., Terzioglu, N., and Saka, K., 2002. Geochronology of the Karadere basement (NW Turkey) and implications for the geological evolution of the Istanbul zone. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91: 469–481.
- Chen, F., Li, X.H., Wang, X.L., Li, Q.L., and Siebel, W., 2007. Zircon age and Nd–Hf isotopic composition of the Yunnan Tethyan belt, southwestern China. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 96(6): 1179–1194.
- Chen Genwen, Xia Bin, Zhong Zhihong, Wang Guoqiang, Wang He, Zhao Taiping, Wang Jincao, Zhang Li, Qi Liang and Li Sunrong, 2003. Geochemical characteristics and geological significance of boninites in the Deji ophiolite, Tibet. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 23(1): 91–96 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Chen Yanjing, Ni Pei, Fan Hongrui, Pirajno, F., Lai Yong, Su Wenchao and Zhang Hui, 2007. Diagnostic fluid inclusions of different types hydrothermal gold deposits. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 23(9): 2085–2108 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Coleman, M.L., Sheppard, T.J., Durham, J.J., Rouse, J.E., and Moore, G.R., 1982. Reduction of water with zinc for hydrogen isotope analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 54: 993–995.
- Clayton, R.N., and Mayeda, T.K., 1963. The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 27: 43–52.
- Clayton, R.N., O'Neil, J.R., and Mayeda, T.K., 1972. Oxygen isotope exchange between quartz and water. Journal of Geophysical Research, 77: 3057–3067.
- Cox, S.F., Knacksted, M., and Braun, J., 2001. Principles of structural control on permeability and fluid flow in hydrothermal system. Reviews in Economic Geology, 14: 1–24.
- Duoji, Wen Chunqi, Liu Jianlin, Basang, Guan Hui, Huo Yan and Gesangduoqing, 2003. Discovery of the Mayum placer gold deposit, Burang County, Tibet, and its significance. Geological Bulletin of China, 22: 896–899 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Deng J, Wang Q F, Li G J, Li C S and Wang C M. 2014. Tethys tectonic evolution and its bearing on the distribution of important mineral deposits in the Sanjiang region, SW China. Gondwana Research, 26 (2): 419–437.
- Deng J, Wang Q F, Li G J and Santosh M. 2015a. Cenozoic tectono-magmatic and metallogenic processes in the Sanjiang region, southwestern China. Earth-Science Reviews, 138: 268–299.
- Deng J, Wang Q F, Li G J and Zhao Y. 2015b. Structural control and genesis of the Oligocene Zhenyuan orogenic gold deposit, SW China. Ore Geology Reviews, 65: 42–54.
- Deng J, Wang Q F, Li, G J, Hou Z Q, Jiang C Z and Danyushevsky L. 2015c. Geology and genesis of the giant Beiya porphyry-skarn gold deposit, northwestern Yangtze Block, China. Ore Geology Reviews, 70: 457–485.
- Deng J and Wang Q F. 2016. Gold mineralization in China: metallogenic provinces, deposit types and tectonic framework. Gondwana Research, 36: 219–274.
- Feng Chengyou, Zhang Dequan, Wang Fuchun, She Hongquan, Li Daxin and Wang Yan, 2004. Multiple orogenic processes and geological characteristics of the major orogenic gold deposits in east Kunlun area, Qinghai province. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 25(4): 415–422 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Gaboury, D., 2013. Does gold in orogenic deposits come from pyrite in deeply buried carbon-rich sediments?: Insight from volatiles in fluid inclusions. Geology, 41(12): 1207–1210.
- Geng Quanru, Pan Guitang, Zheng Lailin, Sun Zhiming, Ou Chunsheng and Dong Han, 2004. Petrological characteristics and original settings of the Yarlung Tsangpo ophiolitic mélange in Namche Barwa, SE Tibet. Chinese Journal of Geology, 39(3): 388–406 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Goldfarb, R.J., Groves, D.I., and Gardoll, S., 2001. Orogenic gold and geologic time: a global synthesis. Ore Geology Reviews, 18(1): 1–75.
- Goldfarb, R.J., Ayuso, R., Miller, M.L., Ebert, S.W., Marsh, E.E., Petsel, S.A., Miller, L.D., Bradley, D., Johnson, C., and McClelland, W., 2004. The late Cretaceous Donlin Creek gold deposit, Southwestern Alaska: Controls on epizonal ore formation. Economic geology, 99(4): 643–671.
- Goldfarb, R.J., Baker, T., Dube, B., Groves, D.I., Hart, C.J., and Gosselin, P., 2005. Distribution, character, and genesis of gold deposits in metamorphic terranes. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume: 407–450.
- Goldfarb, R.J., 2013. Orogenic gold deposits: genesis and exploration. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 87 (z1): 764–766.
- Gordfarb, R.J., Taylor, R.D., Collins, G.S., Goryachev, N.A., and Orlandini, O.F., 2014. Phanerozoic continental growth and gold metallogeny of Asia. Gondwana Research, 25: 48–102.
- Golding, S.D., Groves, D.I., McNaughton, N.J., Mikucki, E.J., and Sang, J.H., 1990. Sources of ore fluid and ore components-sulphur isotope studies. Geology Department and University Extension, University of Western Australia Publication, 20: 259–262.
- Groves, D.I., 1993. The crustal continuum model for late-Archaean lode-gold deposits of the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia. Mineralium Deposita, 28(6): 366–374
- Groves, D.I., Goldfarb, R.J., Gebre-Mariam, M., Hagemann, S.G., and Robert, F., 1998. Orogenic gold deposits: a proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types. Ore Geology Reviews, 13(1): 7–27.
- Groves, D.I., Goldfarb, R.J., Knox-Robinson, C.M., Ojala, J., Gardoll, S., Yun, G. and Holyland, P., 2000. Late-kinematic timing of orogenic gold deposits and significance for computer-based exploration techniques with emphasis on the Yilgam block, Western Australia. Ore Geology Reviews, 17: 1–38.
- Hall, D.L., Sterner, S.M., and Bodnar, R.J., 1988. Freezing point depression of NaCl–KCl–H. Economic Geology, 83(1): 197–202.
- Harrison, T.M., Grove, M., Lovera, O.M., Catlos, E.J., and D'Andrea, J., 1999. The origin of Himalayan anatexis and inverted metamorphism: models and constraints. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 17: 755–772.
- Hodkiewicz, P.F., Groves, D.I., Davidson G.J., Weinberg, R.F., and Hagemann, S.G., 2009. Influence of structural setting on sulphur isotopes in Archean orogenic gold deposits, eastern goldfields province, Yilgarn, Western Australia. Mineralium Deposita, 44(2): 129–150.
- Hou Zengqian, Mo Xuanxue, Yang Zhiming, Wang Anjian, Pan Guitang, Qu Xiaoming and Nie Fengjun, 2006a. Metallogeneses in the collisional orogen of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Tectonic setting, tempo-spatial distribution and ore deposit types. Geology in China, 33(2): 340–351 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Hou Zengqian, Yang Zhusen, Xu Wenyi, Mo Xuanxue, Ding Lin, Gao Yongfeng, Dong Fangliu, Li Guangming, Qu Xiaoming, Zhao Zhidan, Jiang Sihong, Meng Xiangjin, Li Zhenqing, Qin Kezhang and Yang Zhiming, 2006b. Metallogenesis in Tibetan collisional orogenic belt: I. Mineralization in main collisional orogenic setting. Mineral Deposits, 25(4): 337–358 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Hou Zengqian, Pan Guitang, Wang Anjian, Mo Xuanxue, Tian Shihong, Sun Xiaoming, Ding Lin, Wang Erqi, Gao Yongfeng, Xie Yulin, Zeng Pusheng, Qin Kezhang, Xu Jifeng, Qu Xiaoming, Yang Zhiming, Yang Zhusen, Fei Hongcai, Meng Xiangjin and Li Zhenqing, 2006c. Metallogenesis in Tibetan collisional orogenic belt: II. Mineralization in late-collisional transformation setting. Mineral Deposits, 25(5): 521–543 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Hou Zengqian, Qu Xiaoming, Yang Zhusen, Meng Xiangjin, Li Zhenqing, Yang Zhiming, Zheng Mianping, Zheng Youye, Nie Fengjun, Gao Yongfeng, Jiang Sihong and Li Guangming, 2006d. Metallogenesis in Tibetan collisional orogenic belt: III. Mineralization in post-collisional extension setting. Mineral Deposits, 25(6): 629–651 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Hou Zengqian and Wang Erqi, 2008. Metallogenesis of the Indo-Asian collisional orogen: new advances. Acta Geologica Sinica, 29: 275–292 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Hou, Z.Q., and Cook, N.J., 2009. Metallogenesis of the Tibetan collisional orogen: A review and introduction to the special issue. Ore Geology Reviews, 36: 2–24.
- Hu Jingren, Fan Yuechun, Chen Guojie, Sun Zhongliang, Liu Ruiguo and Nimaciren, 2002. Report of regional geological survey in Xigaze (1/250000). Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese).
- Jiang Sihong, Nie Fengjun and Liu Yifei, 2008. Discussion on genetic type of Mayum gold deposit in Tibet. Mineral Deposits, 27(2): 220–229 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Jiang, S.H., Nie, F.J., Hu, P., Lai, X.R., and Liu, Y.F., 2009. Mayum: An Orogenic Gold Deposit in Tibet, China. Ore Geology Reviews, 36: 160–173.
- Kerrich, R., 1987. The stable isotope geochemistry of Au-Ag vein deposits in metamorphic rocks. Mineral Canada Short Course Handbook, 13: 287–336.
- Kerrich, R., 1989. Lithophile element systematics of gold vein deposits in Archean greenstone belts: Implications for source processes. Economic Geology Monograph, 6: 508–519.
- Kerrich, R., Goldfarb, R.J., Groves, D.I., Garwin, S., and Jia, Y., 2000. The characteristics, origins, and geodynamic settings of supergiant gold metallogenic provinces. Science in China (Series D), 43(1): 1–68.
- Kontak, D.J., Smith, P.K., Kerrich, R., and Williams, P.F., 1990. Integrated model for Meguma Group lode gold deposits, Nova Scotia, Canada. Geology, 18(3): 238–242.
- Li, G.W., Liu, X.H., Pullen, A., Liu, X.B., Wei, L.J., and Huang, F., 2010. In-situ detrital zircon geochronology and Hf isotopic analyses from Upper Triassic Tethys sequence strata. Earth and Planetary Letters, 297: 461–470.
- Li Guangwei, Liu Xiaohan, Wei Lijie and Liu Xiaobing, 2011. Discovery of the Late Cretaceous detrital zircon in Renbu tectonic mélange, south Tibet, and its tectonic significance. Acta Petrologic Sinica, 27(11): 3328–3334 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Li Hua, Wang Yonghua, Zhang Xingpei, Arska and Zhou Yimin, 2015. Geological characteristics and prospecting methods of the Chang'an gold deposit in southern Ailaoshan metallogenic belt. Acta Geologica Sinica, 89(6): 1085–1098 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Li Jianfeng, Xia Bin, Liu Liwen, Xu Lifeng, He Guansheng, Wang Hong, Zhang Yuquan and Yang Zhiqing, 2009. SHRIMP U-Pb dating for the gabbro in Qunrang ophiolite, Tibet: the geochronology constraint for the development of Eastern Tethys Basin. Geotectonic ET Metallogenia, 33(2): 294–298 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Li Wenxia, Zhao Zhidan, Zhu Dicheng, Liu Dong, Mo Xuanxue and Lu Yuanfa, 2016. Study on the geochemistry and source characteristics of the Yalung Zangpo ophiolite in Xigaze, Tibet. Geoscience, 30(2): 294–340 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Lv Lina, Zhao Yuanyi, Song Liang, Tian Yi and Xin Hongbo, 2011. Characteristics of C, Si, O, S and Pb isotopes of the Fetich and Cu(Au) deposits in the western Bangong–Nujiang metallogenic belt, Tibet and their geological significance. Acta Geologica Sinica, 85(8): 1291–1304 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- McCuaig, T.C., and Kerrich, R., 1998. P–T–t-deformation-fluid characteristics of lode gold deposits: evidence from alteration systematics. Ore Geology Reviews, 12(6): 381–453.
- Mo Xuanxue, Zhao Zhidan, Deng Jinfu, Dong Guochen, Zhou Su, Guo Tieying, Zhang Shuangquan and Wang Liangliang, 2003. Response of volcanism to the India–Asia collision. Earth Science Frontiers, 10(3): 136–148 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Mo, X.X., Hou, Z.Q., Niu, Y.L., Dong, G.C., Qu, X.M., Zhao, Z.D., and Yang, Z.M., 2007. Mantle contributions to crustal thickening during continental collision: Evidence from Cenozoic igneous rocks in southern Tibet. Lithos, 96(12): 225–242.
- Mo Xuanxue, Zhao Zhidan, Zhu Dicheng, Yu Xuehui, Dong Guochen and Zhou Su, 2009. On the lithosphere of Indo-Asian collision zone in southern Tibet: Petrological and geochemical constraints. Earth Science, 34(1): 17–27 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Niu Xiaolu, Zhao Zhidan, Mo Xuanxue, Depaolo, D.J., Dong Guochen, Zhang Shuangquan, Zhu Dicheng and Guo Tieying, 2006. Elemental and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic geochemistry for basic rocks from Decun-Angren ophiolites in Xigaze area, Tibet: implications for the characteristics of the Tethyan upper mantle domain. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 22(12): 2875–2888 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Niu, S.Y., Cheng, G.S., Zhang, J.Z., Sun, A.Q., Ma, B.J., Zhang, F.X., Wang, B.D., Xu, M., Wu, J.C., Zhao, R.X., and Wang, S.F., 2014. Study on the Metallogenetism of Sub-mantle Plume and Mantle Branches in the Gold Mineralization Concentration Area of Northwest Jiaodong Peninsula. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 88 (5): 1409–1420.
- Ohmoto, H., 1972, Systematics of Sulfur and Carbon Isotopes in Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. Economic Geology, 67(5): 551–578.
- Ohmoto, H., and Goldhaber, M.B., 1997. Sulfur and carbon isotopes. New York: Wiley, 517–612.
- Pan Guitang, Mo Xuanxue, Hou Zengqian, Zhu Dicheng, Wang Liquan, Li Guangming, Zhao Zhidan, Geng Quanru and Liao Zhongli, 2006. Spatial-temporal framework of the Gangdese Orogenic Belt and its evolution. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 22: 521–533 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Pan, G.T., Wang, L.Q., Li, R.S., Yuan, S.H., Ji, W.H., Yin, F.G., Zhang, W.P., and Wang, B.D., 2012. Tectonic evolution of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 53: 3–14.
- Pei, Y.R., Sun, Q.Z., Zheng, Y.C., Yang, Z.S., Li, W., and Huang, K.X., 2016a. Genesis of the Bangbu orogenic gold deposit in Tibet: Evidence from fluid inclusion, stable isotope and Ar–Ar geochronology. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 90 (2): 722–737.
- Pei, Y.R., Yang, Z.S., Zhao, X.Y., Zhang, X., Ma, W., and Mao, J.T., 2016b. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope geochemistry of the Shangxu gold deposit, Northern Tibet. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 90(4): 1545–1546.
- Pei Yingru, Yang Zhusen, Zhao Xiaoyan, Zhang Xiong, Xu Yutao, Ma Wang, Mao Jingtao and Zhuang Liangliang, 2015. Genesis of the Shangxu orogenic gold deposit in northern Tibet: Constraints from fluid inclusions and isotopic compositions. Acta Geologica Sinica, 89(10): 1814–1825 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Peters, S.G., and Golding, S.D., 1989. Geologic, fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies of granitoid-hosted gold-bearing quartz veins, Charters Towers, Northeastern Australia. Economic Geology Monograph, 6: 260–273.
- Pitcairn, I.K., Teagle, D.A.H, Craw, D., Olivo, G.R., Kerrich, R., and Brewer, T.S., 2006. Sources of metals and fluids in orogenic gold deposits: Insights from the Otago and Alpine Schists, New Zealand. Economic Geology, 101(8): 1525–1546.
- Pitcairn, I.K., Olivo, G.R., Teagle, D.A.H, and Craw, D., 2010. Sulfide evolution during prograde metamorphism of the Otago and Alpine Schists, New Zealand. Canadian Mineralogist, 48(5): 1267–1295.
- Pitcairn, I.K., Craw, D., and Teagle, D.A.H 2015. Metabasalts as sources of metals in orogenic gold deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 50: 373–390.
- Robinson, B.W., and Kusakabe, M., 1975. Quantitative preparation of sulphur dioxide for 34S/32S analyses from sulphides by combustion with cuprous oxide. Analytical Chemistry, 47: 1179.
- Sheppard, S.M.F, 1986. Characterization and isotopic variations in natural waters. Reviews in Mineralogy, 16: 165–183.
- Shi Guiyong, Sun Xiaoming, Zhang Yan, Xiong Dexing, Zhai Wei, Pan Weijian and Hu Beiming, 2010. H–O–C–S isotopic compositions of ore-forming fluids in Daping gold deposit in Ailaoshan gold belt, Yunan Province, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 26(6): 1751–1759 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Sun Qingzhong, Zheng Yuanchuan, Hou Zengqian, Yang Zhusen, Li Wei, Huang Kexian and Zhang Song, 2013. Genesis of Bangbu orogenic gold deposit in Tibet: constraints from fluid inclusions and isotopic composition. Mineral Deposits, 32(2): 353–366 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Sun Xiaoming, Xiong Dexing, Wang Shengwei, Shi Guiyong and Zhai Wei, 2006. Noble gases isotopic composition of fluid inclusions in scheelites collected from Daping gold mine, Yunnan province, China, and its application for ore genesis. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 22(3): 725–732 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Sun Xiaoming, Xiong Dexing, Shi Guiyong, Wang Shengwei and Zhai Wei, 2007. 40Ar–39Ar dating of gold deposit hosted in the Daping ductile shear zone in the Ailaoshan gold belt, Yunnan province, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 81(1): 88–92 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Sun, X.M., Zhang, Y., Xiong, D.X., Sun, W.D., Shi, G.Y., Zhai, W., and Wang, S.W., 2009. Crust and mantle contributions to gold-forming process at the Daping deposit, Ailaoshan gold belt, Yunnan, China. Ore Geology Reviews, 36: 235–249.
- Sun Xiaoming, Wei Huixiao, Zhai Wei, Shi Guiyong, Liang Yeheng, Mo Ruwei, Han Moxiang and Zhang Xiangguo, 2010. Ore-forming fluid geochemistry and metallogenic mechanism of Bangbu large-scale orogenic gold deposit in southern Tibet, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 26(6): 1672–1684 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Sun, X.M., Wei, H.X., Zhai, W., Shi, G.Y., Liang, Y.H., Mo, R.W., Han, M.X., Yi, J.Z., and Zhang, X.G., 2015. Fluid inclusion geochemistry and Ar–Ar geochronology of the Cenozoic Bangbu orogenic gold deposit, southern Tibet, China. Ore Geology Reviews, 74: 196–210.
- Wang Chengshan, Li Xianghui and Hu Xiumian, 2003. Age of initial collision of India with Asia: Review and constraints from sediments in southern Tibet. Acta Geologica Sinica, 77(1): 16–24 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Weatherley, D.K., and Henley, R.W., 2013. Flash vaporization during earthquakes by gold deposits. Nature Geoscience, 6(4): 294–298.
- Wen Chunqi, Duoji, Sun Yan, Fan Xiaoping, Xu Ling, Huo Yan, Gesangduoqing and Luo Xiaojun, 2004. 40Ar-39Ar dating of quartz from gold-bearing quartz veins in the Mayum gold deposit, Burang, Tibet, and its geological significance. Geological Bulletin of China, 23: 686–688 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Wen Chunqi, Duoji, Fan Xiaoping, Chen Huiqiang, Hu Xiancai, Li Xiaowen, Zhang Shengxiang, Liu Wenzhou Sun Yan and Li Baohua, 2006a. Geological characteristics and genetic analysis of the Mayum gold deposit, Tibet, China. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition), 33(2): 122–133 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Wen Chunqi, Duoji, Fan Xiaoping, Hu Xiancai, Li Baohua, Sun Yan, Liu Wenzhou, Huo Yan, Wen Quan and Ren Wenjing, 2006b. Characteristics of ore-fluids of the Mayum gold deposit, western Tibet, China. Geological Bulletin of China, 25: 261–266 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Xiong, F.H., Yang, J.S., Robinson Paul T., Xu, X.Z., Ba, D.Z., Li, Y., Zhang, Z.M., and Rong, H., 2016. Diamonds and other exotic minerals recovered from peridotites of the Dangqiong Ophiolite, Western Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone, Tibet. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 90(2): 425–439.
- Xue, Y., Campbel, I., Ireland, T.R., Holden, P., and Armstrong, R., 2013. No mass-independent sulfur isotope fractionation in auriferous fluids supports a magmatic origin for Archean gold deposits. Geology, 41(7): 791–794.
- Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., Ryerson, F.J., Chen, W.J., Kidd, W.S.F, and Copeland, P., 1994. Tertiary structural evolution of the Gangdese thrust system, southeastern Tibet. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99 (B9): 18175–18201.
- Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., Murphy, M.A., Grove, M., Nie, S., Ryerson, F.J., Wang, X., and Chen, Z., 1999. Tertiary deformation history in southeastern and southwestern Tibet during the Indo-Asian collision. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 111: 1644–1664.
- Yin, A., and Harrison, T.M., 2000. Geologic evolution of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogeny. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 28: 211–280.
- Yuan Shisong, Ge Liangsheng, Lu Yanming, Guo Xiaodong, Wang Meijuan, Wang Zhihua and Zou Yilin, 2010. Relationship between crust-mantle reaction and gold mineralization in Ailaoshan metallogenic belt: A case study of Daping gold deposit in Yuanyang. Mineral Deposits, 29(2): 253–264 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Zarrtman, R.E., and Doe, B.R., 1981. Plumbotectonics: the model (in evolution the upper mantle). Tectonophysics, 75 (1–2): 135–162.
- Zartman, R.E., and Haines, S.M., 1988. The plumbotectonic model for Pb isotopic systematics among major terrestrial reservoirs—a case for bi-directional transport. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52(6): 1327–1339.
- Zhang Dequan, Feng Chengyou, Li Daxin, Xu Wenyi, Yan Shenghao, She Hongquan, Dong Yingjun and Cui Yanhe, 2001. Orogenic gold deposits in the north Qaidam and east Kunlun orogen, west China. Mineral Deposits, 20(2): 138–146 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Zhao Jianan, Xu Zhiqin and Liang Fenghua, 2015. Geochemistry and geochronology of Bailang garnet pyroxenite within Xigaze area in Tibet, and its tectonic significance. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 31(12): 3687–3700 (in Chinese with English abstract).
- Zheng Yongfei and Chen Jiangfeng, 2000. Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Beijing: Science Press, 1–316 (in Chinese)
- Zhou Feng, Sun Xiaoming, Zhai Wei, Liang Yeheng, Wei Huixiao, Mo Ruwei, Zhang Xianghuo and Yi Jianzhou, 2011. Geochemistry of ore-forming fluid and metallogenic mechanism for Zhemulang gold deposit in southern Tibet, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27(9): 2775–2785 (in Chinese with English abstract).
