ORIGINAL PAPER
Beam Management for Interference Mitigation in GEO-LEO Satellite Networks With Precoding
Xing Xin,
Gaofeng Cui,
Weidong Wang,
Xing Xin
School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Gaofeng Cui
School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
Correspondence:
Gaofeng Cui ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorWeidong Wang
School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorXing Xin,
Gaofeng Cui,
Weidong Wang,
Xing Xin
School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Gaofeng Cui
School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
Correspondence:
Gaofeng Cui ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorWeidong Wang
School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 10 June 2025
Funding: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant/award numbers: 62171052 and 61971054; and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, grant/award number: 24820232023YQTD01.
ABSTRACT
Spectrum scarcity can be effectively mitigated through spectrum sharing between LEO and GEO satellites. However, severe interbeam interference may be caused by the dense distribution and wide coverage of multilayer satellite systems. Furthermore, the uneven distribution of traffic demand generated by users may lead to load imbalance among satellites, by which service fairness may be degraded. In this paper, beam management and precoding design are investigated in GEO-LEO coexistence networks to mitigate interbeam interference and improve service fairness in multi-layer satellite systems. To solve the load imbalance problem, a serving satellite allocation algorithm based on game matching theory is proposed. Moreover, a heuristic-based joint beam management and precoding algorithm is proposed to mitigate interference and enhance service fairness. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
- 1H. Al-Hraishawi, H. Chougrani, S. Kisseleff, E. Lagunas, and S. Chatzinotas, “A Survey on Nongeostationary Satellite Systems: The Communication Perspective,” IEEE Communication Surveys and Tutorials 25, no. 1 (2023): 101–132, https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2022.3197695.
- 2W. Li, L. Jia, Q. Chen, and Y. Chen, “A Game Theory-Based Distributed Downlink Spectrum Sharing Method in Large-Scale Hybrid Satellite Constellations,” IEEE Transactions on Communications 72, no. 8 (2024): 4620–4632, https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2024.3375813.
- 3B. Liu, L. Kuang, and J. Lu, “Performance Analysis of NGSO Satellite Communication Systems With Flexible Beams,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal 11, no. 14 (2024): 24726–24738, https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2024.3379586.
- 4G. Wang, F. Yang, J. Song, and Z. Han, “Resource Allocation and Load Balancing for Beam Hopping Scheduling in Satellite-Terrestrial Communications: A Cooperative Satellite Approach,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 24, no. 2 (2025): 1339–1354, https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2024.3508741.
- 5J. Heo, S. Sung, H. Lee, I. Hwang, and D. Hong, “MIMO Satellite Communication Systems: A Survey From the PHY Layer Perspective,” IEEE Communication Surveys and Tutorials 25, no. 3 (2023): 1543–1570, https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2023.3294873.
- 6Z. M. Bakhsh, Y. Omid, G. Chen, F. Kayhan, Y. Ma, and R. Tafazolli, “Multi-Satellite MIMO Systems for Direct Satellite-to-Device Communications: A Survey,” IEEE Communication Surveys and Tutorials (2024): 1–29, https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2024.3449430.
10.1109/COMST.2024.3449430 Google Scholar
- 7S. Yuan, Y. Sun, and M. Peng, “Cache-Aware Cooperative Multicast Beamforming in Dynamic Satellite-Terrestrial Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 74, no. 1 (2025): 1433–1445, https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2024.3463548.
- 8T. S. Abdu, S. Kisseleff, E. Lagunas, J. Grotz, S. Chatzinotas, and B. Ottersten, “Demand-Aware Onboard Payload Processor Management for High-Throughput NGSO Satellite Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 59, no. 5 (2023): 4883–4899, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2023.3245044.
- 9Z. Lin, Z. Ni, L. Kuang, C. Jiang, and Z. Huang, “Multi-Satellite Beam Hopping Based on Load Balancing and Interference Avoidance for NGSO Satellite Communication Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Communications 71, no. 1 (2023): 282–295, https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2022.3226190.
- 10L. Chen, V. N. Ha, E. Lagunas, L. Wu, S. Chatzinotas, and B. Ottersten, “The Next Generation of Beam Hopping Satellite Systems: Dynamic Beam Illumination With Selective Precoding,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 22, no. 4 (2023): 2666–2682, https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2022.3213418.
- 11T. Shi, Y. Liu, S. Kang, S. Sun, and R. Liu, “Angle-Based Multicast User Selection and Precoding for Beam-Hopping Satellite Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting 69, no. 4 (2023): 856–871, https://doi.org/10.1109/TBC.2023.3294838.
- 12Z. Han, T. Yang, and R. Liu, “On Beam Hopping Pattern Design for Satellite Communication Systems With Hybrid Precoding,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 73, no. 1 (2024): 1364–1369, https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2023.3300323.
- 13J. Zhu, Y. Sun, and M. Peng, “Beam Management in Low Earth Orbit Satellite Networks With Random Traffic Arrival and Time-Varying Topology,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 73, no. 9 (2024): 13352–13367, https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2024.3393924.
- 14P. Gu, R. Li, C. Hua, and R. Tafazolli, “Dynamic Cooperative Spectrum Sharing in a Multi-Beam LEO-GEO Co-Existing Satellite System,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 21, no. 2 (2022): 1170–1182, https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2021.3102704.
- 15X. Ding, Z. Ren, H. Lu, and G. Zhang, “Improving SINR via Joint Beam and Power Management for GEO and LEO Spectrum-Sharing Satellite Communication Systems,” China Communications 19, no. 7 (2022): 25–36, https://doi.org/10.23919/JCC.2022.07.003.
- 16V. K. Gupta, V. N. Ha, E. Lagunas, H. Al-Hraishawi, L. Chen, and S. Chatzinotas, “Combining Time-Flexible GEO Satellite Payload With Precoding: The Cluster Hopping Approach,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 72, no. 12 (2023): 16508–16523, https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2023.3292554.
- 17I. Ahmad, K. D. Nguyen, N. Letzepis, G. Lechner, and V. Joroughi, “Zero-Forcing Precoding With Partial CSI in Multibeam High Throughput Satellite Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 70, no. 2 (2021): 1410–1420, https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2021.3052225.
- 18H. Chaker, H. Chougrani, W. A. Martins, S. Chatzinotas, and J. Grotz, “Matching Traffic Demand in GEO Multibeam Satellites: The Joint Use of Dynamic Beamforming and Precoding Under Practical Constraints,” IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting 68, no. 4 (2022): 819–833, https://doi.org/10.1109/TBC.2022.3196173.
- 19H. Zhu, C. Li, J. Cheng, J. Hu, and G. Li, “Transmit Power Optimization and Precoding Design in Multiuser Satellite MIMO Downlink With SINR Constraints,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal 10, no. 12 (2023): 10547–10558, https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2023.3239999.
- 20V. P. Bui, T. Van Chien, E. Lagunas, J. Grotz, S. Chatzinotas, and B. Ottersten, “Robust Congestion Control for Demand-Based Optimization in Precoded Multi-Beam High Throughput Satellite Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Communications 70, no. 10 (2022): 6918–6937, https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2022.3199477.
- 21T. Li, R. Yao, Y. Fan, X. Zuo, and L. Jiang, “Multiobjective Optimization for Beam Hopping and Power Allocation in Dual Satellite Cooperative Transmission Networks,” IEEE Systems Journal 17, no. 3 (2023): 3870–3881, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2023.3269442.
- 22A. Wang, L. Lei, E. Lagunas, A. I. Prez-Neira, S. Chatzinotas, and B. Ottersten, “Joint Optimization of Beam-Hopping Design and NOMA-Assisted Transmission for Flexible Satellite Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 21, no. 10 (2022): 8846–8858, https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2022.3170435.
- 23C. Zhang, X. Zhao, and G. Zhang, “Joint Precoding Schemes for Flexible Resource Allocation in High Throughput Satellite Systems Based on Beam Hopping,” China Communications 18, no. 9 (2021): 48–61, https://doi.org/10.23919/JCC.2021.09.005.
- 24J. Wang, C. Qi, S. Yu, and S. Mao, “Joint Beamforming and Illumination Pattern Design for Beam-Hopping LEO Satellite Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 23, no. 12 (2024): 18940–18950, https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2024.3463002.
- 25Z. Xiang, X. Gao, K. X. Li, and X. G. Xia, “Massive MIMO Downlink Transmission for Multiple LEO Satellite Communication,” IEEE Transactions on Communications 72, no. 6 (2024): 3352–3364, https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2024.3367726.
- 26X. Zhang, S. Sun, M. Tao, Q. Huang, and X. Tang, “Multi-Satellite Cooperative Networks: Joint Hybrid Beamforming and User Scheduling Design,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 23, no. 7 (2024): 7938–7952, https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2023.3346463.
- 27M. Jalali, F. Ortiz, E. Lagunas, S. Kisseleff, L. Emiliani, and S. Chatzinotas, “Joint Power and Tilt Control in Satellite Constellation for NGSO-GSO Interference Mitigation,” IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology 4 (2023): 545–557, https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2023.3302511.
- 28Y. Wang, X. Ding, and G. Zhang, “A Novel Dynamic Spectrum-Sharing Method for GEO and LEO Satellite Networks,” IEEE Access 8 (2020): 147895–147906, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3015487.
- 29Z. Zheng, W. Jing, Z. Lu, Q. Wu, H. Zhang, and D. Gesbert, “Cooperative Multi-Satellite and Multi-RIS Beamforming: Enhancing LEO SatCom and Mitigating LEO-GEO Intersystem Interference,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 43, no. 1 (2025): 279–296, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2024.3460068.
- 30J. Ryu, A. Kaushik, B. Lee, and W. Shin, “Rate-Splitting Multiple Access for GEO-LEO Coexisting Satellite Systems: A Traffic-Aware Throughput Maximization Precoder Design,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 73, no. 12 (2024): 19838–19843, https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2024.3440487.
- 31Y. Xu, L. Yin, Y. Mao, W. Shin, and B. Clerckx, “Distributed Rate-Splitting Multiple Access for Multilayer Satellite Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Communications 72, no. 10 (2024): 6131–6144, https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2024.3397799.
- 32W. U. Khan, Z. Ali, E. Lagunas, et al., “Rate Splitting Multiple Access for Next Generation Cognitive Radio Enabled LEO Satellite Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 22, no. 11 (2023): 8423–8435, https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2023.3263116.
- 33H. Jia, Y. Wang, H. Peng, and W. Li, “Dynamic Beam Hopping and Resource Allocation for Non-Uniform Traffic Demand in NGSO Satellite Communication Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 74, no. 1 (2025): 816–830, https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2024.3453557.
- 34 3GPP. Study on Solutions for NR to Support Non-Terrestrial Networks (Release 16). Technical Report (TR) 38.821, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP);: 2023. Version 16.2.0.
- 35L. You, X. Qiang, K. X. Li, et al., “Hybrid Analog/Digital Precoding for Downlink Massive MIMO LEO Satellite Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 21, no. 8 (2022): 5962–5976, https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2022.3144472.
- 36 3GPP. Study on New Radio (NR) to Support Non-Terrestrial Networks (Release 15). Technical Report (TR) 38.811, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP);: 2020. Version 15.14.0.
- 37V. N. Ha, Z. Abdullah, G. Eappen, et al., Joint Linear Precoding and DFT Beamforming Design for Massive MIMO Satellite Communication. In: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2022:1121-1126.
- 38D. Christopoulos, S. Chatzinotas, and B. Ottersten, “Multicast Multigroup Precoding and User Scheduling for Frame-Based Satellite Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 14, no. 9 (2015): 4695–4707, https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2015.2424961.
- 39S. Zhang, G. Cui, and W. Wang, “Joint Data Downloading and Resource Management for Small Satellite Cluster Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 71, no. 1 (2022): 887–901, https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2021.3128925.
- 40Z. Q. Luo, W. K. Ma, S. AMC, Y. Ye, and S. Zhang, “Semidefinite Relaxation of Quadratic Optimization Problems,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 27, no. 3 (2010): 20–34, https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2010.936019.
- 41P. Zong and S. Kohani, “Design of LEO Constellations With Inter-Satellite Connects Based on the Performance Evaluation of the Three Constellations SpaceX, OneWeb and Telesat,” Korean Journal of Remote Sensing 37, no. 1 (2021): 23–40.
- 42Z. Shuang, Z. Xing, W. Peng, and W. Wenbo, “Joint Beam Scheduling and Power Optimization for Beam Hopping LEO Satellite Systems,” China Communications 21, no. 10 (2024): 1–14, https://doi.org/10.23919/JCC.ja.2022-0864.
10.23919/JCC.ja.2022-0864 Google Scholar
