Reviews
An Opinion on “Staging” of Infant Formula
A Developmental Perspective on Infant Feeding
Bo Lönnerdal,
Olle Hernell,
Bo Lönnerdal
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Olle Hernell
Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Olle Hernell, MD, PhD, Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umeå, Sweden (e-mail: ).Search for more papers by this authorBo Lönnerdal,
Olle Hernell,
Bo Lönnerdal
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Olle Hernell
Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Olle Hernell, MD, PhD, Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, S-901 85 Umeå, Sweden (e-mail: ).Search for more papers by this authorDrs Lönnerdal and Hernell contributed equally to the article.
Dr Lönnerdal is consultant/scientific advisor for and has/have had research funding/travel grants/honoraria from Arla Foods, Semper, Hero, Valio, Nestlé, Mead Johnson Nutrition, and BiosTime. Dr Hernell is consultant/scientific advisor for and has/have had research funding/travel grants/honoraria from Swedish Orphan Biovitrum (Sobi), Arla Foods, Semper, Hero, and Valio.
Abstract
Breast milk is a dynamic fluid with compositional changes occurring throughout the period of lactation. Some of these changes in nutrient concentrations reflect the successively slowing growth rate and developmental changes in metabolic requirements that infants undergo during the first year of life. Infant formula, in contrast, has a static composition, intended to meet the nutritional requirements of infants from birth to 6 or 12 months of age. To better fit the metabolic needs of infants and to avoid nutrient limitations or excesses, we suggest that infant formulas should change in composition with the age of the infant, that is, different formulas are created/used for different ages during the first year of life. We propose that specific formulas for 0 to 3 months (stage 1), 3 to 6 months (stage 2), and 6 to 12 months (stage 3) of age may be nutritionally and physiologically advantageous to infants. Although this initially may impose some difficult practical/conceptual issues, we believe that this staging concept would improve nutrition of formula-fed infants and, ultimately, improve outcomes and make their performance more similar to that of breast-fed infants.
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