Sleep and Memory Consolidation: The Role of Electrophysiological Neuroimaging
Schlaf und Gedächtniskonsolidierung: Welchen Beitrag kann elektrophysiologisches Neuroimaging liefern?
Peter Anderer
Department of Psychiatry, University of Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorGeorg Gruber
Department of Psychiatry, University of Vienna, Austria
Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorGerhard Klösch
Department of Neurology, University of Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorWolfgang Klimesch
Department of Physiological Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorBernd Saletu
Department of Psychiatry, University of Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorJosef Zeitlhofer
Department of Neurology, University of Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorPeter Anderer
Department of Psychiatry, University of Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorGeorg Gruber
Department of Psychiatry, University of Vienna, Austria
Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorGerhard Klösch
Department of Neurology, University of Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorWolfgang Klimesch
Department of Physiological Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorBernd Saletu
Department of Psychiatry, University of Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorJosef Zeitlhofer
Department of Neurology, University of Vienna, Austria
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
enSummary Memory consolidation involves a complex series of molecular, cellular and network-level processes that take place on time scales from millisecond to months. Evidence from a wide range of experimental observations supports the hypothesis that parts of these processes occur during sleep when the brain is not engaged in processing and encoding incoming information. Indeed, sleep seems to be favorable for brain plasticity. Experience-dependent cortical plasticity observed during sleep has been hypothesized to be part of the global process of memory consolidation. Thus, studying task-dependent, regionally specific reactivation of neuronal assemblies during posttraining sleep may make important contributions to elucidating the role of sleep in memory trace processing. A new methodology – low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) – offers the possibility of localizing electrical activity produced by cortical neuronal generators under normal (undisturbed) sleeping conditions. The high time resolution of brain electrical data can be exploited to produce neuroimages for specific EEG spectral frequency bands (e.g. delta, theta, or spindle bands). This makes it possible to investigate, dependent on the type of memory, when– in which sleep stages (S2 sleep, SWS, REM sleep) – and where– in which cortical brain regions (primary sensory cortex, higher association cortex) – experience-dependent reactivation occurs.
Abstract
deZusammenfassung An der Gedächtniskonsolidierung ist eine komplexe Abfolge von Prozessen auf molekularer, zellulärer und Netzwerkebene beteiligt, die im Zeitbereich von einigen Millisekunden bis zu mehreren Monaten ablaufen. Eine Vielzahl experimenteller Befunde unterstützt die Hypothese, dass Teile dieser Prozesse im Schlaf stattfinden, wenn das Gehirn nicht mit der Verarbeitung und Speicherung neuer Information beschäftigt ist. Tatsächlich bietet der Schlaf besonders günstige Bedingungen für neuronale Plastizität und es wird angenommen, dass die im Schlaf beobachtete erfahrungsabhängige kortikale Plastizität ein wesentlicher Bestandteil des globalen Prozesses der Gedächtniskonsolidierung sei. Somit kann die Untersuchung der aufgabenabhängigen, regional spezifischen Reaktivierung neuronaler Ensembles während des auf eine Lernperiode folgenden Schlafs einen wesentlichen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Rolle des Schlafs in der Gedächtnisverarbeitung liefern. Eine neue Technik –„Low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA)”– bietet die Möglichkeit der Lokalisation der durch neuronale kortikale Generatoren erzeugten elektrischen Aktivität unter normalen (ungestörten) Schlafbedingungen. Die hohe zeitliche Auflösung der gehirnelektrischen Daten ermöglicht die Erstellung von Neuroimages für spezifische EEG-Frequenzbänder (z. B. Delta, Theta oder Spindel-Bänder). Dadurch wird es möglich, in Abhängigkeit von der Art der Aufgabe zu untersuchen, wann– während welcher Schlafstadien (S2, SWS, REM) – und wo– in welchen kortikalen Gehirnregionen (primärer sensorischer Kortex, höherer Assoziationskortex) eine aufgabenabhängige Reaktivierung auftritt.
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