RESEARCH ARTICLE
Exploring the Interwoven Pathways of Water Sustainability and Poverty: Insights From a 2SLS Analysis
Sonika Redhu,
Pragati Jain,
Sonika Redhu
Department of Economics, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies, New Delhi, India
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Pragati Jain
Department of Economics, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
Correspondence:
Pragati Jain ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorSonika Redhu,
Pragati Jain,
Sonika Redhu
Department of Economics, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies, New Delhi, India
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Pragati Jain
Department of Economics, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
Correspondence:
Pragati Jain ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 19 May 2025
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
[Correction added on 9 June 2025, after first online publication: An affiliation to Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies, New Delhi, India has been added for Sonika Redhu.]
ABSTRACT
enWater plays a critical role beyond basic survival, serving as a cornerstone for socioeconomic development and poverty alleviation. However, challenges such as climate change, rising global temperatures, population growth, urbanization, and increasing aspirations for better living standards threaten the sustainability of water resources and disrupt the water cycle. Water scarcity, arising from a complex interplay of physical, economic, institutional, and political factors, poses challenges to fulfilling the fundamental needs. The intricate relationship between water sustainability and poverty is particularly pronounced in rapidly developing nations, where a large portion of the population faces water scarcity and its cascading effects on health, livelihoods, and overall development. This study addresses these issues by constructing a Water Sustainability Index (WSI) and a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for Indian states and analyzing their interrelationship. The WSI is developed using five components, namely, resources, access, usage, capacity, and environment, through principal component analysis, whereas the MPI is constructed using the Alkire–Foster methodology. A bidirectional relationship between the two indices is examined using the two-stage least squares (2SLS) method. The findings reveal an inverse relationship between WSI and MPI. Factors such as forest cover and water conservation structures significantly influence the WSI, whereas state GDP per capita and fertility rates impact the MPI. The study underscores the importance of integrating environmental and social dimensions into policy planning to promote sustainable development and enhance quality of life. These findings provide actionable insights for addressing water and poverty challenges, thereby contributing to a more sustainable and equitable future.
摘要
zh除了支持基本生存之外, 水还发挥着至关重要的作用, 它是社会经济发展和减贫的基石。然而, 气候变化、全球气温上升、人口增长、城市化以及对更好生活水平的日益追求等挑战威胁着水资源的可持续性并破坏了水循环。水短缺是由物理、经济、制度和政治因素的复杂相互作用引起的, 这对“满足基本需求”一事构成了挑战。水可持续性与贫困之间的复杂关系在快速发展的国家中尤为明显, 这些国家的大部分人口面临水短缺及其对健康、生计和整体发展的级联效应。为了应对这些问题, 本研究为印度邦构建了水可持续性指数 (WSI)和多维贫困指数 (MPI), 并分析了它们的相互关系。通过主成分分析, 使用五个组成部分 (即资源、获取、使用、容量和环境)开发WSI, 并使用Alkire-Foster方法构建MPI。使用两阶段最小二乘法(2SLS)分析了两个指数之间的双向关系。研究结果显示, WSI和MPI之间存在反比关系。森林覆盖率和水资源保护结构等因素显著影响WSI, 而邦人均GDP和生育率则影响MPI。本研究强调了将环境和社会层面纳入政策规划的重要性, 以期促进可持续发展和提高生活质量。这些发现为解决水和贫困问题提供了可行的见解, 从而有助于实现更可持续和公平的未来。
Resumen
esEl agua desempeña un papel fundamental más allá de la supervivencia básica, siendo un pilar fundamental para el desarrollo socioeconómico y la reducción de la pobreza. Sin embargo, desafíos como el cambio climático, el aumento de la temperatura global, el crecimiento poblacional, la urbanización y las crecientes aspiraciones a una mejor calidad de vida amenazan la sostenibilidad de los recursos hídricos y alteran el ciclo hidrológico. La escasez de agua, derivada de una compleja interacción de factores físicos, económicos, institucionales y políticos, dificulta la satisfacción de las necesidades fundamentales. La intrincada relación entre la sostenibilidad del agua y la pobreza es especialmente pronunciada en los países en rápido desarrollo, donde una gran parte de la población se enfrenta a la escasez de agua y sus efectos en cascada sobre la salud, los medios de vida y el desarrollo general. Este estudio aborda estas cuestiones mediante la construcción de un Índice de Sostenibilidad del Agua (ISH) y un Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) para los estados de la India, y el análisis de su interrelación. El IHS se desarrolla utilizando cinco componentes: recursos, acceso, uso, capacidad y medio ambiente, mediante el análisis de componentes principales, mientras que el IPM se construye utilizando la metodología Alkire-Foster. Se examina una relación bidireccional entre ambos índices mediante el método de Mínimos Cuadrados en Dos Etapas (MC2E). Los resultados revelan una relación inversa entre el ISA y el IPM. Factores como la cobertura forestal y las estructuras de conservación del agua influyen significativamente en el ISA, mientras que el PIB per cápita estatal y las tasas de fertilidad impactan en el IPM. El estudio subraya la importancia de integrar las dimensiones ambientales y sociales en la planificación de políticas para promover el desarrollo sostenible y mejorar la calidad de vida. Estos hallazgos proporcionan información práctica para abordar los desafíos del agua y la pobreza, contribuyendo así a un futuro más sostenible y equitativo.
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