Critical Review
Fate and Behavior of Gunshot Residue—A Review
Lauren S. Blakey B.Sc.,
George P. Sharples Ph.D.,
Kal Chana G.R.S.C.,
Jason W. Birkett Ph.D.,
Lauren S. Blakey B.Sc.
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, L3 3AF Liverpool, UK
Search for more papers by this authorGeorge P. Sharples Ph.D.
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, L3 3AF Liverpool, UK
Search for more papers by this authorKal Chana G.R.S.C.
Orchid Cellmark, PO Box 265, Abingdon, OX14 1YX Oxfordshire, UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jason W. Birkett Ph.D.
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, L3 3AF Liverpool, UK
Additional information and reprint requests:
Jason W. Birkett, Ph.D.
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
Liverpool John Moores University
James Parsons Building
Byrom Street
Liverpool
L3 3AF
UK
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorLauren S. Blakey B.Sc.,
George P. Sharples Ph.D.,
Kal Chana G.R.S.C.,
Jason W. Birkett Ph.D.,
Lauren S. Blakey B.Sc.
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, L3 3AF Liverpool, UK
Search for more papers by this authorGeorge P. Sharples Ph.D.
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, L3 3AF Liverpool, UK
Search for more papers by this authorKal Chana G.R.S.C.
Orchid Cellmark, PO Box 265, Abingdon, OX14 1YX Oxfordshire, UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jason W. Birkett Ph.D.
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, L3 3AF Liverpool, UK
Additional information and reprint requests:
Jason W. Birkett, Ph.D.
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
Liverpool John Moores University
James Parsons Building
Byrom Street
Liverpool
L3 3AF
UK
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
A review of the literature concerning the fate and behavior of gunshot residue (GSR) is presented. A number of concomitant parameters including firearm and ammunition type, plume and GSR material characteristics, travel distances, chemical composition and GSR morphology are critically discussed in relation to their effects on the distribution and deposition, transfer and persistence processes of GSR. The underlying mechanisms associated with such processes are also considered. Knowledge of these processes on GSR materials could provide valuable information concerning scene preservation and subsequent forensic sampling. The number of GSR particles deposited can vary significantly with each firearm discharge, highlighting the potential to produce distinctive data in each individual case. With the continual development and compositional changes of new ammunition types, further evaluation of the effect these processes may have on GSR evidence and their possible influence on the interpretation of the analytical results should be given due consideration.
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